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17 July 2014 Building an optomechatronics group in a young university in Western Romania
Virgil-Florin Duma, Gheorghe Hutiu, Octavian Cira, Dorin Demian, Corina Mnerie, Iosif Kaposta
Author Affiliations +
Proceedings Volume 9289, 12th Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference; 928913 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2070774
Event: 12th Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference, 2013, Porto, Portugal
Abstract
We present our experience regarding the establishing of an interdisciplinary group with Optics as one of its main topic at the Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad (UAVA) – linked with the improvement through research of our educational activities. The 3OM Group (in Opto-Mechatronics, Optical Metrology, and Optics and Mechanics) is described in its evolution from optomechanics to photonics, the latter with a focus on OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) – with the national and the international collaborations established, with universities from Romania, Europe and USA. While the research directions of the 3OM Group are presented, they are linked with the educational components implemented in the various subjects we teach, for both undergraduate and graduate students, both in Mechanical and in Electrical Engineering. The main effort is to integrate education and research, to move teaching beyond the classical aspects to put the stress on hands-on-experiments, as well as on research-based activities – even with undergraduates. The main goals of this approach are to obtain an early orientation towards innovation and discovery, with a taste for novelties and with a clear focus on international standards. While this account is only one of many, it offers our experience in passing through the difficulties of developing both research and education in Optics in a young university in an emergent economy in Eastern Europe.

1.

INTRODUCTION

Multi- and inter-disciplinarity are often the key to success in the complex landscape of nowadays science & technology. The early introduction of mechatronics [1] by the Japanese has been a good demonstration of this principle. It integrated mechanics, electronics and IT in a system that has proven indeed more than the sum of its components. The next step towards this integration was done by adding optics to this equation and thus optomechatronics [2] was born. While the limit between the various combinations of these domains is not always clearly set, and some topics (devices, systems and methods) do cross the lines and they can be found (and are claimed) in optics, optomechanics, optoelectronics, by example – or under the larger umbrella of Photonics – optomechatronics is maybe the most comprehensive way of defining some R&D directions that include topics such as those pointed out in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.

Research directions on devices in the 3OM Optomechatronics Group (with selected recent publications).

00039_psisdg9289_928913_page_2_1.jpg

This is why, when establishing a new multidisciplinary group with optics as one of its main components at a young Higher Education institution, the “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad - UAVA (founded in 1991 on the bases of an Engineering College founded in 1972), the name of 3OM Optomechatronics Group was chosen [3]. The “3OM” term stands for Optomechatronics, Optical Metrology, and Optics & Mechanics to account for the multiple directions of research of the group when it was founded, in 2008, by Prof. Duma, PI of an IDEAS Grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research (CNDI-UEFISCDI) [4].

This paper will present the steps of establishing this group in a young university which had no previous tradition in Optics or in related fields, in a economy in transition - with the inherent low funding for R&D activities despite the 2007 integration of the country in the European Union (EU). To these conditions an addition was made by the negative impact that the economic crisis in Europe had on the R&D system during the last years. We will also present briefly the related training activities in research and educational implementations in the lectures and labs of the faculties involved – as a direct consequence of the experience gained and of the avenues opened by the R&D activities of the Group.

2.

RESEARCH ACTIVITY: DIRECTIONS AND RESULTS

Figure 1 presents an overview of the main directions of research in the 3OM Optomechatronics Group established in 2008 at the Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad. Our activity is divided in two broad directions, referring to optomechatronic devices and systems.

Thus, three main types of optomechatronic devices are pointed out in Fig. 1:

  • (1) Laser scanners [5, 6] and applications – subject of the Ph.D. thesis of the Group’s head, defended 2001 [7]. Several types of scanners have been approached so far:

    • (a) Monogon scanners (plane rotational mirrors) [5, 6], for which the analysis has been made [7], as applied [8] in industrial dimensional measurements (on-line and real time) [9]. This direction of research is continued with aspects related to the dynamic balance of these fast rotating shafts.

    • (b) Polygonal mirror (PM) scanners have a fast scan rate due to their high rotational speed (up to 60 krpm nowadays), and they have the major advantage of providing a uni-directional scan. Their drawbacks are related to their multiple sources of errors [5], but their major issue is due to their inherent construction: the distance between the pivot and the facet produces a displacement of the point on which the reflection is produced on the PM facet – by contrast to the cases of the monogon rotational or of galvanometer (oscillatory) scanners, for which the laser beam can be focused on the rotational or oscillatory axis (which can be further more placed in the plane of the mirror). A designing calculus has been developed in the 90s on PMs [10], the issues of their lens and of the positioning of the PMs with regard to the optical axes of the lenses was studied [11], the scan patterns produced were investigated [12, 13], and their perspectives were highlighted [14, 15], despite the fact that they were replaced by galvoscanners in most applications in the 90s. We have developed an analysis of PM scanners [7], both analythical [9, 16] and numerical [17], in an optomechanical approach. Dynamic aspects of PMs are also under study in our group [18]. Other direction of research will be presented in Section 4.

    • (c) Galvanometer scanners (GSs) [19, 20] are the most used nowadays in all types of applications, especially for 2D (bi-dimensional) scanners used for lateral scanning in biomedical imaging, such as confocal microscopy and OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography). We have investigated them theoretically at first [21-23], and demonstrated [23] that the optimal scanning functions to be used is not linear plus sinusoidal, as pointed out previously in the literature [19], but linear plus parabolic – to produce the maximum possible duty cycle [23]. Experimental studies were also performed, for OCT applications, determining the optimal use of GSs in such systems [24]. These hot topics are followed by other studies, especially with PG students (Section 4).

    • (d) 2D scanners with dual axis GSs are the most used in OCT, by example. They are studied extensively to obtain the correction of the pincushion error [25], in order to achieve the topography of the probe after scanning in OCT [26, 27]. We have developed such an algorithm [28], while another promising avenue of research is in 2D scanners with PM plus GS (the former for the fast scan on one axis and the latter for precise positioning on the second axis).

    • (e) 2D scanners with Risley prisms have been studied extensively with regard to their scan patterns, inverse problem and applications [30-32], and we are studying them (with UG students for the time being) to determine their exact patterns [33], using wide-spread mechanical design programs such as CATIA.

  • (2) Optomechatronic choppers with rotational wheels are used in a wide variety of applications, from thermal imaging and pyrometry [34] to laser manufacturing (with top-hat laser beams) [35] and to biomedical imaging setups, by example for generating alternative images to obtain sequential OCT and confocal images [36]. Our researches on choppers followed the next steps:

    • (f) The theoretical analysis of “classical” macroscopic chopper with rotating wheels with windows with linear edges was developed [37], for top-hat laser beams (as utilized in manufacturing applications [35]) – and for all the possible relationships between the dimensions of the wheels and of the beam section in the plane of the wheel. One of the cases approached, of approximate trapezoidal impulses produced by the chopper has been previously investigated (but experimentally) by another group [38].

    • (g) A new device was introduced and developed, the “eclipse chopper”, with wheels with windows with semi-circular edges, considered outward or inward [39]. We demonstrated that this is actually the general case of the classical choppers – which can be obtained from the eclipse choppers when the radiuses of the semi-circular margins go to infinity. The modulation functions obtained for the eclipse choppers [39] are therefore the general case of those obtained for the classical devices.

    • (h) Prototype wheels and modules were designed, constructed, and tested [40], based on the previous researches. This direction of research is now in full development in our group [41, 42].

    • (i) We are also developing a program for the design of choppers with rotating wheels (for different types of laser beams, such as top-hat, Gaussian and Bessel). The scope is to be able to obtain a certain profile of the laser impulses produced, and for this the parameters of the device have to be chosen properly [43];

  • (3) Optical attenuators with two ND (Neutral Density) translational Risley prisms were developed. They were studied in their three possible configurations, and the designing calculus of the variant demonstrated to be optimal (both from the optical and from the mechanical point of view) was completed [44]. Different types of attenuators are currently considered in our group as an alternative to these devices and to the use of choppers as optical attenuators [45].

As one of the essential aspects when establishing a research group in Engineering or Applied Physics is related to raising the necessary funding to develop a laboratory to carry on experimental works, in Table 1 we present the research grants carried on so far in the 5 years since the group was founded.

Table 1.

Research Grants coordinated by the 3OM Optomechatronics Group (activity in the last 5 years).

Nr.Funding AgencyType of projectTitle of the projectMembersPeriodFunding Amount
1.Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI–UEFISCDIIDEAS Grant, code 1896/2008Analysis and design of some polygonal and galvanometer-based, 1D and 2D scannersDuma V. F. (PI) Nicolov M. PGs.: Mnerie C. Szantho L. Falcan O.Jan. 2009 – Dec. 2011100k€ (decreased from 370k€ due to the economic crisis)
2.European Commission (EC)Erasmus ProgramExchange of students and faculty UAVArad – RWTH Aachen, GermanyCorves B. (Co-PI) Duma V.F. (Co-PI)2007-2013Variable per year
3.US Department of State (at The Institute of Optics, Univ. of Rochester, NY, USA)Fulbright Senior Research Grant 474/2009Scanning in Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)Duma V. F. (PI) Host: Prof. J. RollandSept. 2009- June 2010$26,450
4.Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI–UEFISCDIPARTNERSHIP Grant, code PN-II-PTPCCA-2011-3.2-1682Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems with handheld and endoscope probes for real-time investigations in material studies and for in vivo medical imaging;http://3om-group-optomechatronics.ro/30+ members from 5 institutions (Table 2). Members from the 3OM Group: Duma V. F. (PI) Cira O. Hutiu Gh. Demian D. Kaposta I. PG: Mnerie C. Several UGsJuly 2012 – July 2015950k€

There are several other grants that we have participated to individually, but these are those on which the group was founded. The Laboratory of Optomechatronics, situated in the School of Engineering of the UAVA, was made on the first, IDEAS grant and is being completed on the following major one – of PARTNERSHIPS. To achieve this, most of the IDEAS Grant (about 60%) was dedicated for equipments, and very few to salaries; some of the necessary mobility funding was completed by the Fulbright Grant that was carried on in the meanwhile.

A major issue that we had to face was the impact of the economic crisis that affected Eastern Europe and Romania in particular since 2009. This has led to a severe decrease of the funding for all research grants, and has also led to the decrease of our first grant (like of all similar Romanian grants) from 370 to 100 k€. Such financial issues still exist, although the situation improved significantly since then. This effort to raise funding continues in our group, to support PG students, especially, but also to complete the lab and to provide mobilities for training and participation at conferences – which is of course something that any group is doing.

The other directions of research of the 3OM Group, in optical systems this time will be presented in Section 4, in relationship with the work of the different PG and UG students in our group – but also in the various groups that we are collaborating with (Table 2). These directions have only been pointed out in Fig. 1, as following those on optomechatronic devices presented previously.

Table 2.

Collaborative institutions with the 3OM Optomechatronics Group

Nr.Type of institutionInstitutionGroup or School, DirectorDomains of collaborationRemarks
1.National / RomanianVictor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy TimisoaraImaging Group, School of DentistryBiomedical imaging – OCT; Materials for dentistryThese collaborations started in 2010-2011 and are continuing on our current Partnership Grant, http://3om-groupoptomechatronics.ro/ (with 5 institutions involved, and coordinated by the 3OM Group, with Prof. Duma as PI) – as described in detail in [46] and as pointed out in Table 1.
2.SC Inteliform SRL TimisoaraDynamic company focused on mechatronics and mechanicsDevelopments in micromechanics
3.Arad County University Clinical HospitalDepts. of GastroEnterology and HystopathologyEndoscopy; Hystopathology
4.SC Bioclinica SALargest array of biomedical analyses laboratories in Western RomaniaBiomedical analyses; Hystopathology
5.Polytechnics University of TimisoaraSchool of Mechanical EngineeringIncluding Electron microscopy (SEM, TEM)Collaboration on several projects (Table 1); current work in various materials studies using OCT.
6.Polytechnics University of BucharestRobotics GroupMechatronics; Robotics;Collaboration in the establishment of the EUROP_RO, Romanian branch of the EUropean RObotics Technology Platform (EUROP), as well as in the elaboration of the national curiculla in mechatronics and robotics
7.InternationalUniversity of Kent at Canterbury, UKApplied Optics Group (AOG), School of Physical Sciences, Director of the AOG – Prof. A. Gh. PodoleanuOptics, optomechanics & Photonics; OCTCollaborations started in 2008, especially on OCT, with two members of the 3OM Group as Visitings of the AOG.
8.University of Rochester (UoR), NY, USAODALab, Institute of Optics, Director of ODALab – Prof. J. RollandOptical Engineering and Design; OCTCollaborations started in 2009, as Prof. Duma was Fulbright Senior Research Fellow at UoR – Table 1.
9.City University of New York (CUNY), NY, USANanofabrication Facility, Director – Dr. I. VoiculescuMEMS design, fabrication and testingCollaboration with Dr. Voiculescu since the 90s – in precision mechanics.
10.RWTH Aachen, GermanyDept. of Mechanism Theory and Dynamics of Machines (IGM)Mechanical EngineeringErasmus Program running in Mechanisms and Mechanical Engineering.

3.

THE 3OM OPTOMECHATRONICS GROUP. ENVIRONMENT AND COLLABORATIONS

In Table 2 we present our main collaborative links that are active at present, both at national and at international level. To these institution there are often added, to our mutual benefit, the institutions (universities or companies) these collaborators work with as well – so the network is further enhanced – at least occasionally and on different specific topics.

We present in [46] this aspect, of our collaborative researches, and of our efforts to establish Photonics Pole in Western Romania, in the future metropolitan area Arad-Timisoara (planned to unite the two major cities in Western Romania, situated less than 50 km apart).

4.

TRAINING ACTIVITY WITH POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS

The research directions of the 3OM Group in optical systems, approached in the group, but mainly in the different collaborations pointed out in Table 2, are:

  • (1) Optical metrology – for on-line industrial dimensional measurements – Fig. 2 [7, 9, 47], have on-going PGs, but also UGs projects. Two such examples are provided in Fig. 3.

    Figure 2.

    Optical micrometer with a Polygon Mirror (PM) scanner. The components are: (1) PM scanner; (2) laser; (3) power source for all the modules; (4) telescope lenses (the object to be measured is placed in-between); (5) photodetector for the measuring process; (6) signal retrieving unit (transmission link to the oscilloscope); (7) second photodetector, with trigger (to measure the scan frequency).

    00039_psisdg9289_928913_page_7_1.jpg

    Figure 3.

    Examples of students’ projects in optical metrology: (a) for verifying the scanning function of the polygons (with the adjustments of the parameters e, L, and ω of the assembly); (b) optical micrometer setup (with the same noitations as in Fig. 2).

    00039_psisdg9289_928913_page_7_2.jpg

  • (2) Galvoscanners, for which our investigations have been presented in Section 2.1c, have mostly PG (both also occasionally UG) students working on different topics that include scanning and command functions of 1D GSs [48, 49], study and optimization of different control architectures of 1D GSs – Fig. 4 [50, 51] and driving algorithms of 2D dual galvos.

    Figure 4.

    Study of the architecture of galvanometer scanners: (a) basic structure; (b) step function - response of the basic model versus the extended PID-L1 control structure [50, 51].

    00039_psisdg9289_928913_page_8_1.jpg

  • (3) OCT systems and investigations [52] and several related subassemblies - including swept laser sources scanned in frequency with PM scanners [53, 54] and 2D scanners with GSs [28] or with other 2D devices [33]) for lateral scanning in OCT. The research on which we obtained the rules-of-thumb for the optimal input functions of 1D GSs in OCT setups continues. We have so far demonstrated, in collaboration with the ODALab, UoRochester, NY [24] that the most artifact-free OCT images are obtained with triangular scanning, but further investigations are necessary to apply these aspects in OCT, as demonstrated by other groups that applied these aspects [55].

    OCT applications, on which we are currently working on, are focused on dentistry (materials for dental works and prosthesis, investigations of soft and hard tissues) [56] – in collaboration with the School of Dentistry, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara – and on endoscopy and colonoscopy – in collaboration with the Departments of GastroEnterology and Hystopathology, Arad County University Clinical Hospital. Of interest are also material studies and art applications using OCT [57], but also other aspects of OCT [58] – all of these in collaboration with the AOG, UoKent, UK.

  • (4) Radiometric studies of optical systems, by example for vignetting [59], as well as photometry and colorimetry;

5.

TRANSLATION OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS IN THE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ CURRICULA

A detailed study of our strategy of moving from classical teaching to hands-on-experiments and to research-oriented teaching – even for undergrads y has been presented in detail in [60].

A brief presentation of our translation of the experience gained through research in the curricula of UG students has also been made in [61], while some aspects related to the training of PGs in the various groups involved in our current Partnership Project was described in [62].

An overview of the way the implementation of different research topics in the curricula of UG is made in Table 3. While a major issue is the fact that an Optics program could not so far have started in our university, we are trying to do the best with Mechanical Engineering students, and especially with Electrical Engineering students, as the latter have a multitude of topics that include optoelectronics and photonics aspects.

Table 3.

Implementation of several research topics in the curricula of the Mechanical & Electrical Engineering undergraduate students at UAVArad.

DomainProfile and year of studyTopicLecture and labs
OpticsElectrical Engineering, 4th yearInstrumentation•Laser sources;•Virtual Instrumentation – LabView (National Instruments platform);•Optomechatronic scanners;•Optomechatronic choppers with rotating wheels;•Handheld scanning probes for OCT;•MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems);•Endoscope scanning probes;•OCT systems: TD (Time Domain), FD (Fourier Domain), SD (Spectral Domain) and SS (Swept Sources);
ITElectrical Engineering, 1st yearNumerical Methods•Transfer functions: Graphic representations;•Optical choppers: Simulations and animations;•Calculus of the areas between two curves - applications for optomechanical devices.
ElectronicsElectrical Engineering, 3rd yearComputer Peripherals•Polygon scanning heads for printers;•Lens of photographic apparatuses, cameras, and webcams;
Modeling, Identification and Simulation•GS models - analytical and experimental identification;•Galvoscanners: Mathematical modeling and Matlab / Simulink simulations;•Polygon scanners: Multi-parametric analysis;•Modeling of actuators;
Automatic Control Systems•Control architecture for 1D GSs - Design, simulation and applications of the control structures;
Electrical Engineering, 4th yearBiomedical Engineering•Biomedical imaging – techniques and systems;•OCT, confocal and multiphoton microscopy;
MechanicsMechanical Engineering, 1st yearMaterials Studies•Non-distructive evaluations (NDE) of composite and nonmetallic materials using OCT;•OCT investigations of polymers (for prosthesis, by example)
Mechanical Engineering, 2nd yearMechanisms•Polygonal mirror scanners – kinematics;•Analogy between gears and Risley prisms scanners;•Optomechanical scanners – dynamic aspects of fast rotational shafts (bearings, windage, dynamic balance);
Mechanical Engineering, 3rd yearMechanical Systems•Industrial measuring systems (optical micrometers), on-line non-contact, with optomechanical scanners;
CAD-CAM (Mechanical Design)•Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of rotational polygons;•Handheld scanning probes for OCT with 1D and 2D GSs;•Optomechatronic choppers – mechanical design;

6.

CONCLUSIONS

The paper completes a brief presentation of the steps we have taken iin order to establish an Optomechatronics Group in a young university – with only 20 years of tradition – in the most Westen city of Romania, herself the most Eastern country of the European Union.

We have only pointed out a few of the issues we had, and insisted on the necessary steps we had to make in order to reach a level at which the group can start ot make steps towards becoming a partner for the international community. We briefly presented our main directions of research – both in devices and systems, the latter with a stress on industrial applications and on bimedical imaging. Training of PG and modern methods of teaching of UGs (with an accent on discovery through research) were also highlighted, as one of our main concerns.

Another aspect that is in our attention is related to collaborative links, inter- and multi-disciplinary, as well as to the possibility to transfer of the results of research into industry (and thus to the society). The collaborative link with two SMEs, one industrial and the other one specialized in biomedical analyses (Table 2), has been so far our approach in achieving this.

Future work implies both the enhancement of our research (with the effort to achieving results of interest, but also to publish in high impact journals) and of our collaborations to follow the path towards establishing the planned Photonics Pole in Western Romania [46].

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI–UEFISCDI project number PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.2-1682.

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Virgil-Florin Duma, Gheorghe Hutiu, Octavian Cira, Dorin Demian, Corina Mnerie, and Iosif Kaposta "Building an optomechatronics group in a young university in Western Romania", Proc. SPIE 9289, 12th Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference, 928913 (17 July 2014); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2070774
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KEYWORDS
Optical coherence tomography
Opto mechatronics
Scanners
Mechanical engineering
Polygon scanners
Phase modulation
Biomedical optics
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