Use of amplitude and position modulation to augment the payload of 1-bit watermarking

Mauro Barni; Riccardo Baitello; Franco Bartolini

doi:10.1117/12.449584

5 December 2001 Use of amplitude and position modulation to augment the payload of 1-bit watermarking

Mauro Barni, Riccardo Baitello, Franco Bartolini

Proceedings Volume 4475, Mathematics of Data/Image Coding, Compression, and Encryption IV, with Applications; (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.449584
Event: International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, 2001, San Diego, CA, United States

Abstract

So far, only a limited attention has been paid to the distinction between readable and detectable watermarking. A drawback with detectable watermarking is that the embedded code can convey only 1 bit of information. Actually, if one could look for all possible watermarks, then the detection of one such watermark would convey log₂N information bits. Unfortunately, such an approach is not computationally feasible, since the number of possible watermarks is usually very high. In this work we explore two alternative strategies to build a readable watermark by starting from a detectable one. According to the first strategy (position encoding), information bits are encoded in the position of M known pseudo-random sequences, embedded within the host document by relying on a generic detectable watermarking algorithm. In the second case (amplitude encoding), the pseudo-random sequence is split into a set of sub-sequences, and each sub-sequence is modulated by multiplying it by +1 or -1. To compare the two different approaches, we focus on image watermarking achieved through a well-known, frequency-domain watermarking algorithm previously proposed by the authors. The two alternative strategies are compared both from the point of view of bit error probability and watermark presence assessment.

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Mauro Barni, Riccardo Baitello, and Franco Bartolini "Use of amplitude and position modulation to augment the payload of 1-bit watermarking", Proc. SPIE 4475, Mathematics of Data/Image Coding, Compression, and Encryption IV, with Applications, (5 December 2001); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.449584

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KEYWORDS

Digital watermarking

Computer programming

Modulation

Sensors

Promethium

Amplitude modulation

Detection and tracking algorithms

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