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Both simulations and recent experiments conducted at the Advanced Photon Source showed that the performance of liquid- nitrogen-cooled single-silicon crystal monochromators can degrade in a very rapid nonlinear fashion as the power and/or power density is increased. As a further step towards improving the performance of silicon optics, we propose cooling with liquid helium, which dramatically improves the thermal properties of silicon beyond that of liquid nitrogen and brings the performance of single silicon-crystal-based synchrotron radiation optics up to the ultimate limit. The benefits of liquid helium cooling as well as some of the associated technical challenges will be discussed, and results of thermal and structural finite elements simulations comparing the performance of silicon monochromators cooled with liquid nitrogen and helium will be given.
Lahsen Assoufid,Dennis M. Mills,Albert T. Macrander, andGordon Tajiri
"Is colder better? Exploring the feasibility of liquid-helium-cooled optics", Proc. SPIE 3773, X-Ray Optics Design, Performance, and Applications, (16 November 1999); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.370108
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Lahsen Assoufid, Dennis M. Mills, Albert T. Macrander, Gordon Tajiri, "Is colder better? Exploring the feasibility of liquid-helium-cooled optics," Proc. SPIE 3773, X-Ray Optics Design, Performance, and Applications, (16 November 1999); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.370108