This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 13279, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

The problem of electricity outages in Lebanon has existed for several decades. Habitants used electric generators as alternative resources to provide their houses with electric current, which became costly due to the rise in fuel costs. The photovoltaic system is usually used in the seasons when the sun rises with sufficient hours. However, in the winter seasons, the efficiency of the photovoltaic system is reduced, and another source should be used to fulfill the habitants’ needs. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of a hybrid photovoltaic and Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) system in a rural area in Mount Lebanon. The objective of this study is to provide electricity to the Warhaniyeh village, through which a natural river passes, with 350 houses that do not have electricity 24/24. A detailed photovoltaic study of the system, based on the village’s needs, will be conducted, considering the installation and operation aspects. Furthermore, a structural analysis of the steel structure supporting the photovoltaic panels will be performed, taking into consideration all types of loads and surrounding conditions (weight, wind, and snow). The pumped storage potential of the site, considering various aspects such as surface area, altitude differential, water source, and locations will be discussed. In addition, the water flow speed inside the penstock of the hydroelectric power station was checked using Autodesk CFD 2023 software. The advantage of this selected system is that it ensures water pumping from the riverbed into the artificial pond so that it is possible to dispense with the use of industrial batteries that are harmful to the environment. Moreover, the overall project saved more than 18,000,000$ during 30 years of its life cycle, and the production cost was reduced more than 30% with triple working years more than PV systems with lithium batteries.

Due to its vast uninhabited land and rich solar energy resources, the construction of photovoltaic power stations in desert areas is becoming increasingly common. The large-scale construction and operation of photovoltaic power stations inevitably have a certain impact on the ecological environment of desert areas. How to study the ecological environment conditions of desert photovoltaic areas has become a meaningful task. This study takes the photovoltaic industrial park in the alpine desert area of Gonghe County, Hainan Prefecture, Qinghai Province as the research area, and adopts methods such as measured data analysis, field investigation, and laboratory analysis to analyze the ecological environment impact of photovoltaic power station construction in terms of climate, soil, and vegetation. The results show that photovoltaic power stations reduce net radiation and temperature and increase humidity. The daily temperature change in the photovoltaic field is small, with the largest decrease in temperature at night in winter and a general trend of increased air humidity, especially in winter. Photovoltaic power stations have a cooling and humidifying effect on the soil, improve soil quality, and increase soil moisture and fertility. The effect of photovoltaic panels on soil temperature varies with season and day and night, and the soil temperature difference in summer is larger than in winter. Photovoltaic power stations increase the functional stability of vegetation communities, reduce diversity, and increase biomass.

Due to the volatility and uncertainty of renewable energy, a significant amount of wind and solar power is wasted. With the increasing maturity of battery manufacturing, the promotion of the “new energy + energy storage” model allows for the absorption of wind and solar energy through battery charging and discharging, which can be coordinated with peak shaving in the power system. To address the issue of the rolling optimization step affecting prediction accuracy in the Stochastic Model Predictive Control (SMPC) algorithm, this paper establishes a model for wind-solar energy storage systems and innovatively proposes an adaptive variable step size SMPC algorithm. Through comparison with simulation data, the proposed variable-weight adaptive SMPC algorithm improves prediction accuracy and disturbance resistance, effectively reducing the impact of wind and solar power generation uncertainty on system scheduling and increasing the utilization rate of energy storage stations. The research findings will provide theoretical support for the optimization scheduling and capacity configuration of wind-solar energy storage.

Hybrid Lévy flight and Chaotic based Monodon Monoceros-Alexander Archipelago wolf Optimization Algorithm (HMA) is designed based on the hunting or stalking behavior of Monodon Monoceros and Alexander Archipelago wolf. Monodon Monoceros optimization (MMO) algorithm is designed based on the hunting or stalking behavior of Monodon Monoceros. Monodon Monoceros refined communication based on clacks sound to trace the prey. Signal emanation, signal dissemination, and location modernizing of the Monodon Monoceros has been considered in the mathematical design. Alexander Archipelago wolf optimization algorithm is designed based on the cluster-based hunting behavior of Alexander Archipelago wolf. In the cluster mode hunting each Alexander Archipelago wolf plays a role and collectively as pack will attack the prey. In order to enhance the exploitation ability of the procedure Alexander Archipelago Wolf Optimization (AWO) algorithm has been hybridized with MMO procedure. Hybrid Lévy flight and Chaotic based Monodon Monoceros-Alexander Archipelago wolf Optimization Algorithm (HMA) validated in IEEE 30, 57 systems and Egyptian 220 KV grid.

With the rapid growth of the electronics industry, the consumption of electronic-grade sulfuric acid has surged. The amount of produced waste sulfuric acid is 1.2-1.5 times greater than that of electronic-grade sulfuric acid. In this study, waste electronic-grade sulfuric acid was purified and synthesized to produce electroplating-grade high-purity copper sulfate. Specifically, the polysulfides in waste electronic-grade sulfuric acid were targeted converted through electrochemical methods, reducing their concentration from 4.848% to 0.284%. Subsequently, the treated waste electronic-grade sulfuric acid was utilized for the preparation of high-purity copper sulfate. And a comparative study was undertaken to evaluate two technical approaches: chemical synthesis and electrochemical preparation. The investigation revealed that both the copper oxide synthesis method and the electrochemical preparation method can produce high-purity sulfuric acid. However, the purity of copper sulfate achieved through electrochemical processes is notably higher. This method accomplishes the high-quality cascade utilization and recycling of sulfur resources.

Purpose of work is development of design method of robust combined electromagnetic silence including active and solid passive parts for improvement of silence effectiveness of Magnetic Field (MF) generated by Overhead Power Lines (OPL) inside old residential buildings and for reducing sensitivity to system parameters changes based on 3D modeling and geometric inverse magneto quasi-static problem solution. Combined silence includes double-circuit active and U-shaped solid passive part and MF level reducing efficiency increased. Combined silence design reduced to Geometric Inverse Magneto quasi–Static Problem (GIMGSP) solution based on Minimax Vector Optimization Problem (MMVOP) solution with Vector Objective Function (VOF) calculated based on 3D Maxwell equations solutions in quasi-stationary approximation by COMSOL Multiphysics ® software package used. MMVOP solution calculated based on Multiswarm Particle Optimization Algorithm (MSPOA) from Pareto-optimal solutions taking into account binary preference relations. Active silence system two compensation winding’s spatial location coordinates as well as windings currents magnitudes and phases calculated during combined silence design. U-shaped solid passive silence parameters also calculated. Modeling and experimental studies of designed combined system effectiveness MF silence generated by OPL inside old residential buildings carried out based on 3D modeling presented. Initial MF level possibility reduced to sanitary standards level shown.

Electric vehicles have become now a prominent solution for problems related to climatic changing conditions and transportation energy security. This article provides an in-depth of review of current status of electric vehicles, exploring their technological advancements, advantages, challenges, and future prospects. Electric vehicles encompass a variety of different options like plug in vehicle, battery-based vehicle etc. which provide numerous solutions to reduce carbon gas emission. Analyzing fundamental research, industry developments and business plans, this review focuses on the vision of the evolution of electric vehicles to transform the economy and transition to long-distance, low-carbon transportation for the future.

This article discusses the use of machine learning algorithms for analyzing and determining power quality in 0.4 kV electrical networks. Basically, using machine learning algorithms, the dependences of the non-sinusoidal coefficient of voltage and phase current, frequency deviation, and voltage deviation within one day were determined. Based on the results obtained, the power quality indicators of the rural 0.4 kV network were compared with the standards of GOST 32144-2013. The purpose of the study is to experimentally obtain electricity quality indicators in 0.4 kV rural power networks and analyze electricity quality indicators in rural power networks using machine learning algorithms. By an experimental method of analyzing the quality of electricity in low-voltage electrical networks in the village of Uguk, Devashtichsky district, using measuring equipment PKE-A-S4, indicators of the quality of electricity were obtained. Power quality indicators are recorded in an xls file in the device’s memory and copied to a computer using a USB cable, and the dependence of the indicators is analyzed using machine learning algorithms. Based on the analysis of the results, it was found that changes in power quality indicators can be detected. During the day, the dependences of the values of the non-sinusoidal coefficient of voltage and phase current, frequency deviation, and voltage deviation were determined. In a 0.4 kV network in rural areas, it was found that inconsistency in power quality indicators leads to power losses, as well as to instability of the power grid.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) can efficiently convert various fuels into electricity, promising a cleaner energy future. However, durability issues like gas leak fault impede their commercialization, underscoring the need for advanced diagnostic and monitoring research. This paper introduces a residual model-based fault diagnosis approach to simulate and analyze the system response to three critical faults: air leakage, fuel gas leakage, and temperature loss in the stack. The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic method through detailed simulation, confirming its capability to detect and assess these faults accurately.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the transition from traditional energy sources to renewable energy. The article begins by addressing the necessity for stable and cost-effective energy generation while mitigating environmental impacts. Despite the advantages, renewable energy sources often present accessibility and cost challenges compared to fossil fuels, primarily due to lower energy returns and high capital investments. The classification of renewable energy sources into five main types: wind, solar, hydro, bioenergy, and geothermal energy, highlighting their respective advantages and operational limitations. For instance, wind energy is effective in coastal regions but has high initial costs and transmission challenges, while solar energy’s efficiency is weather-dependent. The article delves into barriers to green energy adoption, such as high capital expenditures, decentralized location requirements, transmission costs, grid integration complexities, and the intermittency of renewable sources. It emphasizes the need for significant energy storage solutions to ensure a stable energy supply. Furthermore, the discussion extends to the economic, logistical, and regulatory challenges of decentralized renewable energy systems. The complexities of production, recycling, and disposal of renewable energy components are highlighted, stressing the environmental and economic costs. Also, it examines the Energy Return on Investment (EROI) for both traditional and renewable energy sources. Traditional sources like coal, natural gas, hydropower, and nuclear energy exhibit high EROI values, making them more efficient compared to renewable sources, which often have lower EROI due to the energy-intensive processes involved in their production and maintenance. In conclusion, while renewable energy offers significant long-term benefits, the article underscores the need for overcoming initial financial, logistical, and technical challenges to achieve a sustainable energy transition. Enhancing the EROI of renewable energy technologies through innovation and strategic investments is crucial for a sustainable future.

This academic study conducts a comprehensive stability evaluation of the structurally critical intake diversion tunnel system at the Jinshuitan Pumped Storage Power Station facility utilizing advanced three-dimensional numerical modeling techniques. The geometrically intricate tunnel network, consisting of interconnected intake tunnels, diversion branch tunnels, and intersecting geological fault features, necessitates a rigorous stability assessment to ensure the structural integrity of the underground infrastructure is maintained during both the construction stage and long-term operational life cycle. Three-dimensional numerical models were developed employing the FLAC3D software to accurately simulate the complex tunnel geometries, multi-stage excavation sequences, in-situ stress state, and mechanical behavior of the surrounding rock mass. Scenarios evaluated included unsupported excavation conditions, an optimized layered and segmented excavation methodology, as well as the implementation of a systematic regime of ground support measures. The modeling results quantified the efficacy of the proposed layered excavation approach in reducing magnitude of tunnel displacements by 0.1-0.5 mm relative to conventional full-face excavation practices. Furthermore, the anchor support system provided a supplemental displacement control of 0.1-0.8 mm. Comprehensive stress analyses validated the effectiveness of the stabilization strategies, with maximum anchor stresses remaining within allowable limits despite localized stress concentrations at critical junctures such as tunnel intersections and fault zones. This integrated stability analysis approach optimizes the design of complex underground energy infrastructure while ensuring long-term structural integrity and operational reliability.

In response to the leakage of the ammonia supply pipeline in the urea hydrolysis reactor of a certain thermal power plant’s ultra-supercritical unit, the leakage mechanism of the ammonia supply pipeline was studied through methods such as macroscopic analysis, material composition, metallographic examination, mechanical performance testing, and scanning electron microscopy inspection. The results show that there are a large number of strips like chromium rich phase segregation structures in the microstructure of the leaked ammonia supply pipeline base material, and the tensile strength and elongation after fracture are lower than the lower limit values required by relevant standards. Therefore, it can be determined that the main reason for the leakage of the ammonia supply pipeline is the obvious tissue and component segregation of the raw materials, which leads to the deterioration of the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of the pipes, thereby exacerbating the initiation and propagation of cracks.

High-proportion photovoltaic feeding into the DC (Direct Current) receiving end grid makes it very easy to cause DC phase change failure, or even DC blocking and other faults after disturbances occur at the receiving terminal, and its transient voltage stability problem is very prominent, so it is of great significance to quantitatively evaluate the transient voltage stability of DC receiving terminal system. Firstly, we analyze the complex transient characteristics of the DC receiving end after large-scale new energy feed-in, then based on the existing multibinary table criterion and the transient characteristics of the DC system, and taking into account the transient voltage changes brought by the new energy feed-in, we proposed a three-stage transient voltage assessment method with transient fast recovery, transient slow recovery and transient overvoltage using the idea of assigning different weights to the different transient phases to achieve the assessment of the transient voltage stability. Finally, the applicability of the three-stage transient voltage assessment method to DC system is verified based on the PV receiving end grid with different penetration rates and the receiving end system after the improvement of PV reactive power compensation capacity, and the results show that the proposed method can realize the effective assessment of transient voltage stability of DC receiving end system with large-scale new energy.

Based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, numerical simulations can comprehensively reflect the local wind climate conditions and have good simulation accuracy. In response to the situation where the internal computation domain error of the WRF-LES model increases in the multi-layer nested driving method; different driving methods are used to run the WRF-LES model to explore the influence of different driving methods and subgrid models on the capability assessment of the LES model for wind resources. In the evaluation of wind speed and wind direction, the model driven by the nested domain exhibits good wind speed assessment ability for flat terrain, while the model driven by reanalysis data performs better in wind speed simulation on complex terrain. The LES model with the Nonlinear Backscatter and Anisotropy (NBA) subgrid model shows better wind direction assessment capability. Comparing the horizontal flow field and vertical flow field under three atmospheric stability conditions, it is found that compared to the model driven by reanalysis data, the WRF-LES model driven by the nested domain is influenced by the external computation domain, exhibiting a smoother turbulence small-scale flow field.

A two-dimensional single-channel model for methanol steam reforming in a monolith reactor implemented with various kinetic models was established. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model including three reactions shows the closest alignment with experimental data. The effects of operating conditions on the methanol steam reforming performance were evaluated. Temperature significantly influences product selectivity over the weight hourly space velocity. The high CO selectivity in the reformate gas at higher temperatures may be acceptable for SOFC coupling, as the calorific value of CO can be utilized.

In search of a lower-carbon and cleaner approach to hydrogen production, and to reduce the phenomenon of wind and solar energy curtailment as much as possible, this paper designs an integrated wind and solar coupled hydrogen production system with a daily output of 100,000 Nm3, based on meteorological data from a certain location in Jilin Province, China. The system is simulated using TRNSYS software, and the impact of the hydrogen storage tank and the electrolysis water hydrogen production unit on the system is analyzed based on the simulation results. Thus, while using the TRNSYS simulation it was possible to analyze the influence of the system operating parameters and characteristics of the hydrogen storage equipment on the system operating conditions. The research results indicate that the electricity fed into and drawn from the grid by the wind-solar coupled hydrogen production system decreases as the ratio of the single hydrogen extraction volume to the rated capacity of the hydrogen storage tank increases. When the installed capacity of the wind and photovoltaic power generation devices are both 40 MW, and the theoretical maximum hydrogen production of the electrolyzed water hydrogen generation device is 7074. 2 Nm³·h^-1 , the ratio of power supplied from the grid will be no less than 8.88%, and the power grid power extraction ratio will not be less than 16.97%. Under the meteorological conditions of the selected area, when the capacity ratio of wind power to photovoltaic power generation is 1:1, the power fluctuations of the wind power generation facility have a more significant impact on the system’s power variations. Appropriately reducing the proportion of wind power installation capacity can suppress the system’s power fluctuations and ensure the smooth operation of the system. These fluctuations can be offset by regulating the percent of installed wind capacity, which will maintain stability. When planning wind-solar coupled hydrogen production, it is essential to choose and determine an appropriate ratio of wind/solar power generation. Also, if the initial investment is possible, it is advantageous to expand the storage capacity of hydrogen.

The increasing prevalence of distributed energy resources presents stability challenges to power systems during the optimization of energy structures. Currently, integrating photovoltaics with hybrid energy storage and implementing an adaptive VSG strategy into the grid emerges as an effective solution to mitigate these challenges. This paper explores the operational characteristics of energy storage to select a hybrid energy supply consisting of batteries and supercapacitors. It then proposes a power allocation control strategy for the hybrid energy storage system. By investigating the influence mechanism of virtual inertia and damping on the dynamic characteristics of active power, frequency, and system stability, we design an inertia-damping coordinated adaptive control strategy that considers the dynamic characteristics of the hybrid energy storage system. After simulating and comparing under load disturbance conditions, the strategy proposed in this paper demonstrates the capability to adaptively match inertia damping, resulting in improved active power and frequency stability of the system. Furthermore, it facilitates the coordination of dynamic characteristics between VSG and hybrid energy storage system, thereby presenting significant value for applications in novel scenarios.

Predicting and evaluating the operation status of the equipment online can not only reflect the personalization of the equipment but also meet the actual working needs of intelligent substations. Through acoustic fingerprint learning, potential defects and hidden dangers can be identified, and fault handling and emergency repair time can be shortened. This article proposed a convolutional neural network to learn the acoustic fingerprint of substation equipment and discussed the feature selection and feature preprocessing of the proposed machine learning model. We then conducted a simulation experiment and analyzed the right parameters selection for the proposed model. The experiment results show that the proposed model can achieve a recognition accuracy of above 90% on all the different abnormal voiceprint test sets. The recognition results showed the effectiveness of the voiceprint recognition model and can thus provide a solid guarantee for the safe and stable operation of the power system.

The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technology is widely used in the industrial motor drive field because of its excellent control performance and high efficiency. However, the common-mode voltage of the PWM inverter can aggravate the bearing electric corrosion problem and shorten the bearing life. In this paper, the generation mechanism and coupling path of bearing voltage were studied. After that, the active mitigation method of bearing voltage in motor drive system was proposed, which included software and hardware suppression measures. The Active Zero State Pulse Width Modulation (AZSPWM) strategy was used to suppress the amplitude of common-mode voltage at the inverter output. Then, an Active Common-Mode Voltage Eliminator (ACMVE) installed between the motor and the inverter was proposed to further cancel the residual common-mode voltage. Finally, the mitigation effect of proposed method for the bearing voltage was verified by simulation.

This research presents an in-depth analysis of the stability of the surrounding rock of the underground powerhouse at the Yongxin Pumped Storage Power Station in Jiangxi. The study encompasses the rationality of the cavern layout spacing, the impact of excavation construction on surrounding rock stability, stability analysis of the surrounding rock under unsupported conditions, and stability analysis under-supported conditions. Using numerical simulations and on-site monitoring data, the deformation characteristics, stress distribution, plastic zone development, and the effectiveness of support measures during the excavation process of the underground cavern group were evaluated. Key data include the average deformation of the main powerhouse crown ranging from 11-41 mm, the sidewalls ranging from 30-88 mm, and the main transformer cavern crown ranging from 11-30 mm. The results indicate that systematic support measures can effectively reduce surrounding rock deformation, control the development of plastic zones, and alleviate stress concentrations, thereby enhancing the stability of the surrounding rock.

Liquid hydrogen (LH₂), which has been the subject of considerable research and development, is a promising candidate for the transport and storage of hydrogen in future energy systems. Nevertheless, the harsh storage and transportation conditions pose a significant challenge. A precise thermodynamic model is of paramount importance for the accurate simulation of the storage and transportation processes of LH₂. The objective of this study is to propose a modified thermal stratified model that considers condensation heat transfer between hydrogen vapor and the inner wall. The experiment data obtained from the K-site LH₂ tank was employed to introduce a correlation equation of the Nusselt number (Nu). This equation incorporates the influences of the Filling Ratio (FR) and Heat Loss Rate (HLR) on condensation heat transfer. The modified model exhibited an error rate of less than 3%. Subsequently, the modified model was employed in an investigation of sloshing excitation, with a comparison being made with the Saturn IBAS-203 LH₂ storage tank experiment data. The modified model exhibited an error range of 8%. This indicates that the model is highly accurate in simulating long-distance LH₂ transportation at sea.

Effective reactivity management, as an important means to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants, is a policy requirement proposed by the World Association of Nuclear Power Operators (WANO) for various nuclear power plants and has gradually become a factor that designers need to consider in the design of reactivity control systems. In recent years, there has been an urgent need for domestic operational facilities to enhance their reactivity management capabilities, and at the same time, advanced operational design for third-generation nuclear power also urgently needs to understand relevant information. However, due to various reasons, there are few research discussions on reactivity control and management in the operation of nuclear power plants both domestically and internationally. The AP1000 power plant adopts the latest designs such as Mechanical Shimming (MSHIM) and Rapid Power Reduction System (RPR). The operating range of its units is wide and diverse, and the corresponding reactive management measures are highly representative. Based on the above issues, the core monitoring software was used to simulate and summarize three typical operational activities of the AP1000 power plant, including start-up, unit peak shaving, and rapid power reduction system triggering. The reactivity change characteristics and control elements were analyzed in detail, and corresponding key monitoring parameters were proposed. A detailed reactivity management strategy was provided. This has significant reference significance for improving the reactivity management capability of domestic nuclear power plants and strengthening operational safety, especially for the operational design of reactivity control for third-generation nuclear power units in China.

In order to explore a new technology of hydrogen explosion prevention and develop a new type of barrier and explosion-proof material, A study was conducted to examine how diamagnetic aluminum wire and ferromagnetic nickel wire influence the explosion pressure in premixed hydrogen-air. CHEMKIN-PRO software was used to simulate the reaction path and temperature sensitivity changes during hydrogen explosion. The experimental findings reveal that the two kinds of metal wires have dual effects on the hydrogen gas explosion. The simulation results show that the main elementary reactions that affect the temperature sensitivity can promote the explosion.

Solar energy, as a high-quality, renewable, and clean energy source, urgently needs further development for efficient utilization in buildings. Meanwhile, residential areas in the northeastern regions urgently need solutions for winter heating and energy conservation. This paper explores the integrated application of solar photovoltaic power generation and village residential buildings, comprehensively analyzing the current status of photovoltaic power generation applications domestically and internationally. It examines the principles of solar photovoltaic power generation and the characteristics of different systems, proposing suitable methods for integration with residential buildings in the northeastern regions. This has promotional and guiding significance for the widespread adoption of solar energy in the vast village areas of northeastern China.

Accurate and timely diagnosis of Partial Discharge (PD) faults in substations is crucial for maintaining the reliability and safety of power systems, as these faults are early indicators of insulation failures. However, existing methods often suffer from low detection accuracy and insufficient anti-interference capabilities. This paper proposes a deep learning method based on a combination of logic and a GAMF-CNN network model with transfer learning for Partial Discharge (PD) fault diagnosis in substations. This method accurately diagnoses PD faults through feature parameter extraction and the design of pattern recognition classifiers. The paper details a combination logic feature extraction method based on information entropy, singular value entropy, kurtosis, and higher-order cumulants, and uses a GAMF-CNN network with transfer learning for feature extraction and fault classification. In experiments, the proposed method achieved an average accuracy of 100% on training data and 89.7% on test data, significantly outperforming traditional radial basis function Support Vector Machine (SVM) and BP Neural Network (BPNN). The results show that the proposed method has strong recognition capability and high accuracy for complex fault types, with advantages in computation time. Future research will consider applying GPU platforms and parallel computing methods to reduce model training and computation time.

Geothermal energy is a clean, non-carbon renewable energy source with extremely high load stability in its power generation process. Considering the abundant geothermal resources in China, Geothermal Power Generation (GPG) should play a role in a new type of power system. Based on China’s geothermal resource endowment, this work first outlines the development process of domestic GPG and analyzes the challenges that slow its development from multiple perspectives such as resource conditions, technologies, and policy environment. Then, based on the technological trend at home and abroad, it is proposed that under the carbon neutrality goal, GPG industry in China should pay attention to five major development directions, i.e., medium-high temperature geothermal coupling renewable energy for generation, medium-low temperature GPG, hot dry rock power generation, GPG and residual energy cascading utilization, and geothermal energy storage. Finally, specific suggestions are proposed from both macro and operational perspectives, to promote the development of GPG industry in China.

To promote the sustainable development of expressway infrastructure, the new mode of energy integration with photovoltaic installations on expressway mainline slopes has rapidly expanded. This model is conducive to accelerating the implementation of carbon peak actions, while also increasing the risks of roadside environments of expressways. This article studies the impact of slope photovoltaic glare on drivers, proposes the relationship between the glare De Boer coefficient of slope photovoltaics and drivers, and uses LS-DYNA software to comparatively analyze the severity of accidents involving small passenger vehicles colliding with photovoltaics, roadside trees, signs, and piers. the Acceleration Severity Index (ASI) values for collisions with various obstacles at vehicle speeds of 60 km/h, 80 km/h, and 100 km/h are ranked as follows: tree⪅photovoltaic<⪅sign⪅pier, indicating that when an accident vehicle collides with expressway slope photovoltaics, the severity of the accident is greater than when colliding with roadside trees but less severe than colliding with roadside traffic signs. The study also analyzes the collision risks of bus and van with roadside guardrails and slope photovoltaics when the roadside photovoltaic sections are equipped with A-06 and A-17 barriers. Bus collision with A-06, A-17 barriers will cause damage to photovoltaic facilities, but the damage was less severe when colliding with the A-17 barriers. When the van collided with the A-06 guardrail, it caused direct damage to the slope photovoltaic panels. However, when colliding with the A-17 barriers, no direct damage was caused to the slope photovoltaic.

China is rich in Hot Dry Rock (HDR) resources, but there is yet less successful practice and design experience in HDR power generation. Based on HDR resources in Xinghua area, this work designs a power generation system with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology and the effects of various operating parameters on system performance were analyzed. Results show that with the proposed ORC system, power generation can be realized for HDR in Xinghua area, and the introduction of a reheater after the turbine helps to increase the Thermoelectricity Conversion Efficiency (TCE) of this system. The increase of steam superheat degree at turbine inlet leads to higher TCE but requires a larger area for the evaporator. The decrease in outlet pressure of the turbine or the increase of outlet pressure of the working medium pump results in higher TCEs but increases the pressure ratio at the inlet and outlet of these two devices, leading to higher equipment cost. This work explores the power generation scheme and operating parameters of HDR resources in Xinghua area and can also guide other HDR power generation units with similar resource characteristics.

Measuring the noise emitted by power equipment requires measuring the total environment noise and background noise. Due to it being impossible to shut down the power equipment to measure background noise, the noise emission of power equipment cannot be measured accurately. This work conducts research on noise emission of power equipment based on coherent power. Firstly, a test in the lab was conducted to measure the noise emitted by two speakers based on coherent power. This test showed that the measurement error was less than 1 dB(A). Subsequently, the measurement of noise emitted by power equipment was carried out in a 500 kV substation, and the results showed that the measurement error was also less than 1 dB(A). Through measurements in the lab and substation, it has been verified that the coherent power method can accurately measure the noise emitted by power equipment, avoiding the error caused by inaccurate measurement of background noise.

Due to the increasing degree of substation automation and intelligence and the promotion of unattended operation, the role of batteries is becoming more and more important. Battery life assessment methods usually rely on physical models and experimental data. However, due to the complexity and high cost of the experimental process, as well as the complexity of the model and the limitations of the hypothesis, these methods are often limited. By collecting a large number of battery operation data, machine learning and statistical analysis techniques are used to construct a prediction model, so as to more accurately evaluate the battery life and improve the evaluation efficiency.

Pressure fluctuations generated within the vaneless space of a pump-turbine are directly related to the ability of the unit to operate in a stable manner. Using the runner with splitter blades is a way to improve the stability of the unit. In this study, the model test results of pump-turbine runners in pumped-storage power plants in China are used to statistically analyze the efficiency and the amplitude of pressure fluctuations in the vaneless space of different units in several power plants since 2000. On this basis, combining the model and prototype test results before and after the modification of unit 4# of Heimifeng Pumped Storage Power Plant, the efficiency, the amplitude and frequency of pressure fluctuation in the vaneless space of the conventional blade runner and the splitter blade runner are compared, and the advantages of the design of the splitter blade runner in reducing pressure fluctuation are given in a quantitative manner.

Stress field is a very important load in underground engineering construction. It is an important index to understand the deformation mechanism of surrounding rock and determine the construction scheme. In order to reveal the stress field distribution characteristics of the pumped storage power station, the in-situ stress test was carried out with hydraulic fracturing method. The results show that the maximum stress value of the rock mass at the test position is 24.9 MPa, and the corresponding hole depth is 427.8 m; The lateral pressure coefficient in the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress at each measuring point ranges from 1.2 to 2.2, with an average of 1.6; The lateral pressure coefficient in the direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress ranges from 0.8 to 1.4, with an average of 1.0. The in-situ stress at the measured position presents a tendency of σ_H>σ_h≥σ_Z, the in situ stress field is dominated by horizontal stress, and the direction is about NNW to NW. The measured results of in-situ stress are basically consistent with the direction of regional stress field. The in-situ stress test data provide a basis for the engineering design of the pumped storage power station and support for enriching the in-situ stress database in South China.

In this paper, the optimization and matching of air-source heat pump assisted solar heating system is studied. TRNSYS was used to model the heating system and combined it with the annual energy consumption. The orthogonal optimal matching of three important parameters of the heating system, such as collector area, heat pump power and water storage, are studied respectively. The calculation results show that 442 m² of heat collector, 128.72 kW and 26.4 m³ of water storage tank are the best configurations based on COP value. Taking annual cost as the evaluation index, 345 m² of heat collection area, 62.34 kW of air-cooled heat pump and 23.17 m³ of water storage tank were selected as the best solutions.

The vibration of the unit and the building of the pumped storage power station is the key factor affecting the safe and stable operation of the power station, and the hydraulic factor is one of the important sources of the vibration. In this paper, the field tests of 5+5 long and short blade pumping units are carried out, and the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the internal pressure pulsation of 5+5 long and short blade units are emphatically introduced and analyzed.

Excessive vibration caused by rotor mass unbalance is one of the important factors affecting the safe and stable operation of hydroelectric generating sets. The mass imbalance is manifested in the form of vibration by the centrifugal force and centrifugal moment produced by the rotation of rotating parts. The dynamic balance test can solve the vibration effect caused by a mass imbalance to a certain extent by means of rotor counterweight. Combined with the Grade A repair of the unit, the stability test and dynamic balance test before and after A repair were carried out to verify the effect of A repair. Based on the possibility analysis of unit axis attitude change in the process of counterweight, reasonable suggestions are put forward for the long-term stable operation of the unit.

Taking a typical coastal nuclear power plant as an example, eight representative important species that are sensitive to temperature rise in the local sea were selected as tested species to carry out Critical Thermal Maximum (CTM) experiments and upper incipient lethal temperature (UILT₅₀) experiments. The results of CTM experiment show that there is little difference in CTM range of the tested species in each season, and seasonal factors have little impact on CTM. The results of UILT₅₀ experiment show that UILT₅₀ range of the tested species in summer is higher than that of the other three seasons, and the difference between UILT₅₀ ranges of winter, spring and autumn is small. Taking the temperature rise value of the thermal impact experiment as the maximum thermal tolerance temperature rise value of an representative important species, the lower limit of the maximum thermal tolerance temperature rise range of the two species tested in the thermal impact experiment both occurs in summer. Among them, the lower limit of the temperature rise value for CTM experiment is 8.7°C, the lower limit of temperature rise value for UILT₅₀ experiment is 5.0°C. For conservative consideration, 5.0°C can be used as temperature rise limit on the boundary of the thermal discharge heat dissipation area in this typical nuclear power plant.

With the increasingly prominent global climate issues and the continuous reduction of traditional energy, nuclear energy, as an efficient and clean energy source, is becoming increasingly important in energy supply. In recent years, countries such as the United States and France have proposed advanced reactor plans to promote the development of fourth-generation advanced nuclear energy systems internationally to further increase the utilization of nuclear energy. Currently, the main nuclear power reactor types in operation worldwide are pressurized water reactors, and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors are the advanced reactor types that have developed rapidly in later stages. As the source of nuclear energy, the design and development of advanced nuclear fuels are the key to developing advanced reactors. High burnup uranium oxide fuel (UO₂ fuel), Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF), and tri-structural ISOtropic (TRISO) have developed rapidly in areas such as fuel pellet design, fuel component performance improvement, and detection analysis. Patents, as important commercial and technological information resources, reflect future technological development trends. In order to fully understand the current status and trends of scientific and technological development of nuclear fuels in recent years, we conducted quantitative and qualitative analysis of global patents related to nuclear fuels, studied the technological source of advanced nuclear fuel technologies and the status of innovation, analyzed the competitive hotspots of technology research and development, and revealed the future development trends of advanced reactor types such as UO₂, ATF, and TRISO.

With the development of China’s nuclear power industry, the construction of emergency decontamination stations for nuclear accidents has received high attention from the industry, and a unified construction standard has not yet been formed within the industry. As an important facility for off-site emergency response in nuclear power plants, the decontamination station can ensure the safety of personnel in severe accidents, and provide decontamination for evacuees, vehicles, and equipment, thereby preventing the spread of radioactive substances. This article applies the idea of “Combination of Peacetime and Wartime” to elaborate on the process and methods of decontamination, radioactive detection technology, as well as the area division, facility layout, and sewage collection of emergency decontamination stations.

Based on the theory of dynamic-static interference and the phase resonance risk coefficient caused by pressure wave propagation in the volutes of the units, this paper takes ten long and short blades pumped storage units which have been put into operation or are under construction in China as the research objects and obtained that the Mach number of the units has a linear relationship with the rated water head. Then this paper takes Luoning pumped storage units as an example to carry out phase resonance theoretical analysis and calculation. It provides reference for hydraulic design and structural design of long and short blade storage units.

The metal frames of waste filters from the ventilation system are the main source of radioactive solid waste in nuclear power plants. Due to the slight radioactive contamination of waste filter metal frames from ventilation systems in nuclear power plants, some nuclear power plants have studied clearance and recycling technologies for waste filter metal frames through methods of laboratory measurement. Focusing on the problems existing in the clearance measurement of traditional methods, such as complex sampling of the metal frame of the filter, difficulty in guaranteeing the representativeness of the sampling, and cumbersome analysis and measurement process. This work designs two kinds of on-site rapid monitoring equipment for the metal frames of waste filters based on the plastic scintillator detector and high-purity germanium detector, which can achieve the purpose of non-destructive and rapid measurement of the whole filter frame. It solves the problems of traditional measurement methods and is more suitable for the recycling of filter metal frames from the ventilation system. The calculation models of the plastic scintillation detector and the high-purity germanium detector used in the monitoring equipment are verified by the comparison between experimental measurement and Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the confirmed detector model, the key parameters such as detection efficiency, background, and Minimum detectable activity (MDA) of the two-monitoring equipment are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the MDA of the two-monitoring equipment developed in this work is one to two orders below the clearance level for the common gamma nuclides that could be present in the filter metal frames. The research results can provide technical references for nuclear power plants to further encourage the minimization of radioactive solid waste.

Amounts of slightly contaminated metal with radioactivity were produced during the operation of the nuclear power plant, such as the frame of the waste filter from the ventilation system of nuclear power plants. This created a realistic demand to clear them to implement the strategy of radioactive waste minimization. In this paper, a clearance procedure for the kind of metal materials was established based on the regulatory framework in China. The characteristics of radioactive contamination showed the monitoring of surface dose rate and β contamination could be used as sequential screening methods. Then a detailed radioactivity analysis could be used as a supplementary. This could simplify the procedures and increase efficiency for clearance of the slightly contaminated mental materials. It could also provide a technical base for the radioactive waste minimization in nuclear power plants.

In recent years, the study of clean energy, specifically hydrogen energy, has become increasingly prevalent. Significant advancements have been made in hydrogen production technologies, such as water electrolysis. Among these, Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (PEMWE) is regarded as the most promising green hydrogen production technology for the future. However, the performance output of a PEM electrolyzer can vary with changes in parameters. This paper employs steady-state equations and COMSOL software to simulate changes in the porosity of the anode and cathode diffusion layers in a PEM electrolyzer. Findings indicate that a rise in the porosity of the anode diffusion layer enhances the electrolyzer’s performance. Conversely, increasing the porosity of the cathode diffusion layer has a minimal impact on the electrolyzer’s output performance.

Interest in converting waste cooking oil (WCO) into clean, renewable fuel is gaining momentum driven by its potential to bolster the circular economy and mitigate WCO-related pollution issues. Catalytic cracking emerges as a promising route for converting WCO into sustainable fuel, with the catalyst playing a pivotal role. However, a persistent challenge in catalytic cracking has been the catalyst deactivation due to coke formation. It has been found that metal catalyst supported on Activated Carbon (AC) works well for catalytic cracking. This study investigated catalyst activity of trimetallic catalyst in catalytic cracking of WCO. It appears that the trimetallic oxide enhances the active sites crucial for catalytic cracking performance. Particularly, Ni-Fe-Zn/AC has demonstrated exceptional performance, exhibiting high liquid yield and minimal coke formation. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at 400°C for a duration of one hour. Through the liquid analysis, Ni-Fe-Zn/AC showed a remarkable result that yielded 92.42 wt% liquid product with 52.44% hydrocarbons and coke formation of merely 0.05 wt%. This study demonstrated the superiority of trimetallic catalyst over monometallic and bimetallic catalyst in terms of suppressing coke formation and enhancing liquid yield. This finding shows that trimetal synergy considerably improves catalyst activity in catalytic cracking of WCO.

Hydrogen is a very important renewable energy for all the world. In this study it was aimed to highligth the H₂ production via copper (II) oxide/graphene oxide (CuO/GO) nan°Composite from wastes containing aluminum (Al) with high energy density. The effects of nan°Composites such as CuO, copper (I) oxide (Cu₂O), CuO-GO, Cu₂O-GO on H₂ production efficiencies were determined. The physic°Chemical properties of the CuO, Cu₂O, CuO-GO, Cu₂O-GO like their structural, morphological, and surface properties for H2 production from waste Al was analyzed with XRD and FTIR analyses. H₂(g) productions were measured with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). During the experimental studies, important optimum reaction conditions for H₂ production, such as temperature, pressure and reaction rate, were constantly controlled. For maximum H₂ production (4897 mmol), the lifetime of electron hole pairs and nan°Composite diameter should be 350 ns, and 10 μm, respectively. The cation (Cd⁺² and Fe⁺³) anion (Cl^-1 and SO₄ ^{- 2} ) concentrations should be 0.01 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L while the Cu⁺² persentage in the CuO/GO nan°Composite should be 3% in a nan°Composite concentration of 1.2 mg/L after 40 min photoreaction, at pH=8.0 and at Al⁺³ concentration of 200 mg/L. As a result of these, the high _{energy density of Al provides high H2 production with low Al⁺³ consumption. Finally, Al⁺³ water reaction results in zero greenhouse gas emissions while the Al⁺³ reactions are exothermic, and the aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3}] can be converted to Al₂O₃, which Al⁺³ can be recovered.

Water eutrophication is a significant environmental governance challenge faced by the world today, with nutrient overloading being a primary cause, while aquatic sediment serves as the main storage site for these nutrients and other pollutants. This study focused on the Guangfu Ancient City Moat in Handan City as the research subject, where lanthanum-modified fly ash microspheres and Mg-O modified biochar, independently developed and processed, were employed in an in-situ remediation efficiency simulation within containment boxes. The study also investigated phosphorus recovery and utilization. The removal rates of total phosphorus in the containment boxes with fly ash microspheres, biochar, fly ash microspheres wrapped in non-woven fabric, and biochar wrapped in non-woven fabric were 51.91%, 66.67%, 84.52%, and 84.14% respectively, with removal effectiveness ranking as NO. 4’ ⪆NO. 4” > NO. 3 ⪆ NO. 2. The research indicated that both biochar and fly ash microspheres displayed outstanding performance in phosphorus adsorption, with fly ash microspheres being more cost-effective compared to activated carbon. The containment box experiments effectively demonstrated the significant impact of fly ash microspheres in the efficient recovery of phosphorus resources and the improvement of aquatic environments, offering essential insights for the integrated management of water quality and soil.

S-doped TiO₂ nanosphere with enhanced performance for visible light-driven degradation of formaldehyde was fabricated by solvothermal treatments. These were portrayed by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. We studied the photocatalytic degradation of gaseous formaldehyde under simulated conditions using ultraviolet visible spectrum. The degradability of sphere-shaped S-doped TiO2 was appraised via removing the formaldehyde of PU coatings with visible light energy, and 96.8% of degradation ratio in 65 min exhibited high-efficiency photocatalysis.

Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), a prevalent plasticizer, has been documented to exert detrimental effects on aquatic organisms. This study aims to elucidate the toxic effects of DMP on Daphnia magna by meticulously evaluating changes in immune-related enzyme activities. Daphnia magna was exposed to a gradient of DMP concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L) for 48 hours. Key immunological parameters, including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP), were systematically measured. The findings revealed a significant increase in H₂O₂ and MDA levels at elevated DMP concentrations, indicative of oxidative stress. CAT and AKP activities initially exhibited an elevation, followed by a marked decline at higher DMP concentrations. Additionally, SOD and ACP activities were significantly elevated. These results indicate that the activities of immune-related enzymes were compromised following DMP exposure, revealing the immunotoxicity risk of DMP contamination to aquatic animals.

This paper considers the mass loss rate, specific extinction area, Heat Release Rate (HRR), Effective Heat Combustion (EHC), Total Heat Release (THR) and Ignitability Efficiency (IE) as the fire-hazard indices of Wood-Based Composites (WBCs). Fire-retardant dipped paper plays a major role in the flame resistance of WBCs. An optimized cone calorimeter is developed, and the flame-retardant properties of plain and modified WBCs are assessed. The HRR curves reach the wave crest at a high rate with no distinct peaks in the period of 81 s to 320 s. EHC histograms are slightly low, where their increasing tendencies are not apparent within the time range of 110 s-320 s. However, the relatively small THR of modified Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF) indicates that it emits less heat with a minor fire risk. We conclude that IE follows the order: MDF with dipped paper ⪅ plywood with dipped paper ⪅chipboard with dipped paper, with the chipboard showing the largest combustion risk.

Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture (EACRM) is commonly used in the upper base of heavy-duty asphalt pavement in the reconstruction and expansion project. This study aims at improving the road performance of EACRM layer by improving on-site construction technology. Firstly, the rolling technology of EACRM base was studied based on the upgrading and expansion engineering of Nanchang City to Zhangshu City Expressway. Furtherly, the optimum thickness of the EACRM layer was determined through layered cutting test of on-site core samples. Finally, the secondary hot compaction effect of EACRM on the compaction effect of the HMA overlay was studied. The results show that the EACRM base can achieve good flatness and compaction degree by using a combination of large tonnage rollers (with rubber wheels of over 30 t and double steel wheels of over 18 t). The optimal thickness of the single-layer EACRM is suggested as 8 cm-12 cm. When the thickness exceeds 12 cm, the compaction degree can be ensured by increasing the compaction work of EACRM layer. The secondary hot compaction of the EACRM layer will affect the compaction degree of the HMA overlay, which can be solved by increasing the rolling times. The experimental results of this study provide a solid foundation for further improving the construction quality and road performance of EACRM.

Triphenyltin (TPT), a widely distributed organotin compound, presents considerable environmental risks, especially within aquatic ecosystems. To assess the repercussions of TPT exposure on oxidative status indicators in sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis, we examined malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), and the activities of pivotal antioxidative enzymes. Results revealed significant lipid peroxidation, evidenced by elevated MDA levels in G. crenularis. Concurrently, T-AOC was markedly compromised, implying depletion in the capacity of Glyptocidaris crenularis to scavenge free radicals. The activities of Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were notably modified following exposure to TPT in Glyptocidaris crenularis, indicating that oxidative injury was induced by TPT. GPX activity was increased at higher TPT concentration groups. Meanwhile, SOD and CAT activities decreased across all TPT exposure levels, underscoring a diminished detoxification capacity in Glyptocidaris crenularis. These findings suggest that TPT induces oxidative damage in Glyptocidaris crenularis, disrupting lipid integrity and impairing the antioxidative defense mechanisms.

By taking silty clay as the research object, we performed direct shear tests and pressure plate tests with varying dry-wet cycles to investigate the impact of these cycles on shear strength and the Soil Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was employed to determine the pore size distribution within the soil, providing insight into the effect of dry-wet cycles on the SWCC and shear strength. The test results indicate that with an increasing number of dry-wet cycles, the sample's saturated volume consistently decreases, the volume change amplitude after drying and saturation continues to decrease, the SWCC of the sample keeps decreasing, along with a reduction in shear strength. Finally, the water-holding model and function fitting were used to fit and compare the test results, and the test results were better extended to the application of engineering numerical calculation.

The natural environment corrosion test of PH13-8Mo stainless steel was carried out in Hainan experimental station. The evolution law of performance degradation of PH13-8Mo stainless steel in hot and humid marine atmospheric environment was studied by macroscopic and microscopic corrosion morphology, corrosion rate, tensile properties and stress corrosion. The results show that pitting corrosion mainly occurs in PH13-8Mo stainless steel in hot and humid marine environment, and its performance decreases slightly. The maximum corrosion depth is 94 μm after three years of test. The change trend of corrosion depth of PH13-8Mo stainless steel with test time follows the power function relationship, and the corrosion rate during exposure is a slowing process. The results of mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength and percentage reduction of area of PH13-8Mo stainless steel decreased by 6.2% and 20.2% respectively after three years of test. The stress corrosion results show that the stress corrosion threshold K_ISCC of PH13-8Mo stainless steel is 85.6 MPa·m^1/2, and the stress corrosion cracking sensitivity coefficient is 0.98, which indicates that the material has strong resistance to stress corrosion in marine atmospheric environment.

In the field of solid absorbents for CO₂, the use of calcium-based waste for CO₂ capture not only enables the resourceful use of waste but also reduces the cost of carbon dioxide capture. In this study, CaO was utilized as the calcium-based absorbent, while ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ were employed as modifiers. The properties of ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/CaO composite absorber for cyclic CO₂ absorption was investigated. The findings indicated that the concurrent addition of ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ could enhance the cyclic absorption stability and carbonation efficiency of CaO. The carbonation uptake efficiency of the absorber was enhanced by about 6% after the fifth absorption cycle compared with that without the addition of ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃. The incorporation of ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ induced structural modifications in the calcium-based absorbent, providing support and separation between the CaO particles, thereby preventing void fusion. This enables the absorbent to maintain high activity and stability, while also delaying the sintering process of CaO.

In the field of solid-state CO₂ adsorbents, MgO is considered an ideal CO₂ adsorbent material. This paper modified MgO by physical doping with LiNO₃, NaNO₃, KNO₃, Na₂CO₃, and K₂CO₃ as additives, and explored the effects of various factors such as alkali metal doping ratios, CO₂ concentration, and the number of adsorption cycles, etc. Under the conditions of 275°C, 100% CO₂, and 80 min, the CO₂ adsorption capacity of the sample with the best doping ratio was 0.244 g/adsorbent. In addition, we deeply analyzed the adsorption performance of the modified adsorbent in conjunction with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), specific surface area analysis (BET), and Particle Size Analysis (PSA).

Multilayer Graphene (MLG), as a novel two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, has higher elastic modulus and fracture strength, making it an ideal nanoreinforcement phase for lightweight metal matrix composites. The use of traditional ball milling technology to mix metal graphene composite powders has limitations. Flake powder metallurgy technology increases the specific surface area of the metal powder, improves the contact probability of graphene on the surface of the metal powder, greatly improves the dispersibility of graphene in the matrix, and thus provides the possibility for preparing high content graphene reinforced composite materials. This article first uses high-energy ball milling to prepare MLG/Ti mixed powders and prepares MLG/Ti composite materials through low-temperature and high-pressure SPS preforms and high-temperature heat treatment. We heated the sample to 950°C and held it for ten minutes and 60 minutes respectively. From a microscopic perspective, the particle size distribution is 0-45 μm During the heat treatment process, the m sample decomposes into small equiaxed crystals. The particle size distribution is 45-125 μm and 75-180 μm. The sample of m, as heat treatment proceeds, the debris diffuses towards the interface and basically maintains the layered morphology.

Cleaning agents play a very important role in the process of cleaning oily sludge, where the type, adding amount and compounding method all affect the effect of oily sludge cleaning. In this paper, alkaline inorganic salts, chemical surfactants and biosurfactants were screened through a series of experiments. Subsequently, the surface activity of the cleaning agents was analyzed by testing the surface tension of the solution, and the results of the screening were further verified. Finally, orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal preparation method of the compound cleaning agent, and its cleaning performance was verified through the experiment of oily sludge cleaning. The results showed that for the oily sludge in this paper, the optimal preparation method of compound cleaning agent was as follows: the addition amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate was 1.33%, the addition amount of sophorolipid was 0.17%, and the addition amount of sodium silicate was 2%. The cleaning effect of the compound cleaning agent was better, and the residual oil rate of oily sludge after cleaning was 1.83%, with a high oil removal rate of 87.55%.

In this paper, the CO₂ absorption performance of diethanolamine (DEA) mixed with sodium humate as an absorbent was investigated. The promotion of CO₂ absorption by diethanolamine by sodium humate was investigated in particular. Experiments were conducted to test the CO₂ absorption capacity and stability of different proportions of mixed solutions by configuring different proportions of mixed solutions through the controlled variable method. The effect of concentration, temperature, and flue gas flow on the effect of sodium humate mixed with diethanolamine on CO₂ absorption was studied. The results showed that the mixed solution exhibited higher CO₂ absorption efficiency compared to the single component.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) flooding is a technology for improving the oil recovery of low-permeability reservoirs. However, the interaction between CO₂-water induced by CO₂ injection can lead to the formation of inorganic sediments in reservoir pores, which seriously affects the effectiveness of CO₂ flooding. Therefore, experiments of CO₂-saltwater-rock reaction in a high-temperature and high-pressure reactor, and CO₂ flooding saltwater-saturated core samples were conducted to research the damage law of the reservoir due to the formation of inorganic sediments. We found that the inorganic precipitation formed in reservoir pores with CO₂ flooding is mainly siderite and kaolinite, and the number of sediments increases with the rise of contact pressure and temperature between CO₂ and saltwater. However, the precipitation in reservoir pores tends to dissolve when the contact pressure exceeds 40 MPa. The peak particle size of solid particles in the formation water is 1718 nm, which indicates the small pores below this pore size in the reservoir will be blocked during CO₂ flooding. To prevent the blockage impact of inorganic sediments, CO₂ injection pressure can be appropriately increased to promote precipitation dissolution.

The high cellulose content of pine sawdust causes it to be highly valued as an excellent source for biorefining. However, the complicated interaction between lignin and cellulose presents an obstacle to the successful utilization of pine sawdust. The process of breaking down lignin has become essential for effectively using pine sawdust. The objective of the investigation was to explore the lignocellulolytic enzymes activity and its effect on lignin degradation by strain MP-132. A culture medium with pine sawdust as the solo carbon source was investigated. The performance of lignocellulose breakdown was evaluated through determining the activity of the lignocellulolytic enzymes. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer were used to investigate the changes in the structure and appearance of the degraded pine lignin. The maximum activities of lactase, lignin peroxidase, cellulase, and xylanase secreted by strain MP-132 reached 55.97 U/L, 142.6 U/L, 2.92 U/mL, and 2.08 U/mL, respectively. On day 15th, the degradation rates of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were 28.78%, 32.9% and 30%, respectively. After treatment with strain MP-132, significant changes in the lignin structure have been observed in pine sawdust. These findings indicate that Raoultella ornithinolytica MP-132 exhibits potential as an alternative candidate for the lignocellulosic bioenergy industry.

Aiming at the viscoelastic flow of solid propellant slurry, the extrusion swelling effect under the FENE-P constitutive model was studied based on the CFD Polyflow simulation software, which provided a new idea for solving the free-surface flow problem of viscoelastic fluid. The results show that the closer the slurry fluid is to the wall, the smaller the velocity; In the process of simulated extrusion, the pressure gradually decreases along the flow direction of the slurry, and suddenly disappears to zero at the outlet of the die due to the constraint of the model wall on the slurry; Extrusion swelling ratio increases with the increase of relaxation time.

In order to improve the traditional way of improving the lubrication performance of journal bearing, a new and resource-saving improvement method is proposed in this paper. There is no need to change the bearing materials, use high-performance lubricants, or improve machining accuracy. The lubrication performance can be improved with adding micro textures on the bearing surface. The Reynolds equation, oil film thickness equation of micro texture journal bearing and the disturbance pressure equation of oil film in journal bearing rotor system is numerically solved by using the finite difference method and Reynolds boundary condition. The influence of composite microtexture on the lubrication performance of journal bearing is studied by changing the distribution, depth, arrangement, density, shape and other parameters of the composite microtexture. Meanwhile, a comparison was made between the composite texture performance and the lubrication performance of single texture bearings and smooth bearings. The results indicate that composite microtextures with appropriate parameters can significantly improve the lubrication performance of bearings.

In the current GB 18352.6-2016 standard, the evaporative pollutant emission test (type IV test) requires that the sum of emission values be lower than the specified threshold (0.70 g/test) for all light vehicles. There are more and more hybrid vehicles equipped with non-integral control of refueling, and it is of great significance to control evaporative emissions by studying the characteristics and influencing factors of VOCs evaporative emissions of these vehicles. The results show that the escape emission of the carbon tank is very low during the whole aging process, which is much lower than the permeation emission of the fuel system, and the proportion of escape emission may increase slightly with the deepening of the aging degree of the carbon tank. The VOCs emitted by osmotic emission are mainly composed of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, and the main components of VOCs emitted by escaping are alkanes, accounting for 70%-98% of the total.

In our work, the aqueous solution of diethanolamine and piperazine was used to capture CO₂ from a mixture of N2 and CO₂ with a packed column. The effect of PZ/DEA mass ratio, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, absorption temperature and CO₂ content in the mixed gas on the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (K_GaV) were discussed, respectively. The results showed that the value of KGaV increases with the increasing of PZ concentration, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, respectively. However, K_GaV value decreases as absorption temperature and the CO₂ content of inlet gas increases. The results indicated that the addition of piperazine can effectively improve the mass transfer effect of CO₂ absorption into DEA aqueous solution.

Assessing the remaining life of key components in high temperature service is an essential element of strategic plant maintenance and plant life extension programs. Especially for nickel based high-temperature alloys, which are generally operated under service conditions above 600°C. In this paper, a number of techniques and methods for the creep damage evaluation methods have been introduced over past several decades. The application and limitation of several main approaches are discussed in detail. At last, some suggestions for the further research work are proposed.

Biochar was prepared from corn straw, and the basic properties of biochar were studied, including elemental analysis, surface functional groups, and crystal structure. The soil leaching experiment of compound fertilizer was carried out by mixing three substances of biochar, montmorillonite and urea in different proportions to form a composite fertilizer, and the cumulative release rate of nitrogen in the soil of the composite material was investigated. In the soil leaching experiment, after 18 days of leaching, the cumulative release rate of nitrogen at biochar: urea was 1:1, which was 17.9% lower than that of pure urea, the quasi-first-order kinetics could better fit the process, and the release rate constant was 0.233 min^-1 ; when the Montmorillonite: urea is 1:1, the nitrogen release after filtration is 16.4% lower than that of pure urea at 18 days, and the release process is in line with the secondary kinetics, and the rate constant is 3.63×10-3%·min^-1. When montmorillonite: biochar:urea=1:1:1, the sustained release performance of the compound fertilizer was optimal, and the cumulative release rate of nitrogen at 18 days was 56.2%. The results show that the compound fertilizer formed by biochar, urea and montmorillonite granulation can better delay the release of urea.

In recent years, global average temperature has been increasing. The main cause of this phenomenon is the continuous increase of CO₂. Therefore, it is urgent to reduce CO₂ emissions. CO₂ storage in deep aquifer is an effective means to reduce CO₂ emissions. Based on this, lattice Boltzmann method is proposed in this article to study the two-phase CO₂/brine transport process in the deep saline aquifer. Simulation results show that the finger-in phenomenon is intensified with the increase of capillary number Ca and contact angle θ. Meanwhile, the CO2 saturation will also increase at the end of the repulsion when the capillary number Ca increases, while the CO₂ saturation will decrease when the contact angle θ increases.

Biotoxicity testing using model aquatic organisms is crucial for assessing the impact of pollutants on ecosystems. Model organisms like Hydra provide valuable insights into the effects of contaminants on freshwater ecosystems. Monitoring of Hydra's response to toxins helps in understanding the potential risks posed by pollutants in aquatic habitats. The use of Hydra in ecotoxicology research allows for the assessment of water quality. These organisms serve as reliable indicators of environmental stressors due to their sensitivity to such substances for long-term monitoring of freshwater ecosystems in situ. This paper considers a novel technique for invertebrate hydrobiology and ecotoxicology based on the analog non-coherent spectrozonal raster lens-less microscopes with combined raster scan and cross-band LED shifting (developed by the author in early 2000th). Also, anaglyphic imaging (R+G or R+B channels) with a polarization system is proposed. Integral frequency characteristics and integral spatial characteristics can be used for the quality indication of the lens-less micrographs and provide optimality criteria of the images illustrating the structural effects of different agents on Hydra sp. at the tissue level. Time-lapse microphotographs of Hydra in different imaging regimes are provided in the text.

A concept of the new type of biological morphometry for the cellular and tissue levels of organization has been developed, which makes it possible to morphometrize not an optically detectable form (morphology, habitus) or other related tissue parameters, but the patterns of its response to the external stimuli / field recorded by a chip on a CMOS/CCD array, or the patterns of its own non-optical characteristics (for example, the distribution of magnetic properties and isotopy in radioautography on a chip, or a radioisotope label), forming a compartment or compartmentalized (in vesicular or liposomal compartments) pool of a substance/label, characterized by a physical property: a descriptor, the contours of which are morphometrized by the chip due to the multilevel signal conversion technique. Using multilevel signal conversion techniques in sandwich chips with multiple converters, one can achieve not only mapping of the individual characteristics, the sample descriptors, but also establish colocalization of these descriptors/characteristics over the sample area or in the microfluidic channels, that is, to obtain a correlation map of the sample properties on a chip. Using the film converters of various physical signals and sample properties into an optical signal/response in different spectral ranges on the chips with three spectrozonal channels (either with Bayer mosaic filters or their analogs with other spectrocolorimetric characteristics, or with the unified pixels capable of capturing information from all the three channels in the case of APC-S sensors, or with multilayer implementation of the spectrozonal color separation into the additive channels as in the FOVEON X3 arrays), it is possible to colocalize at least three sample parameters on a chip if each of these parameters is converted into an optical signal that strictly corresponds to the parameters of the chromatic coordinates of a particular filter (or a photodiode layer of different depths in the case of X3). In the latter case, one-to-one colocalization/mapping can be established, in which all the parameters are fixed at each point, and pixels or “sensels” of different descriptors are superimposed, which is unattainable in the case of Bayer mosaic filters and their analogues. Being not just an image, but a resolved distribution map of the certain sample properties converted into an optical signal, the sample registration file itself (a bitmap without a discrete cosine transforms simultaneously a file containing information about the descriptors characterizing the sample with position sensitivity. For each pixel of the image, a descriptor can be determined from the codes (image parameters) for a given conversion of a non-optical signal into an optical one, characterizing a compartmentalized sample.

In this paper, a study on the fault diagnosis of ball bearings was done with a vibration dataset. The bearing conditions are classified through the extraction of different statistical features from time-domain vibration signals. The dataset consists of mean, median, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, dominant frequency (all features obtained from wavelet transform on the original dataset), and the class label (one if the bearing is healthy, and two if the bearing is faulty). The research paper has conducted seven kinds of fault cases to be studied and applied machine learning strategies to diagnose these faults, mainly using a Random Forest model. Correlation matrix analysis describes the associations among features and shows a strong association between some features and the independent impact of others. The Random Forest model attained an accuracy of 90.42%, clearly revealing the robustness of the proposed method. The confusion matrix gives the model performance in detecting the various fault conditions.

Landslides are a prevalent phenomenon in the vicinity of Dely Brahim city in the Southwest of Algiers. The majority of these landslides remain active to this day, frequently occurring in the Pliocene marl formations, particularly those outcropping in the Sahel zone (coast in Arabic). These landslides result in damage to neighboring properties or public infrastructure, causing social and economic disruption or environmental degradation in most urban and coastal areas of the country. The principal objective of this study was to enhance our comprehension of the initiating processes and mechanisms of these landslides. Initially, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was employed to monitor the behavior of electrical resistivity within the landslide area. The resulting models were then cross-checked with geotechnical data from in situ and laboratory tests. The combined interpretation of the data revealed that a potential sliding surface could be associated with a low resistivity horizon within the shallow layers of marls at a depth of approximately 9 metres. Consequently, the results indicated that the upper marl formations were generally weathered and characterized by higher water content than the deeper formations. Additionally, factors such as demographic growth and increased urbanization have contributed to the occurrence of landslides in the region.

The stability of natural and engineered slopes is significantly influenced by cutting and filling activities during road construction, which can lead to potential landslides. This study focuses on conducting a slope stability analysis using geotechnical data obtained from investigations and landslide analyses carried out at Km-21 of the Fourth Ring Road in Djendel, Algeria. The research examines the effects of excavating a section of residual clay, which triggered a landslide. To understand the underlying processes of this landslide, the physico-mechanical characteristics of the soils obtained from boreholes were analyzed. Laboratory test results, including grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, water content, shear strength, and compressibility, were meticulously examined. The findings revealed that the soils were fine-grained and heterogeneous, with moderate to high plasticity. It was observed that the upper soil layer (residual clay) exhibited lower shear strength parameters, with cohesion at 5 kPa and a friction angle of 23°, compared to the undisturbed formations beneath it, which had cohesion of 15 kPa and a friction angle of 25°. The stability analysis was performed using PLAXIS 2D, a software based on Finite Element Methods (FEM). The results indicated a significant impact of the excavation on slope stability. The factor of safety was 1.383 before excavation in dry conditions and dropped to 0.951, indicating that the upper layer is prone to instability after a portion of its total weight is excavated. This decrease in the factor of safety demonstrates the critical role of proper slope management and soil characterization in preventing landslides during construction activities.

The cement sector is responsible for 8% of CO₂ emissions from greenhouse gases in the world. Global climate change and sustainability require the cement industry to seek innovative solutions. Innovative methods aiming to reduce the environmental footprint of cement production have a critical role in the development of the sector. These approaches are important in terms of both protecting the ecological balance and supporting sustainable development. Portland Cement (PC) is the most widely used cement in our country and in the world and is responsible for CO₂ emissions. In this research, the concrete produced with ‘net-zero cement NOVOCEM©)’, which is an environmentally friendly and sustainable product produced in Turkey, was compared with PC in terms of strength and fracture toughness for the first time in the literature. OYAK Cement Ltd., which is the producer of NOVOCEM, has kept the reduction of CO₂ emission with calcined clay technology in the first place among its targets in parallel with borderline carbon applications and produces NOVOCEM© cement with 40% lower CO₂ emission and 35% less energy consumption with 20% renewable fuel. The fracture toughness test results showed that higher strength and fracture toughness values were obtained for both PC cement and NOVOCEM cement concrete SCB specimens with 45° notch cracks compared to specimens with 0° and 30° inclined notch cracks. The results also showed that the standard deviation values of the SCB specimens with PC cement containing specimens with all three notch crack angles were higher than the standard deviation values found in the test results of the specimens containing NOVOCEM cement. This result shows that more standardized results will be obtained with net-zero cement than with concrete containing PC cement.

This study aims to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to predict the Plasticity Index (PI) of clay soils stabilized with fly ash. A total of 193 datasets were collected from previous studies, normalized, and used for training, testing, and validating the model using the backpropagation algorithm. The results indicated that the PI-ANN model achieved high accuracy, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 99% and minimal Mean Square Error (MSE). Sensitivity analysis showed consistency with existing literature. Validation using experimental results from three independent studies confirmed the model’s performance, achieving a regression coefficient of 99% and a mean relative error of 0.92%. Additionally, the PI-ANN model outperformed a comparable statistical model, demonstrating its reliability for predicting the PI of high-plasticity clay soils.

This study applies the finite element method to the analysis of deformation and internal force of the diaphragm wall of the excavation pit of a high-rise building during the phased construction by the open excavation method. The simulation results show that the horizontal displacements along the wall depth increase in value with the construction stages, reaching the maximum value at the final construction stage. Both deformation of the diaphragm wall and internal force of the diaphragm wall are controlled within allowable limits. As a result, the impact of the excavation on the adjacent works is small. Parameter studies show that in general, settlement of the ground surface of adjacent structures increases with increasing excavation depth, decreasing distance from the excavation to the adjacent structure, greater depth of initial groundwater level, and higher surface load. The finite element method demonstrates greater capability in simulating deep excavation problems in a more diverse and realistic manner compared to the elastic beam on elastic foundation method.

Quality control of metalworking under a microscope plays a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability and green energy. By ensuring precise, pure and accurate metal fabrication, we can minimize material waste and energy consumption, thus reducing the overall environmental impact of manufacturing processes. This level of quality control also contributes to the longevity and reliability of components used in sustainable energy technologies, such as wind turbines and solar panels. Through meticulous inspection at the microscopic level, we can guarantee the integrity of materials, leading to more efficient and durable green energy solutions. Ultimately, the careful scrutiny of metalworking processes under a microscope supports the advancement of eco-friendly practices and the development of a more sustainable future. We offer a new technology for the quality control of metalworking and many tribological procedures leading to abrasion and wear of the product and environmental pollution with microparticles and nanoparticles of metals, bimetals, alloys, sitalls, etc. This technology is publicly available, and the tools for its implementation can be assembled and installed in any production facilities or at environmental monitoring laboratories and product quality control stations.

Adding phase change materials to concrete can effectively regulate its thermal performance. The thermal conductivity and energy consumption of phase change concrete were investigated through experiments and simulations in this paper. The research results show that the thermal conductivity of concrete decreases with the increase of phase change materials. The cumulative heat load and cumulative cooling load of phase change buildings have been reduced by 1.5% and 1.6% respectively compared to ordinary buildings throughout the year This indicates that phase-change wall buildings have good insulation and energy-saving performance. The above research indicates that the application of phase change concrete has good energy-saving effects in buildings.

In this article, the properties of the micro and nanobubbles (MNBs) generated by the micro and nanobubble generator (MNBG) based on the shear method, including size and distribution, existence form and motion state, hydroxyl radicals (∙ OH) generation and oxygen-dissolving capacity, were studied and numerical simulation was used to study the characteristics of the gas-liquid two-phase flow field based on the MNBs. The results showed that the MNBG generated quite a few MNBs below 100 μm, of which more than 50% were 46 μm, and in the micro and nanobubble gas-liquid dispersion system (MNBGLS) generated by the MNBG, a large amount of ∙ OH was produced and the concentration of dissolved oxygen was higher. Moreover, the existence of a high gas-liquid dispersion interface was confirmed. According to the analysis of pressure field, velocity field and gas phase distribution in the calculation domain of the gas-liquid two-phase flow fluidized bed based on the MNBs, the simulation results were consistent with the actual operation results.

Parks and green spaces help protect the urban ecological environment and are important places for leisure activities for residents. To get the current spatial layout of parks and green spaces in Guangzhou, the article analyzes their service area under two travel modes. By using the Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method (Ga2SFCA), the relationship between the supply capacity of parks and green spaces and the level of neighboring demand under different modes of travel is calculated as a way to assess their accessibility indexes. Combining the results of the analysis, it is expected to propose optimization suggestions for the overall spatial layout of parks and green spaces in Guangzhou, to alleviate the current status quo of unbalanced distribution and to promote the green space resources in Guangzhou are fairly distributed.

Single-main-cable suspension bridge is prone to vortex-induced vibration owing to the lower torsional stiffness and smaller damping of the main girder. Based on Yinghua Bridge which is a single-main-cable suspension bridge, this paper researches the vortex-induced vibration characteristics of a large-span single-main-cable suspension bridge through wind tunnel tests. Then seven optimization plans are proposed to suppress vortex-induced vibration. The most suitable plan is proposed for the Yinghua Bridge based on the results of the tunnel tests. The test results show that through the aerodynamic optimization of the main girder, without changing the main features of the main girder, by changing the guardrail or wind deflector, the vortex-induced vibration of the single-main-cable suspension bridge can meet the design requirements.

Cracks and water seepage occurred in the raft foundation and basement exterior wall concrete of a commercial complex after construction. After demonstration by an expert group, in order to accurately analyze the causes of concrete cracks, the reinforced protective layer and concrete entity at the cracks were detected by steel bar scanning, core drilling sampling and impact echo method. After detection, some concrete cracks have been penetrated inside and outside, and there are many bubbles formed by insufficient vibration in concrete core samples at individual crack positions. The main reasons for concrete cracks are that the pouring interval is long during concrete construction, local positions are not vibrated tightly, and the concrete cannot be cured after pouring. According to the above test results, after the construction unit treated the concrete cracks according to the high-pressure grouting scheme, no leakage was found after observation, which achieved good results and has been put into normal use.

In addition to the numerous safety risks, such gas leaks and earthquakes, which can cause injuries and fatalities, the working environment in mines is complicated and unpredictable. An intelligent comprehensive management and control system for mine auxiliary safety concerns based on RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology is designed to assist managers in precisely monitoring mine seismic hazards and ensuring operational safety. The hardware component of the system employs RFID electronic tags, which are affixed to important locations for seismic monitoring, workers, and mining equipment, using the detected objects as carriers. These sensors are used to collect information about the detected objects. Data transmission to the data layer occurs after the RFID reader receives the data. Following a series of processing steps, such as data cleansing, it is saved for quick access by the application layer. Among them, the LANDMARC algorithm is used to obtain the signal reception strength values of the reference and to-be-located electronic tags in real time, and to locate and track the positions of the objects to be monitored in coalmines in real time. The earthquake risk-monitoring module can obtain the earthquake risk area and the corresponding earthquake risk level, and issue warnings in time through the alarm module, providing decisions for mine safety management and risk avoidance and rescue, and presenting them through the display layer. The experimental results show that the system can realize intelligent monitoring and early warning of the mine environment, obtain real-time location information of personnel and earthquake risk areas, and effectively assist in comprehensive mine management and control.

In this paper, a method for evaluating the bottom depth of existing piles is proposed based on a field study of practical engineering. The applicability of existing methods for determining the depth of the pile bottom in PS testing is re-evaluated in layered foundations. By pointing out the shortcomings and applicable conditions of the existing methods for PS testing, an improved correction equation for determining the depth of the pile bottom is proposed in a layered foundation. Whereas there are situations like the testing borehole does not meet the minimum depth requirements, or it is difficult to identify the first arrivals of parallel seismic testing signals below the pile bottom, a new method for determining the depth of the pile bottom based on identifying the traveling time inflection point of the first arrival is proposed. The result shows that the depth of the pile bottom is basically consistent with the design value. This study provides an effective means for evaluating the depth of pile bottom in the layered foundation.

There are many difficulties in the daily maintenance and support process of the new generation weather radar. A fault tree analysis method is proposed, which combines the working principle of weather radar to construct a fault tree for the new generation weather radar and designs qualitative and quantitative analysis methods to further achieve fault diagnosis. According to this method, the probability and importance of failure occurrence are obtained, and based on specific examples, the probability of system failure P(T)=0.65 is calculated when the probability of underlying events occurring is 5%. This study indicates that radar fault diagnosis algorithms based on fault trees can effectively improve the quality of radar support, thereby pushing the highest probability of faulty component maintenance based on fault codes, and improving fault diagnosis efficiency.

According to the characteristics of climate zones in Hebei Province, this paper analyzes the low-rise fabricated steel structure ultra-low energy building door and window openings without thermal bridge optimization, and studies the temperature and the heat flux of the door and window opening under the addition of C-shaped steel reinforcement and the addition of anti-corrosive wood, Different optimization schemes with external and external installations method, different thermal insulation frame lengths. Through simulation analysis and experimental verification, when conditions permit, the low-rise fabricated steel structure ultra-low-energy building door and window openings are selected to add anti-corrosion wood, external installation, and insulation material compression frame of 100 mm. The temperature distribution is uniform and there is no serious thermal bridge defect.

Air quality index analysis is an important means to understand the air quality status in a specific region, which plays an important role in promoting environmental governance, protecting human health and enhancing sustainable development. In this paper, the air quality index of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration was studied spatially and temporally. Firstly, the spatial autocorrelation method was used to analyze the overall and local air quality characteristics of the region, and then the influencing factors of air quality were studied by using geographic detectors. The conclusion shows that the spatial difference of AQI in the Yangtze River Delta is decreasing. Natural factors such as annual average wind speed, average annual temperature and accumulated sunshine have a greater impact on air quality, while human factors such as built-up area and green space area have little explanation power.

The technical feasibility of post-grouting for large-diameter, ultra-long bridge pile foundations was studied through numerical simulation of the ultimate bearing capacity of single piles before and after grouting. This study was conducted based on tests of the substructure of the South dike approach bridge of the Yellow River Great Bridge from Lanyuan Expressway to Lianhuo Expressway. The results indicate that the Q-s curves from both testing and simulation show consistent behavior with discrepancies of less than 15%, validating the numerical simulation’s ability to accurately predict engineering outcomes. Post-grouting significantly enhances the bearing capacity of the piles, approximately doubling their capacity compared to pre-grouting levels, thus meeting project requirements effectively.

In order to promote the development of green and low-carbon construction of bridges and help the high-quality development of the transportation industry, based on the concept of life cycle, on the basis of in-depth analysis and clear definition of the concept connotation of green long-span bridges, the general requirements for green bridge construction are proposed, and the green construction technology system of long-span bridges is constructed from 17 aspects of three dimensions of bridge design, construction, maintenance and operation, and the technical points of long-span green bridges are put forward from three perspectives of design, construction, maintenance and operation. The results show that: (1) Green bridges should adapt to the development requirements of green transportation in the new era from four aspects: whole-process green, all-factor protection, all-round durability and full-life economy. (2) Through the implementation of the technical points of green design, green construction, and green operation and maintenance of long-span bridges, the high-quality development of bridges in the new era can be promoted. The research results provide technical guidance for the green and low-carbon development of bridges in the new era, which is conducive to promoting the implementation of the concept of green development and ecological civilization in the transportation industry.

Double-stage cyclone separators, known for their low pressure drop, are widely employed in scenarios with high particle concentration and large air volumes. However, research focusing on double-stage cyclone separators, especially in tandem with direct-current guide-vane type cyclones, remains scarce. This paper investigates the impact of outer tube lengths in the first and second stages of a double-stage cyclone separator on its resistance and separation efficiency. Results indicate that at an inlet flow rate of 90 m³ /h, the maximum resistance reaches 2280 Pa. The optimum efficiency, ranging from 98.99% to 99.10%, is achieved when the ratio of outer tube lengths between the first and second stages equals 0.9:1.1, showing negligible variation with changes in inlet air volume. As the ratio of outer tube lengths decreases, the pressure drop for dust removal in the first stage initially rises and then falls, whereas, in the second stage, it initially declines and then rises. Moreover, the inflection points of pressure drop for dust removal in both stages coincide with the extremum points of separation efficiency.

Droplet distribution characteristics are the main factors affecting the effect of spray dust removal. In order to study the droplet distribution characteristics under different working conditions, the special characteristics of droplet distribution at different wind speeds and spray angles are analyzed based on Fluent. We show that different wind speeds and spray angles increase the longitudinal height and transverse length of the spray band mainly by increasing the transverse momentum of the droplet. The increase of wind speed leads to the inconsistent transverse momentum of droplets in different spatial positions, which enhances the droplet aggregation effect, thus forming the spray zone around the large size droplet layer; the increase of spray angle mainly changes the exit momentum of the horizontal and vertical distribution ratio, and the momentum of all droplets in space is more uniform, thus having no significant impact on the distribution characteristics of droplet size. In addition, the droplet distribution characteristics near the shearer after the nozzle on the shearer are studied. These results are of great significance to guide the spray dust removal in the process of coal mining.

The paper proposes to introduce cost functions for any major project that can affect the ecological state of the region. Such an environmental passport of a project allows one to evaluate in understandable terms the environmental damage caused. The project can only be implemented if other work is carried out in the region to compensate for this damage, that is, bringing environmental benefits to this region. The overall balance of damage must be negative, that is, projects must bring more environmental benefits than cause environmental damage, or in the worst case, the balance may be zero in certain regions at certain stages. It is proposed to analyze the “Green Chains”, that is, to interpret the measure of the strength of an ecosystem based on the strength of the weakest species, which is subject to the greatest risk of extinction. Some species of animals and plants can have a key impact on the sustainability of the ecological balance, so even the disappearance of a single species can cause irreparable damage to the ecology of a region. It is proposed to create maps of environmental value based on the criterion of the value of a biocenosis for the biodiversity of planet Earth, and not from the position of the potential economic value of the region and not on the basis of environmental significance from the position of favorable human habitation in this territory. In some cases, in order to preserve unique species of animals, it may perhaps be advisable to evict the inhabitants of this region, but only on the basis of the principles of voluntariness, respect for all rights, and the formation of economic and other interests in participating in such processes.

The spatial distribution of soil organic matter and pH is an important aspect of soil fertility management. The spatial distribution of organic matter and pH and their correlation were studied in 458 arable land soil samples in Beian City, Heilongjiang Province, using Arcgis technology and relevant statistical analysis methods. The results showed that the average value of organic matter in the study area was 58.01 g/kg, with a high overall content and relatively uniform distribution. The average pH value of the arable land was 5.72, which was weakly acidic in general, acidic in the west and some parts of the centre, and softly acidic in the east. There was a significant positive correlation between organic matter and pH of arable land in Wudalianchi City, which was different from some scholars’ opinions, indicating that these two factors were also influenced by other variables. Therefore, when evaluating arable land resources in different regions, coupling and correlation analyses between multiple factors must be considered.

Based on the innovative approaches of “Typical Demonstration Project of Green Highway Construction of the Ministry of Transport” that carried out by the Anluo Highway Yellow River Bridge Project, this paper focuses on the construction process of the Yellow River Bridge in combination with the project characteristics which across the Yellow River Wetland Reserve. The project team implements the concept of “green highway”, takes “recycling, intensive conservation, and ecological protection” as the controlling point, and realizes the construction of highway bridges from the traditional high resource dependence mode to low consumption, low emission, low pollution, high efficiency, and other means by “technological innovation and management improvement”. The development and transformation of high efficiency and efficiency have achieved certain results, providing the valued reference for the following construction of green highway projects.

The Bei’an is located in the northern part of the Songnen Plain, and there has been little research on its loess formation and palaeoenvironment. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the AMS14C, OSL, magnetic susceptibility, grain size characteristics, and lithological features of the Bei’an loess. The results show that the Bei’an loess roughly corresponds to the Guxiangtun Formation and upper part of the Harbin Formation. It exhibits low magnetic susceptibility values without any clear cyclical characteristics. The grain size frequency curve shows a unimodal distribution, indicating a sandy loam composition that differs from typical loess found in the eastern part of the Songnen Plain. However, Kd values, discriminant functions, and grain size plots (C-M, L-M, A-M charts) indicate that it does exhibit characteristics consistent with aeolian deposits. It is concluded that the Bei’an loess primarily represents aeolian deposition with secondary transportation and modification by rivers and mudflows. This suggests that during the late Pleistocene period in northern Songnen Plain was characterized by a dry-cold glacial environment. This study on Bei’an loess provides fundamental data for analyzing material sources for loess in northern Songnen Plain and holds significant importance for understanding the formation of loess in this region as well as beyond.

Microorganisms adapt to saline environments by utilizing energy to produce organic osmolytes. However, their energy requirements may fluctuate with varying soil salinity levels. The study focused on maize cultivation in soils with slight and moderate salinity (S1 and S2; Electrical Conductivity [EC] of 0.46 and 1.07 dS∙m^-1 , respectively). Six treatments were applied: CK (no fertilization); U1 (urea); and U₃O₁, U₁O₁, U₁O₃, and O1, where different proportions of urea nitrogen were substituted with organic fertilizers. As soil salinity increased, soil microbial biomass and microbial activity decreased. MBC, MBN, and soil respiration flux were 12.01%-68.81%, 14.31%-58.58%, and 11.75%-54.71% lower in the S₂ soil than in S₁ soil. In both soils, soil microbial biomass and microbial activity were significantly increased when the appropriate proportion of organic fertilizer was applied. MBC, MBN, in the S₁ soil were higher under U₁O₁ treatment than under U₁ treatment—by 48.44%, 42.50%, and 31.74%, respectively (P ⪅ 0.05). In the S2 soil, MBC, MBN, and soil respiration flux were significantly higher under O₁ treatment than under U₁ treatment—by 68.07%, 48.99%, and 45.19%, respectively (P ⪅ 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between soil respiration and soil microbial biomass (P ⪅ 0.01). Soil temperature and nitrogen content were positively correlated with soil respiration and soil microbial biomass (P ⪅ 0.05).

With collaborative development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, we work on studying the history, culture, industrial system of the central and southern of Hebei, and sorted out the characteristics of their urbanization development. It has showed that there are so many wonderful rural enterprises with the prosperous rural economy but being lower level of urbanization developing in above areas. Most of farmers have to work in both towns and farms at different time. As result, it caused serious environmental problems for lack of the proper mode of urbanization. In this paper, we mentioned the developmental characteristics of the central and southern Hebei. With analyzing these characteristics, the paper put forward suggestions for development of green urbanization in counties of the central and southern Hebei. What the government and industrial planning departments need to do will be to guide workers and industries to gather in some counties and town and to solve the environmental pollution problems. Therefore, the problems about development of urbanization will be solved gradually.

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is essential for establishing ecological civilization and promoting high-quality economic development. This research utilized Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to construct the Remote Sensing Based Ecological Index (RSEI), which could indicate the status of ecological environment quality in a specific region. ArcGIS and GeoDa software were then employed to analyze spatial and temporal changes in land use and RSEI, as well as their relationship within the study area. The findings indicated that the land use dynamic degree was higher in 2000-2010 (0.4) than in 2010-2020 (0.24), suggesting a more judicious and sustainable approach to land resource utilization, and the ecological environmental level was sufficient. During 2010-2020, the area with improved ecological environment quality accounts for about 44% of the total area in the YRB, which mainly due to national policies promoting rural beautification and high-quality development strategies. The ecological quality change of the YRB was significantly correlated with the conversion of land use types. The transformation of grassland into unused land (0.046) and woodland into grassland (0.034) significantly improved the ecological quality, indicating that unused land as an important natural resource plays a crucial role in ecological protection, and restoration of unused land resources in the YRB should be carried out.

Habitat quality and communication between species groups are crucial for species conservation. Based on remote sensing and GIS, this paper determines which habitats need to be restored to improve habitat quality and increase the number of rhinopithecus bieti, analyzes which areas can be easily and safely replanted first, and analyzes which artificial reserves can increase the number of rhinopithecus bieti. The possibility of doing so was investigated. The results indicate that vegetation reconstruction should be implemented in habitats G4, G5, and G15. Initial population substitution can be implemented in habitat G8, G9 and G10. Rhinopithecus bieti artificial reserves can be established in habitat G3 and G4. G10 is the most suitable habitat, with the highest habitat quality index of 30.14.

Employing a self-developed mud membrane coupling integrated process along with its underground treatment equipment to manage rural domestic sewage in Taizhou City., Jiangsu Province, this study investigates the treatment effects and performance during continuous stable operation after installation and commissioning of the equipment. Long-term onsite experimental results indicate that the average removal rates of NH₄ ⁺ -N, COD, TP and TN in sewage are approximately 85.4%, 87.6%, 71.9%, and 73.8%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations are reduced to 4.4, 22, 0.88, and 17.2 mg/L, meeting the primary A standards of Jiangsu Province’s local standard “Village Domestic Sewage Treatment Facility Water Pollutant Discharge Standard” (DB32/T3462-2018). During seven months of stable operation, the sewage system of the equipment runs steadily with a maximum processing capacity of 5 t/d. The removal performance and efficiency of various pollutants remain stable, and the operating cost of the equipment is approximately 0.35 yuan/m³. This equipment demonstrates good performance in rural sewage treatment, strong resistance to shock loads, convenient management, stable operation, and low operating costs, providing valuable reference for other agricultural pollution control projects.

Greenhouses are the most energy intensive systems in the agricultural sector. Renewable resources of energy have emerged as a sustainability form of worldwide consensus form to improve the consumption of traditional fossil energy in agriculture greenhouses. Solar energy has demonstrated great potential for integration with agricultural greenhouses Photovoltaics are divided into distributed and centralized photovoltaic systems. The roofs of rural agricultural greenhouses provide an excellent platform for the installation of distributed photovoltaics, supplying electricity for vegetable cultivation inside the greenhouse. This can achieve “self-production and self-sale” of electricity, thereby achieving dual benefits. Photovoltaics modules mounted on roofs or walls of greenhouses cause shading which can adversely affect the growing trend of cultivated crops inside. Statistics on the area and distribution of agricultural greenhouses and assessment of their PV potential can help provide guidance on the development of agricultural PV. However, how to estimate the distributed PV potential on top of agricultural greenhouses is an urgent issue. In this paper, a photovoltaic potential assessment method that considers the classification of transparent and non-transparent type of agricultural greenhouses is proposed. Shouguang, a county-level city administered in Weifang city in Shandong province of China, is taken as a case study area. Firstly, semantic segmentation is used to extract transparent and non-transparent agricultural greenhouse areas on the remote sensing images. Then, the potential area and installation capacity of photovoltaics on transparent and non-transparent areas are evaluated using different reduction coefficients, combined with solar angles, photovoltaic panel power generation and other parameters, thus addressing the issues in the photovoltaic assessment field from raw data to assessment results. It is found that the total area of agricultural greenhouses in Shouguang County in Shandong Province is 235.252 km² with an installed potential of 5790.36 MW, which can provide data support for the formulation of PV development policies in Shouguang County to a certain extent.

This research examined the data on water quality and nitrogen and phosphorus levels in sediment from 120 foul-smelling water bodies in the rural area of Wuhan. The current pollution levels in the water and sediment were assessed using a comprehensive pollution index method and organic index method. The findings revealed that 87% of the foul-smelling water bodies were contaminated with nitrogen and phosphorus, with 50% experiencing excessive levels of both. Notably, nitrogen pollution was more severe in streams and trenches compared to ponds. The sediment was found to be 100% polluted by Total Nitrogen (TN), Organic Nitrogen (ON), and Total Phosphorus (TP), and 70.4% contaminated by organic pollutants. There was a significant positive correlation observed among TN, TP, and NH_3-N indicators. However, no significant correlation was found between Organic Matter (OM), TN, and TP in the sediment. Overall, it was determined that the pollution in the rural water bodies of Wuhan was primarily a result of external sources.

The monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of carbon sinks in ecological protection and restoration at the engineering scale have raised higher requirements for the spatial resolution and data accuracy of carbon storage and sink estimation in forestry. Through the UAV tilt photogrammetry technology for individual tree segmentation and key parameter extraction in forest stands, the estimation of carbon storage at the individual tree scale was achieved. This study explores the feasibility of drone-based carbon storage and sink estimation in small-scale ecological protection and restoration monitoring and evaluation work. The results show that: (1) Drone-based oblique photography can effectively achieve individual tree segmentation, with an overall segmentation accuracy exceeding 87%. (2) The tree height and diameter at breast height data extracted based on drones and tree height-diameter models have small errors compared to actual measurements, with average absolute errors of 0.25 m and 1.01 cm, respectively. (3) Drone-based estimation of individual tree carbon storage can finely demonstrate the spatial differences in tree carbon storage within a small area, meeting the high spatial resolution requirements for carbon storage estimation in small-scale ecological protection and restoration monitoring and evaluation.

This study attempts to introduce “regional adaptability” as an indicator for evaluating the Environmental sustainability in the context of new rural construction. The newly constructed Huinong Center in Jingxia Village, located on the outskirts of the Pearl River Delta region, was chosen as the research subject. Through surveys of different groups of people regarding their evaluations of the built environment in the new rural areas and by using factor-regression analysis, nine independent variables were condensed from various influencing factors to generate a regional adaptability evaluation index model. The regression analysis further clarified these nine independent variables and identified four variables, namely, satisfaction with agricultural support, sensory satisfaction, usage satisfaction, and hygiene satisfaction, that had a positive impact on the new rural construction environment. These variables were determined to be the dominant factors influencing the changes in the rural built environment.

In order to promote high-quality agricultural development in the new era, the primary focus should be on accelerating the green transformation of agriculture. The green transformation of agriculture is not only crucial for achieving high-quality agricultural development, but also serves as a significant component in driving the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. At a micro level, the matter of farmers’ pesticide usage stands out as a critical factor in realizing the green transformation of agriculture. This issue is not only related to the quality of fresh fruits, but also impacts the interests of all relevant parties in the entire agricultural product supply chain and, more importantly, serves as the cornerstone for ensuring the quality and safety of fresh fruits. In the context of sequential game, this paper firstly discusses that the excessive pesticide application in production is the inevitable choice of rational farmers and finds out the influencing factors of farmers’ excessive pesticide application behavior. Then, a repeated evolutionary game model between farmers and regulatory authorities is further constructed, and the example simulation is carried out for analysis. The study results indicate that, although it is inevitable for farmers to excessively apply the pesticide, we can find through repeated evolutionary game that, the green transformation of rational drug use and production practices among farmers can be achieved through joint efforts of farmers, regulatory authorities and other subjects under the leading role of the government.

Xinjiang, as the core area connecting the trade between countries along the “Belt and Road”, has become the frontier position for China to develop the markets for agricultural and industrial products in Central Asia, South Asia and Eastern Europe. Xinjiang’s agricultural modernization is at the stage of exploration. is mainly reflected in the large use of petroleum-fueled fertilizers, pesticides and machinery in agricultural production. This model not only increases crop yield, but also brings a series of environmental problems, that is; while meeting the demand for yield and developing agricultural products market, it also brings prominent agro-ecological and environmental problems. Based on the relevant data of Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020, on the basis of constructing the empirical model between agricultural modernization and environmental pollution, Stata is used to test whether agricultural modernization has brought more environmental pollution, so as to provide more decision-making bases and policy suggestions for the construction of agricultural modernization. The results show that: using the amount of chemical fertilizer to describe the environmental pollution in Xinjiang is more representative, the improvement of the level of agricultural modernization has increased environmental pollution, economic development has a serious impact on environmental pollution, the industrial structure, technological progress and environmental pollution are negatively correlated, but the impact is not significant; accelerating the reform of the land system and adjusting the structure of the first, second, and third industries can make the future development of agricultural modernization tend to be ecological.

From 2016 to 2018, a field survey was conducted on the distribution status of Calligonum junceum community in arid areas of Xinjiang. The results indicate that the Calligonum junceum is distributed mainly between 43.30°~47.38°N and 84.33°- 90.13°E, with an elevation range of 441-936m, and the ideal mean annual temperature range is between 2.99~10.48°C. The most appropriate mean sunshine hours ranged from 2710.28~3140.64 hours. The most appropriate mean precipitation ranged from 72.42~206.01mm. The most appropriate mean evaporation ranged from 1532.27~2768.15mm. The most appropriate WI ranged from 58.81~112.27°C. The most appropriate CI ranged from -87.87~-43.15°C. The most appropriate HI ranged from 0.77~2.89. The analysis suggests that various climatic factors impact the distribution of Calligonum junceum, with thermal conditions exerting the strongest influence, followed by light, precipitation, snow, and human activities.

At present, the main trend of China’s economic development is “Green, high-quality development”, which is to sustainably grasp the relationship between development and environmental protection. Recently, Hunan Province has implemented the strategic goal of a strong ecological province and taken multiple measures to promote green and low-carbon development. Based on the ecological environment statistics from 2020 to 2022, this study analyzed the wastewater pollutants in Hunan Province. The results showed that compared with 2020 and 2021, the emissions of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen from industrial and domestic sources continued to decrease in 2022, indicating that the emission reduction work had achieved remarkable results. The cities with the highest chemical oxygen demand emissions were Shaoyang, Yongzhou and Zhuzhou respectively. The cities with the highest ammonia nitrogen emission were Chenzhou, Yueyang and Zhuzhou. Therefore, the relevant countermeasures and suggestions were put forward.

Using a self-developed mud membrane coupling integrated process and its above-ground treatment equipment to centrally treat domestic sewage in a rural area of Putian City, Fujian Province, this study investigated the treatment efficiency and performance of the equipment during continuous and stable operation after installation and commissioning. Long-term on-site monitoring results showed that the average removal rates of COD, BOD5, NH4 ⁺ -N, TN, TP, and SS in the sewage were 86.8%, 89.7%, 93.9%, 83.6%, 97%, and 86.4%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations were reduced to 20.5, 7.95, 4.25, 13.65, 0.17, and 11.17 mg/L, respectively. The main water quality indicators of the effluent all met the Class A discharge standards of the Fujian provincial standard "Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Facilities" (DB35/1869-2019). During the six months of stable operation, the equipment maintained stable performance and removal efficiency for various pollutants, with a maximum treatment capacity of 50 t/d. The operating cost of the equipment, excluding labor costs, was approximately 0.72 yuan/m3 . This equipment demonstrated strong resistance to pollution shock loads, effective sewage treatment, easy operation and management, stable performance, and relatively low operating costs. It can serve as a reference for other rural sewage treatment and remediation of black and odorous water bodies.

Finding creative methods to reduce carbon emissions and protect the environment is necessary since the ongoing release of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere continues to represent a major environmental challenge, particularly to aquatic and human life. Among the different de-carbonisation technologies existing for carbon emission control and climate change mitigation, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been identified as highly viable for carbon sequestration, technologically ready and cost effective. This study developed Activated Carbon (AC) from cocoa pod waste by activating it with KOH and H₃PO₄. Cocoa pod waste was carbonized using an electric furnace at 632°C for one hour and 30 minutes. This was done to remove volatile matter, ash and other organic content to enrich the fixed carbon content. Adsorption experiment on the adsorption efficiency of the developed AC was then performed using two different particle sizes of 325 μm and 600 μm, respectively. The results showed that AC of size 325 μm exhibited the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity of 3.1845 mmol/g at a temperature of 26 °C and pressure of 25 psi showing the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity in 45 minutes retention time at post combustion conditions (temperatures of 26°C, 40°C and pressures of 5, 10, and 15 psi) compared to size 600 μm; the maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity was recorded at 1.5362 mmol/g for AC at 26°C and 15 psi. For KOH, the CO₂ adsorption capacity of activated carbon from a combination of cocoa pod and corn cobs that models natural composition should be investigated; cocoa pod has been shown to be more suitable as a precursor for the formulation of activated carbon for CO₂ adsorption with KOH.

Industrial wastewater treatment is a challenging process, but the most challenging is finding a cost-effective natural treatment. The present study evaluates the efficiency of an Integrated Constructed Wetland (ICW) system for treating industrial wastewater, focusing on its performance over a 12-day Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT). The HCWs were planted with specific vegetation combinations, aimed at enhancing pollutant removal rates. Results demonstrate the efficacy of both systems in removing various pollutants, including Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), and Orthophosphates (OP). The HCWs exhibited substantial removal rates for heavy metals, with percentages ranging from 64% to 70% for Zn, 45% to 54% for Cu, 50% to 58% for Ni, 47% to 54% for Fe, 44% to 59% for Cr, and 34% to 36% for Pb. Additionally, the HCWs effectively removed enteric bacteria, including Mesophilic Flora (MF), Faecal Streptococci (FS), Total Coliforms (TC), and Faecal Coliforms (FC) with total removal that exceeded 95%. Results indicate that the average concentrations of all analyzed pollutants were well below these regulatory thresholds, underscoring the efficacy of the HCW model as a viable solution for industrial wastewater treatment.

The current study is aimed at investigating heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Co, Fe, and Pb) concentrations in the samples’ of water from Euphrates River/Iraq. These samples were assessed to determine the level of contaminations depending on the water quality indices (i.e., heavy metal pollution (HPI) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI)) to estimate the water pollution. These sites were extended from the Hindiya dam to Mishkab Regulator. The period of sampling was from January to December of 2016. The results showed that Pb⪆Fe⪆Cd⪆Co heavy metals were seen in a level that is higher than the recommended level for drinking water and aquatic life guidelines. The concentration of heavy metals was seen to vary across seasons, with the highest levels for each of cadmium in spring, lead in Autumn, cobalt in winter, and Iron in summer. The spatial variations reported a variability between the sites, in which the highest values of cadmium and lead were seen at sites 13 and eight, respectively. The values of cobalt and iron were gradually increased from the first site to the 14th site. The temporally variations of The HPI for heavy metals were classified as low in winter and high in other seasons, while the spatial variations were classified as high in sites (one, four, six, eight, ten, 12 and 13) due to the fact that they were noticed over the critical index of pollution level at (100). The spatial variations of HEI for lead (Pb) were classified as high in all sites except sites one and 11.

The present study was conducted on a variety of onion (Allium cepa) to evaluate the effects of treated wastewater on various physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic parameters. The experiment involved planting seeds in pots and irrigating them with either treated wastewater from the Guelma city treatment plant (Algeria) or regular water as a control (Ctrl). Samples were collected at three stages: Cotyledon Drop (CD), five Leaves (5-L), and Bulb Formation ((BF). The parameters measured included germination rate, biomass of leaves and roots, total protein, and proline levels in roots, stems, and leaves, as well as the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). Results showed that treated wastewater irrigation led to an increase in biomass. Germination rates were positively impacted, with a prolonged germination period observed. Proline and total protein levels were higher in treated plants, indicating an adaptation to abiotic stress. Additionally, enhanced specific activities of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase suggested a high antioxidative capacity in onions.

Not only do the projects of refuse incineration power generation deal with the population and stacking of the refuse, but it can make the power generation, so it becomes an important loop of the suitable development. In the whole processing of refuse incineration power generation, the step of the refuse classification needs to be raised. In this paper, based on the properties of the refuse, a novel classification method that the main target is to be reduced the contents of Poly-o-chlorinated Dibenzodioxin is pointed out, this method can adapt to the real situations of the receiving refuses to adjust the classification concrete contents, so it can overcome the defects which the traditional classification methods are simples and inflexible. The properties of this novel method are analyzed, and the research result expresses that this novel method demonstrates some advantages, and this method has broad application prospects.

To reduce carbon emissions during the construction period of roads, carbon emission calculations and carbon reduction suggestions for roads have been researched in this paper. The calculation method for carbon emissions and the key influencing factors of carbon emissions during the construction period have been presented and analyzed based on the Ningwu Expressway in Anhui Province. The research results show that the material production phase contributed over 90% of carbon emissions, making it the primary control object for engineering carbon reduction. Interchange engineering contributed the highest carbon emission amount and intensity, which seemed to be the key unit construction that needed control. Cement and steel have a significant carbon emissions impact on interchange engineering, with a proportion over 80% of carbon emissions. Energy carbon emissions mainly came from oil-electric hybrid construction facilities, nearly three times higher than the carbon emissions from electrical construction facilities. Suggestions have been proposed to reduce carbon emissions during the road construction period based on the research results, which aim to provide effective support for low-carbon construction and boost transformation development for roads in China.

This study enhances the bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model by incorporating an attention mechanism, which could provide the model with stronger data generalization capabilities. Moreover, it can predict a broader range of data and exhibits enhanced handling and adaptability to anomalies. Through the utilization of the attention mechanism, this research partitions the weights of the feature values, precisely dividing the input LSTM’s feature values based on their weights. This enables the Bi-LSTM to more accurately capture relationships between different feature values in time series and dependencies on various features. Given the diverse air quality conditions in different regions, the introduced attention mechanism in Bi-LSTM manages the weights of different feature values. The Bi-LSTM, enhanced with attention mechanisms, excels at handling relationships in time series data, allowing it to predict PM2.5 values in more complex air quality environments. It demonstrates improved capabilities in handling anomalies. Even in air quality scenarios with various complex conditions, the model maintains satisfactory predictive quality.

To further strengthen the governance and restoration of the water ecological environment in the watershed and build a strong ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the combination treatment technology of “pre-treatment sedimentation+vertical subsurface flow artificial wetland+surface flow artificial wetland+oxidation pond” was used to purify the inferior Class V water body of a slightly polluted tributary of the Yangtze River system in Sichuan Province. Continuous monitoring was conducted for two years, and the results showed that: The entire treatment system has a good purification and treatment effect on pollutants, with the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and CODMn being 85.57%, 74.03%, 57.42%, and 40.47%, respectively. The treated water quality meets the Class V-II standard for surface water; There are differences in the treatment efficiency of several treatment units, with the vertical flow wetland treatment efficiency and contribution significantly higher than the other three, and the oxidation pond treatment effect is the worst; The removal rate is influenced by a combination of factors such as temperature, influent concentration, and influent volume.

Ships have cabins with compact spaces, dense personnel, and complex hull structures, and the air conditioning and ventilation design faces significant challenges. To study the thermal comfort and contaminant removal effectiveness and other indexes when different ventilation modes are used in ship cabins and to guide the design of air conditioning and ventilation in ship cabins, the computational fluid dynamics method was compared and verified with experiments, and then a numerical computation model of the ship’s academic hall was established. Three ventilation design schemes for the ship’s academic hall were compared and analyzed, and the results show that the optimized displacement ventilation has the best thermal comfort indexes, the highest contaminant removal effectiveness, and the thermal comfort indexes meet the standard requirements. The results provide a reference for selecting and designing ship cabin air conditioning and ventilation.

Rubber modified asphalt enables the reuse of waste materials and promotes environmental protection, while effectively enhancing the road performance of materials. However, it also presents challenges in terms of high energy consumption and pollution. Warm mixing agent offers a viable solution to address these issues by significantly improving various aspects of rubber asphalt. In this study, three warm mixing agents with distinct action mechanisms were selected to investigate their effects on the properties of 30% rubber modified asphalt. The warm mixing agent exhibits minimal impact on the structural integrity of rubberized asphalt, maintaining its performance stability. The warm mixing agent exhibits a beneficial effect on the alteration of rubberized asphalt elongation post-aging, with EC120 displaying the most pronounced propensity to retard asphalt aging. However, the viscosity of rubber asphalt fortified with EC120 warm mixing agent demonstrated a rapid increase when exposed to high temperatures.

There is a necessary combustion facility called the flare stack to ensure production safety in every petrochemical plant, smelter, and refinery all over the world. Because of the incomplete combustion of flare gas, the flare stack discharges a large amount of smoke into the atmosphere and make it dirty. The air pollution is becoming more and more serious caused worldwide concern. Hence, there is in desperate need of an efficient and available smoke detection method to protect the atmosphere. To this end, we present a novel Self-Attention Weight Transformer (SAWT) that can detect accurately smoke, then guarantee full combustion of the flare stack. First, we are concerned about the weight relationship between channels and draw on the self-attention mechanism in the MobileViT block structure to adaptively adjust channel-wise feature weight. Second, we leverage short connections to thoroughly learn and fuse local and global features. Results of experiments on a real smoke dataset reveal that the proposed SAWT achieves superior performance to the popular deep CNNs and state-of-the-art smoke detection algorithms.

A significant volume of drilling wastewater is produced in the petroleum and natural gas industry, characterized by elevated levels of particulate matter and organic substances. Reusing wastewater from drilling operations is a crucial method for addressing water scarcity issues during oil and gas field development. Thus, a hybrid process combining ozonation and coagulation (HOC) was employed as an integrated method for treating secondary effluent from drilling wastewater, combining ozonation and coagulation within a single reactor. During the HOC procedure, a substantial quantity of microbubble flocs containing ozone was produced. Under ideal conditions—neutral pH, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) application of 40 mg Al/L, ozone application of 0.8 mg/L, and a reaction period of 15 minutes—the elimination rates for UV₂₅₄, UV₂₈₀, and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) achieved 20.07%, 37.97%, and 14.51%, respectively. According to fluorescence analysis, benzene rings, proteins, and humic acids underwent significant reduction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis revealed that absorption onto and transfer across the interface of ozone microbubble aggregates were the main mechanisms for eliminating C-O functional groups. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated a notable reduction in oxygenated functional groups in the treated discharge of drilling wastewater using ozone microbubble aggregates in contrast to traditional microbubble aggregates. Surprisingly, the ratio of oxygenated groups actually rose following ozone microbubble aggregate treatment. This suggests a synergistic effect during the treatment process, involving oxidation, adsorption, and flotation processes.

Landfill leachate treated by reverse osmosis poses significant environmental challenges due to high conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in southwest China. This study investigates the efficacy of a coagulation + Fenton pretreatment in enhancing the performance of Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems for landfill leachate treatment. The study monitored the conductivity and osmosis pressure of landfill leachate pre-treated with coagulation and Fenton processes. Coagulation was optimized at pH 6.5 using polyferric sulfate (PFS) as the coagulant, followed by the addition of H₂O₂. Pretreatment reduced leachate conductivity from 18.62 mS/cm to 9.68 mS/cm and decreased the average osmosis pressure by 3.2 bar. The optimal COD removal rate of 64.03% was achieved with a PFS dosage of 1.2 g/L and H₂O₂ dosage of 8 mL/L. The findings suggest that the coagulation and Fenton pretreatment significantly enhances RO efficiency by lowering conductivity and osmosis pressure. The reduction in COD indicates improved organic pollutant removal, crucial for minimizing RO membrane fouling. The pretreatment method substantially improves RO performance in landfill leachate treatment, offering a viable approach for managing high-conductivity waste streams.

Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law stipulates that dischargers should treat wastewater before discharging it. An important part of wastewater treatment is the disinfection of bacteria such as fecal coliform, in order to meet the requirements of national standards such as the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, the Standards for Drinking Water Quality, and the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding. However, judging from the cases heard by the courts, the discharge of wastewater without qualified treatment is still relatively common, and the wastewater discharged can be divided into four main categories: breeding wastewater, industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater, and medical wastewater. In order to avoid occurrence of theses environmental infringement cases, CN modified TiO₂/Opoka was applied as a highly efficient antibacterial material to disinfect the microorganisms in the wastewaters under visible light. It demonstrates great potential for wastewater and drinking water treatment in terms of disinfection demand.

This study compared four commonly used defluoridation agents, including aluminum salt (old defluoridation agent A from the company’s wastewater treatment station), iron salt (1# new defluoridation agent B), calcium salt (2# new defluoridation agent C), and a new composite defluoridation agent (4# new defluoridation agent D). The results indicated that aluminum salt (old defluoridation agent A) and iron salt (1# new defluoridation agent B) showed good fluoride removal effects under low pH conditions, but they produced more precipitates and high chromaticity in the treated water. Calcium salt (2# new defluoridation agent C) performed stably under neutral pH conditions with good fluoride removal efficiency, but its cost is relatively high. The new composite defluoridation agent (4# new defluoridation agent D) exhibited excellent fluoride removal performance, maintaining high efficiency across a wide pH range and producing less sludge with minimal environmental impact. However, its initial investment cost is higher than that of traditional inorganic salt-based defluoridation agents. Overall, the new composite defluoridation agent (4# new defluoridation agent D) has advantages in long-term operation and environmental benefits, while aluminum salt (old defluoridation agent A) and iron salt (1# new defluoridation agent B) are suitable for cost-sensitive scenarios with lower treatment requirements.

In this paper, the distribution characteristics and ecological risks of 11 kinds of triazine pesticides (TZPs) were analyzed in surface water and sediment in Baiyang Lake. Based on the risk quotient (RQ) method, the ecological risk levels of TZPs in surface water and sediment were assessed. The results showed that 5 kinds of TZPs were detected, and the detection rates ranged from 18.18% to 100.00%. The concentrations of total TZPs ranged from 13.30 to 51.04 ng/L in surface water, and the total contents of TZPs in sediments ranged from 11.54 to 33.49 ng/g. The RQ ranges for surface water and sediment at three trophic levels were 0.0000 to 0.0644 and 0.0000 to 0.0023, respectively. According to the three trophic levels, the lower the trophic level, the higher the degree of risk. TZPs in sediments have no impact on the ecological environment. However, for the TZPs in surface water, the lowest trophic level algae may have low risks and should be focused on.

Based on case study on a greenhouse building, this paper systematically quantifies and analyzes the difference of carbon emission intensity between steel structure and aluminum alloy structure building in the whole life cycle. This paper traces carbon emission intensity of steel and aluminum alloy and puts forward a calculation method to achieve a reasonable and localized carbon emission intensity value. At the same time, considering recycling characteristics of metal building materials, different methodologies for metal recycling in carbon accounting are studied and compared. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on three variables, which are aluminum to steel mass ratio (v), recycled content (R) and recyclability (r) using two methods for metal recycling, and different comparative results of carbon emissions in the whole life cycle of steel and aluminum structure greenhouse buildings in different scenarios are obtained. This study analyzed the impact of structural type (material) selection on carbon emissions in the whole life cycle of buildings. In addition to its findings on low-carbon advantages of steel structure greenhouses under current conditions, it also extends to dynamic research results under different scenarios in the future, which can provide reference for architects and engineers in building industry to further explore the potential of carbon reduction in the follow-up building design practice.

Based on the bibliometric method, VOSviewer software was used to search the relevant articles in the field of carbon emissions published in Web of Science (SCI-E) and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Database during 2000 to 2023. The article provides a visual analysis of the literature characteristics, research status, and hot trends in this field. The results show that the number of international publications is generally on the rise, in which China has the largest number of publications, but its academic influence is relatively small. The common international hotspot direction is the impact of economic growth on carbon emissions and climate change. The research hotspots in many countries are mostly in carbon performance, atmospheric particulate matter and sources of air pollution, while the research hotspots in China are carbon emission reduction, carbon trading and carbon emission accounting. The potential development space for China in the field of carbon emissions includes refining carbon emission policies, improving carbon emission trading systems, and improving the quality of carbon emission accounting data.

The substation’s production of low-frequency noise will have a significant impact on individuals’ physical and emotional well-being, as well as their everyday functioning, resulting in detrimental effects on the human body. This research aims to examine the classification, preparation method, and key parameters that influence the damping performance of damping materials in order to mitigate the vibration and noise associated with transformer equipment. These criteria include compatibility, temperature, copolymerization, crosslinking degree, and filler. This study investigates and develops a magnetic damping material that utilizes waste rubber as a resource, along with the corresponding preparation technique. By improving the material ratio, the temperature range of the damping material is expanded, resulting in enhanced efficacy in suppressing low frequency vibrations within this temperature range. The simulation study of the damping material laying is conducted, taking into account the physical properties of the damping material and the actual structure of the transformer. This study aims to optimize the vibration and noise reduction effect of the transformer surface, enabling effective noise control within the frequency range of 100-1000 Hz. The overall noise level experiences a decrease of 5.1 dB(A), whereas the highest reduction in peak noise can exceed 10 dB(A). Enhancing and refining the damping patch material can significantly enhance the performance of vibration and noise reduction, thereby serving as a crucial technical avenue for mitigating transformer noise pollution.

The Biofilter is an ecological treatment technology for effective sewage treatment, but the water purification efficiency of this technology depends largely on the performance and economy of the filler. In this paper, ten kinds of typical fillers for gravel, cobblestone, ceramsite, coke, bituminous coal, red volcanic stone, green zeolite, maifan stone, coral sand, and slag are used to study the purification efficiency of black and odorous water body through static water test. Research shows that in the later stage of the still water test, the average pH value of each group of fillers is about 8.5, the dissolved oxygen is at a high level, and the transparency is clear; the COD removal rate is above 75%, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate is above 99%, and the total nitrogen removal rate is above 80%. The removal rate of phosphorus is above 95% on average. The regression analysis method was used to analyze the physical properties of the filler and the water purification efficiency of the filler. It was found that the porosity of the filler had the greatest impact on the water purification efficiency of the filler. The comprehensive evaluation of fillers using analytic hierarchy process shows that the comprehensive evaluation of slag, bituminous coal and volcanic stone is high and can be used in engineering practice.

Air pollution control and greenhouse gas emission reduction are key issues in China’s environmental pollution control today, as well as in the whole world. The study on the spatial and temporal relationship between air pollution and climate change in China is important for effective air pollution control. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 concentrations and the spatial and temporal correlations between PM2.5 concentrations and surface temperatures in mainland China and Taiwan and Hainan provinces between 2013 and 2022. Subsequently, the study analyzed the possible causes of PM2.5 changes in different regions and proposed targeted sub-regional countermeasures for the development of synergistic management of air pollution and greenhouse gas abatement.

Thin-walled stainless steel pipe is a new type of environmental protection pipe, which has the advantages of high temperature resistance, durability and renewable utilization. Some old houses, self-built houses, three-in-one places, nine small places and other small and medium-sized places, lack of fire protection, fire accidents occur from time to time, and even the painful lessons of ‘small fire dead’. In order to promote the application of new pipe in fire water supply system, the fire test of simple automatic sprinkler system based on thin-walled stainless steel pipe was carried out. The reliability of thin-walled stainless steel pipe in simple automatic sprinkler system and the effectiveness of fire control were verified. It provides a new protection method for small and medium-sized places and promotes the application of new environmental protection pipe in fire water supply system.

The harmonious integration of ecological preservation and economic advancement is pivotal for fostering a sustainable coexistence between humanity and the environment. This study establishes a coupling coordination index system tailored to Qinghai Province, leveraging both subjective and objective weighting methods to determine index significance. Applying a coupling coordination model, our analysis reveals: (1) Over 2000-2020, the ecological protection level of Qinghai Province increased first and then decreased, from 0.4374 to 0.2921 to 0.5957; the economic development level continued to rise from 0.1881 to 0.7604. (2) The coupling coordination between ecological protection and economic growth in Qinghai increased from 0.5356 to 0.8204, which has experienced the evolution process of “forced coordination-primary coordination and good coordination”. (3) Throughout the research period, the synchronization index between these two domains declined, and the coupling and coordination situation showed a trend of “the economic development lag-the mutual coordination-the ecological protection lag”.

This study employs a non-expected output super-efficiency Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model to construct an input-output index system under the condition of carbon constraints. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the static efficiency of the development of the logistics industry in East China between the years 2012 and 2021. The decomposition of the Global-Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) index permitted a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the logistics industry in the region over time. In addition, the efficiency data for specific years were employed to investigate the alterations in the spatial distribution of the development of the logistics industry. The findings of the study indicate that the efficiency of logistics industry development under carbon constraints in East China is generally low. In terms of temporality, the efficiency value of the logistics industry in the region has undergone a process of change, initially exhibiting a decline and subsequently an increase. In the spatial dimension, the region exhibiting the highest efficiency in logistics, centered on Shanghai, gradually shows a trend of moving northward. This results in the formation of a phenomenon of polarization between the north and the south. The findings of the research have led to the formulation of a series of recommendations for the environmentally conscious and coordinated development of the logistics industry in the East China region. These recommendations are designed to facilitate the advancement of a more environmentally conscious, efficient, and coordinated logistics industry in this region.

Exploring the coupling relationship between grassland carbon sinks and herders’ well-being is of great significance for promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of grassland ecosystems and herders’ well-being and provides an important basis for the country to formulate differentiated grassland ecological compensation policies. Taking 33 animal husbandry banners and counties in Inner Mongolia as the research object, using the coupling coordination model, the statistical data from 2018 to 2022 were used for empirical research to analyze the coupling relationship between grassland carbon sink value and herdsmen’s well-being in Inner Mongolia. The research shows that: (1) The value of grassland carbon sinks in the study area increased by 39.89 %, of which the economic value of carbon sinks increased by 35.84 %, and the ecological value of carbon sinks increased by 48.86 %. The ecological environment has also been improved. (2) From 2018 to 2022, the well-being level of herdsmen in the study area showed an overall upward trend. Economic well-being increased by 82%, ecological well-being increased by 60%, and social well-being increased by 90%. (3) From 2018 to 2022, the coupling coordination degree between herdsmen’s well-being and grassland carbon sink value in the study area increased significantly, and the coupling degree was the highest in 2022. The coordinated development trend of temperate meadow steppe and typical steppe is gradually strengthened. The coordinated development of temperate steppe desert, desert steppe, and meadow has been effectively improved of temperate grassland desert, desertification grassland and meadow has been effectively improved.

This study aims to analyze retrofitting existing residential buildings in China’s HSCW zone for green and ultra-low-energy goals. Three scenarios based on progressive energy targets are assessed. Scenario one achieves 40.35% carbon reduction, saving 133,118.49 kgCO₂eq with NPV of ¥9,518.24. Scenario two achieves 58.63% reduction, saving 193,449.81 kgCO₂eq with NPV ¥ 2,226.88. Scenario three achieves 64.66% reduction, saving 213,322.39 kgCO₂eq with NPV ¥-10,588.95. Results expected to drive sustainable development and energy efficiency in buildings, meeting carbon reduction goals.