A low cost modular system for automatic oil spill detection, based on laser induced fluorescence light detection and
ranging (LIF LIDAR) technology, which may be installed aboard watercraft and used for intensive surveillance of
harborages, rivers, channels, and coastal waters, is described. First experimental results obtained with the developed LIF
LIDAR detector prototype in the laboratory conditions are reported.
A method of automated early fire detection based on the light detection and ranging (lidar) technology is presented.
Specific lidar configurations and their application to forest and industrial-environment fire surveillance are discussed.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Flame detectors, 3D modeling, Wind energy, Surveillance, Mathematical modeling, Combustion, Particles
The possibility of early forest fire detection within a range up to ~2 km using a portable eye-safe 1540 nm lidar is
demonstrated in this paper, both on experimental and theoretical ground. An estimation of the detection efficiency using
a mathematical model based on the 3D system of Navier-Stokes equations describing the smoke plume evolution in the
presence of wind, agrees reasonably well with experimental results. Calculations made using the model show that a
detection range up to ~5.5 km can be achieved by accumulating lidar return signals.
KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Detection and tracking algorithms, Signal detection, Interference (communication), Received signal strength, Surveillance, Receivers, Backscatter, Nonlinear optics, Error analysis
A simple and robust algorithm for lidar-signal classification based on the fast extraction of sufficiently pronounced peaks
and their recognition with a perceptron, whose efficiency is enhanced by a fast nonlinear preprocessing that increases the
signal dimension, is reported. The method allows smoke-plume recognition with an error rate as small as 0.31% (19
misdetections and 4 false alarms in analyzing a test set of 7409 peaks).
Detection of fire smoke plume with a compact cheap rangefinder based on 905 nm laser diode (2 μJ pulse energy,
slashed oh 2 cm telescope and 720 m solid-target range) is demonstrated. Reliable detection of small experimental fires
(20×25 m2 fire plot, burning rate of ~3 kg/s) is achieved for the range of about 255 m. A theoretical model of the mixing
of burning products with air in the wind, based on three-dimensional system of Navier-Stokes equation and commercial
software PHOENICS, is developed. The model predicts 220 m range of smoke detection by the rangefinder, indicating
good agreement between the theoretical and experimental data. On the basis of this theoretical model an estimation of
the smoke detection efficiency for a longer range (20 km for solid targets) instrument, based on a 1540 nm laser with a
pulse energy of 8 mJ and a 4 cm telescope, is made. The obtained smoke-detection range estimation, 6 km, indicate that
more powerful rangefinders can be used not only in shot-range applications, such as fire detection in premises, tunnels
and storage yards, but in more demanding areas, such as wildland fire surveillance, as well.
It has recently been shown that lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) can effectively detect smoke plumes from small bonfires up to distances of 6.5 km, so that the technique can be used for wildfire surveillance. The aim of the present work is to describe a method for calculating the optimal location and minimum number of lidar stations required for the surveillance of a given forest area, taking the hilly terrain of Sintra-Cascais Nature Park (Portugal) as an example. The placement and horizontal scanning of the lidar sensors must be such that the laser beam passes over the ground, while keeping sufficiently low to enable early smoke plume detection, before the smoke is dispersed by the wind. Simultaneously, the laser beam should not hit the ground at distances shorter than the instrument range. To solve the problem, a terrain rendering was created and the best laser-beam zenith angle for each azimuth and the effective range covered by each lidar were calculated. The computations showed that 95.2% of the 146 km2 of the Nature Park area can be covered by seven detectors with the laser beams scanning at a height of 50 m or less above ground.
Lidar is a promising tool for forest-fire monitoring because this active detection technique allows efficient location of tenuous smoke plumes resulting from forest fires at their early stages. For the technique to be generally usable instrumentation must be eye-safe, i.e. it must operate within the spectral range λ<0.4 or λ>1.4 micrometers . In this paper the lidar efficiency at the wavelengths 0.3472 micrometers (second harmonic of the ruby laser) and 1.54 micrometers (Er:glass laser) are compared using a theoretical model. The results of calculations show that the energy required for smoke-plume detection using 0.3472 micrometers becomes greater than the corresponding value for 1.54 micrometers when the distance exceeds some threshold, which ranges between 2 and 6 km depending on other parameters. Being caused by relatively higher absorption of the UV radiation in the atmosphere, this result is valid for any wavelength in the vicinity of 0.35 micrometers , for example, the third harmonic of Nd:YAG laser and the second harmonic of Ti:sapphire laser.
Victor Apollonov, Alexander Bersh, S. Chdanovitch, P. Drozdov, Alexej Egorov, P. Egoyanz, V. Feofilaktov, Valerii Ikonnikov, Vadim Kijko, Victor Kislov, A. Lavrov, V. Malyavine, A. Suzdaltsev, Yu Vagin
KEYWORDS: Gas lasers, Combustion, Throat, Chemical reactions, Carbon dioxide lasers, Carbon dioxide, Chemical analysis, Carbon monoxide, Particles, High power lasers
At present, a mobile, self-contained laser rated at 50-70 kW or higher is required for solution of a whole range of urgent problems of technology and environment protection.
A mathematical model for computation of parameters of eyesafe lidar for detection of forest fire smoke has been developed. It is assumed that the lidar uses a wavelength of 1.54 micrometer. This wavelength can be obtained from Er:glass lasers, from Nd:YAG lasers with an optical parametric oscillator, or from Nd:YAG lasers with a Raman cell. It is assumed that receiver optics of 20 cm diameter and an avalanche photodiode are used. Particle size distributions in the smoke from experiments in the literature are utilized for calculation of backscattering efficiency. The backscattering cross section is calculated on the basis of Mie formulae. Diffusion of the smoke plume is estimated on the basis of an analytical solution of the relevant hydrodynamics equations. Results of the calculations show that for detection of forest fires with fuel mass burned in unit time 2 kg/s at a distance of 10 km it is necessary to have a laser pulse energy of 120 mJ.
The influence of CCD charge transfer inefficiency on the AO processor output signal is considered in this report. The impulse characteristic for scanning CCD is derived. It is shown that clock frequencies can be approximately twice as large than the case of usual mode of CCD.
The new type adaptive acousto-optical processor for chirps is described. The processor has simple optical scheme similar to that of conventional acousto-optical spectrum analyzer but it uses CCD-line photodetector in the shift and add mode. This processor can be used effectively for compression of chirps of different duration.Processor adaptation is fulfilled by simple control of CCD clock rate. Results of experimental investigation of the laboratory setup with chirps of short duration are presented.
The acousto-optical spectrum analyzer for radio-astronomy with high frequency resolution designed on the base of semiconductor laser is described in the article. The investigation results of main spectrum analyzer characteristics are presented. The operation of hybrid opto- digital processor which includes the acousto-optical spectrum analyzer is described. The spectrum analyzer has bandwidth of 115 MHz and frequency resolution of 200 kHz. Its dimensions are equal to 245 by 150 by 50 mm3. The possible acousto-optical spectrum analyzer applications for radio-astronomy are suggested.
A numerical model of subsonic CO discharge laser is formulated. A system of two- dimensional narrow channel equations or one-dimensional gasdynamic equations is used. The peculiarities of the spatial distribution of gain for laser with longitudinal discharge are analyzed. The computations for various experimental installations are made. The recommendations concerning the modernization of these lasers are given. The lasers with line selecting on are analyzed.
The first experiment with a combustion-driven downstream-mixing carbon-dioxide-GDL using C4N2 and N2O with equivalence ratio about 2 has been developed. The small- signal gain of 2.1 m-1 is measured that is in accordance with specific power of 50 kW/kg. The instantaneous mixing model and parabolized Navier-Stokes equations are used to explain the experimental data.
Mathematical model of subsonic discharge CO laser is presented. Boundary layer type equations are used. This approach permits to define the value of the thermal flow to the wall for lasers in axisymmetrical channel with cooling. In some cases the laser parameters are expedient to calculate on the base of one dimensional gasdynamic equations. With the use of the one dimensional gasdynamic equations experimental data of various installations are analyzed. The influence of temperature on laser characteristics is studied. Theoretical optimization of laser parameters is presented.
Developed in our previous works the concept of the multichannel correlator for SAR system picture forming device has been realised in the form of sandwich type opto-electronic chip, containing 3 layers of 2D optically connected optoelectronic devices: LED array with 64 strip shaped elements, fixed or adjustable mask and the 288x232 pixels CCD photomatrix, that is a 64 channel 288 steps correlator. Each channel of the processor forms one range resolution channel thus giving the opportunity to obtain at the output of the device the line of the synthesised SAR picture. In order to enhance range channel number, several chips, connected in appropriate architecture, should be used. SAR picture processor architecture and experimental results are discussed.
Three different acoustooptical (AO) processors for radio-astronomy are described: AO spectrum analyzers, AO image processing system for solar observations and AO dispersion compensator for pulsars observations. Their principles of operation and peculiarities are described. Characteristics of developed setups, results of their laboratory investigations and also their usage on Russian radiotelescopes are given.
Vadim Dolgy, Nickolay Evtikhiev, Alexander Korolev-Korotkov, S. Schestack, Nelly Esepkina, Alexander Lavrov, Victor Petrovsky, B. Hotjanov, Vladimir Chernokozhin
Optoelectronic hybrid microscheme consists of a 64 strips LED array 232 X 288 photo CCD matrix, LED controller chips and fiber optic plate. Its use in a SAR signal processor is discussed.
An optoelectronic processor of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals is discussed. They have a high azimuth resolution, a great number of processing parallel range channels, real-time regime, and little energy consumption. The usage of the strip LED array with a received signal demultiplexing and distribution between the LED element as the signal input device is optimal in terms of the processor's simplification and energetics. It is shown that this SAR image forming processor can be constructed as a compact optoelectronic hybrid scheme without optical elements. Theoretical and experimental results of the investigations are presented.
KEYWORDS: Ions, Bragg cells, Signal to noise ratio, Signal processing, Receivers, Electronic filtering, Optical signal processing, Modulation, Adaptive optics, Radio optics
The paper considers the possibility of using acousto-optic devices for compensation of interstellar dispersion influence in observations of radio emission from pulsars. The principle of operation in an adaptive acousto-optical processor using a CCD-line photodetector in the shift-and-add mode is discussed. An adaption is fulfilled by control CCD scan rate. Results are reported for experimental investigations in the laboratory breadboard setup.
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