Experiments for the retrieval of the high-detailed spatial NO2 distribution in the troposphere using measurements of the GSA instrument onboard satellites of Resurs-P series were performed in 2016-2017. The authors developed an algorithm to obtain the tropospheric NO2 2D distribution with the horizontal spatial resolution reaching 2,4 km for the first time at the world level and provided on a grid with a step of 120 m. The high spatial resolution of the NO2 space measurements allowed the identification of local sources of NO2 pollution and their plumes from space observations. To validate the fine structures detected in the NO2 fields of GSA/Resurs-P, we perform comparisons with chemical transport models. The paper presents preliminary results of a comparison with a new model which is based on a numerical-asymptotic approach. The comparison was performed for NO2 observations on September 29, 2016 over Hebei province, the North China Plain. We propose, in particular, a new efficient approach using this model to obtain estimates of emissions from local anthropogenic sources based on GSA/Resurs-P observational data. To validate the coarse structures in the GSA/Resurs-P NO2 field, in this paper, we perform comparisons of our data based on spectral imagery of Tokyo region, Japan, taken in March-April 2017 with observations of OMI/Aura and TROPOMI/Sentinel-5P. The comparison confirmed the reliability of the GSA NO2 fields in general.
Using measurements of the GSA instrument onboard the Resurs-P satellite, the authors performed an experiment for the retrieval of the high-detailed spatial NO2 distribution in the troposphere. The authors developed an algorithm to obtain the tropospheric NO2 2D distribution with the horizontal spatial resolution reaching 2.4 km for the first time at the world level and provided on a grid with a step of 120 m. The high spatial resolution of the NO2 space measurements for the first time allowed the identification of local sources of NO2 pollution and their plumes. Earlier, we compared our large-scale NO2 distribution structures with measurements from another satellite instrument, OMI, and obtained a reasonable agreement between the NO2 fields taken by the two systems on September 29, 2016 for Hebei province, the North China Plain, which is the most NO2 polluted area in the world. For the validation of fine structures detected in the NO2 fields of GSA/Resurs-P, we are developing methods based on comparisons with numerical models. The paper presents preliminary results of comparisons of the GSA/Resurs-P tropospheric NO2 measurements with simulations performed by models describing the transport of impurities in the atmosphere with different accuracy.
In 2016 the authors performed space experiments to obtain the tropospheric NO2 field with the horizontal spatial resolution for the first time at the world level reaching 2.4 km. The NO2 fields were restored based on spectral measurements of GSA instrument installed on board the Russian satellites of the Resurs-P series. For the first time, the high spatial resolution of the new method makes it possible to identify local sources of NO2 pollution and their plumes. Good agreement with OMI NO2 observations with resolution 13 km x 24 km confirmed the reliability of the obtained Resurs-P NO2 fields in general. For the validation of high-detailed structures detected in the NO2 fields of GSA/Resurs-P, we are developing methods based on comparisons with chemical transport models. The comparison is performed for Hebei province, the North China Plain, which is the most NO2 polluted area in the world, using Resurs-P data obtained on September 29, 2016. The paper presents preliminary comparison of the Resurs-P tropospheric NO2 field with simulation based on HYSPLIT transport model. For the solution of the problem a high-detailed chemical transport model based on a solution of the nonlinear heat and mass transfer equation is under development. A theoretical background of the methods of asymptotic analysis of multidimensional singularly perturbed problems for the nonlinear heat and mass transfer equation is proposed.
An experiment for the retrieval of the high-detailed spatial NO2 distribution in the troposphere using measurements of the GSA instrument onboard the Resurs-P satellite was performed in 2016. The authors developed an algorithm to obtain the tropospheric NO2 2D distribution with the horizontal spatial resolution reaching 2,4 km for the first time at the world level and provided on a grid with a step of 120 m. The high spatial resolution of the NO2 space measurements for the first time allowed the identification of local sources of NO2 pollution and their plumes. The paper presents preliminary results of validation of the GSA high-detailed NO2 field obtained on September 29, 2016 for Hebei province, the North China Plain, which is the most NO2 polluted area in the world. To validate the coarse structures in the obtained NO2 field we performed comparisons with OMI NO2 observations having the resolution of 13 km x 24 km. The comparison confirmed the reliability of the GSA NO2 fields in general. For the validation of fine structures detected in the NO2 fields of GSA/Resurs-P, we are developing methods based on comparisons with chemical transport models. The paper presents preliminary comparison of the Resurs-P tropospheric NO2 field with simulation based on HYSPLIT dispersion model. For the solution of the problem, a high-detailed chemical transport model is under the development.
In the paper is described clouds segmentation algorithm based on convolutional neural network. It has been made an analysis of existed convolutional neural networks topologies and it was made a decision of using the modifying U-Net topology. The preliminary data processing has been made taking into account a source data specific. Learning dataset has been made using real high spatial resolution remote sensing data and manual segmented clouds mask. Methodology of using learning dataset in network learning process has been proposed. Results of learned network implementation on real data are shown in the paper.
Resurs-P satellite system is one of the recent Earth remote sensing systems deployed by Russia. Its payload consists of the high resolution multispectral imager, the average resolution imager with wide swath and the hyperspectral imaging system. Hyperspectral system consists of two imagers each registering radiation in roughly half of instruments spectral range. So the output from the hyperspectral system are two hyperspectral images representing same area of the Earth but in different spectral ranges with a slight spectral overlap. For further explanation purposes these two images are named as image ‘A’ and image ‘B’. During the on-ground processing stage images ‘A’ and ‘B’ are combined into a single hyperspectral image, covering whole instrument spectral range. During evaluation of quality of hyperspectral data it was found that modular transfer function (MTF) obtained from images ‘A’ and ‘B’ is different, resulting in better spatial resolution of image ‘A’ compared to ‘B’. This fact could pose problems in the following analysis of hyperspectral data as the obtained spectral signatures actually represent slightly different parts of the ground in two halves of an instrument spectral range. The present work describes an algorithm of MTF compensation which purpose is to mitigate difference in spatial resolution of the data, obtained from the hyperspectral imaging system of Resurs-P satellite. The proposed algorithm is based on spatial linear filtering and is applied on the data that was previously transformed to spectral radiances and spatially co-registered. The algorithm consists of two steps. On the first step the coefficients of correction linear filter defined as a window kernel are estimated. For filter estimation we choose one spectral band from image ‘A’ as a reference image with the ‘best’ MTF and one spectral band from image ‘B’. We select spectral bands from within spectral overlap range of images ‘A’ and ‘B’ so they have same spectral ranges. Then linear filter coefficients are calculated using the least square errors method, so that when applying calculated filter to image ‘B’ an image that is closest to ‘A’ is obtained. On the second step correction filter is applied to all bands in image ‘B’ to compensate its difference in MTF compared to image ‘A’. Based on the selection of reference image it is possible to estimate the correction filter that blurs higher resolution image to lower resolution (which also reduces noise) or vice versa, i.e. the filter that increases resolution (but at the cost of increased noise). Effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is evaluated on the images obtained from Resurs-P satellites. The relative difference of resolutions of ‘A’ and ‘B’ images is reduced by more than 3 times.
In the paper is described fast 3-staged algorithm for segmentation of low-information areas on high spatial resolution panchromatic images of Earth surface. At the first stage, an image is divided into the fragments of 128×128 pixels in size and analysis of pixels “Top of the atmosphere” reflectance is performed. At the second stage the analysis of frequency characteristic of fragments is performed. At the third stage the objects of an artificial origin such as strongly pronounced straight lines is assessed using the Hough transformation. The developed algorithm got high expert appraisal. In the case of high percent of low-informative fragments on the image the proposed algorithm provides significant decrease of GCP finding time.
Three satellites of the Resurs-P series (№1, №2, №3) aimed for remote sensing of the Earth began to operate in Russia in 2013-2016. Hyperspectral instruments GSA onboard Resurs-P perform routine imaging of the Earth surface in the spectral range of 400-1000 nm with the spectral resolution better than 10 nm and the spatial resolution of 30 m. In a special regime the GSA/Resurs-P may reach higher spectral resolution with the spatial resolution of 120 m and be used for retrieval of the tropospheric NO2 spatial distribution. We developed the first GSA/Resurs-P algorithm for the tropospheric NO2 retrieval and shortly analyze the first results for the most polluted Hebei province of China. The developed GSA/Resurs-P algorithm shows the spatial resolution of about 2.4 km for tropospheric NO2 pollution what significantly exceed resolution of other available now satellite instruments and considered as a target for future geostationary (GEO) missions for monitoring of tropospheric NO2 pollution. Differ to the currently operated low-Earth orbit (LEO) instruments, which may provide global distribution of NO2 every one or two days, GSA performs NO2 measurement on request. The precision of the NO2 measurements with 2.4 km resolution is about 2.5x1015 mol/cm2 (for DSCD) therefore it is recommended to use it for investigation of the tropospheric NO2 in polluted areas. Thus GSA/Resurs-P is the interesting and unique tool for NO2 pollution investigations and testing methods of interpretation of future high-resolution satellite data on pollutions and their emissions.
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