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Laboratory x-ray lasers are currently being studied by researchers at LLNL using the Nova glass laser as a pump source. Laser action has been demonstrated at wavelengths as short as 35.6 angstroms while x-ray amplifier saturation has been observed with longer wavelength schemes. The most successful schemes to data have been collisionally pumped x-ray lasers which use the thermal electron distribution within a laser produced plasma to excite electrons from closed shells in neon- and nickel-like ions to higher energy metastable levels. The multitude of x-ray laser wavelengths produced by isoelectronic scaling of these laser schemes results in a quasi-tunable bright source of x-rays that presently spans the range 35 - 300 angstroms, (40 to 350 eV). Currently attempts are being made to quantify and improve the longitudinal and transverse coherence of collisionally pumped x-ray lasers in order to increase their usefulness for specific applications.
Brian J. MacGowan
"X-ray laser research at the Nova laser (Invited Paper)", Proc. SPIE 1627, Solid State Lasers III, (1 June 1992); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60177
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Brian J. MacGowan, "X-ray laser research at the Nova laser (Invited Paper)," Proc. SPIE 1627, Solid State Lasers III, (1 June 1992); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60177