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We propose the use of visible-wavelength two-photon excitation (v2PE) for activation of reversibly photo-switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs) and successive confocal detection to achieve super-resolution imaging. In this method, three photons interact with the sample molecules in total, which provides imaging properties equivalent to using third-order nonlinearity in fluorescence response. Because this technique uses visible light, it can achieve higher spatial resolution than confocal microscopy. In this study, we performed experimental investigations to confirm the activation of negative RSFPs by v2PE and demonstrated super-resolution imaging of live cells.
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Toshiki Kubo, Kenta Temma, Kazunori Sugiura, Hajime Shinoda, Kai Lu, Nicholas I. Smith, Tomoki Matsuda, Takeharu Nagai, Katsumasa Fujita, "Nonlinear confocal microscopy using visible-wavelength two-photon activation of fluorescent proteins," Proc. SPIE PC11965, Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XXII, PC119650S (7 March 2022); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2608548