This paper reports a methodology for the design of a segment transmitter for indoor spaces based on optical fibers with different geometric parameters. The segment transmitter made this way aims to simulate the characteristics of a typical VLC transmitter. The article deals with the possibilities of using optical fibers with the possibilities of lighting and communication using the visible spectrum. Design options are studied using a 3D software model, which is then verified using real measurements. A POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) with a large numerical aperture and a core diameter of 550 μm is used to construct the segment transmitter.
The paper discuss about aging of the optical couplers in their burdened high temperature. The article focuses on applied research and experimental development of resources for safety operation of optical networks in environment with higher temperature. It addresses issues of accelerated aging of optical fiber components in their burdened with high temperature. This article is devoted the impact of temperature loading on the SM optical FBT coupler with 8 branches. Optical passive component were exposed to temperature 95 °C for 433 hours. Measurements are focused on the parameters of geometry of optical beam. The detect changes are useful to understand the phenomenon of accelerated ageing elements of optical networks.
This paper deals with the aging of optical fibers influenced by temperature and radiation. There are analyzed changes in the structure of the optical fiber, related to the propagation of light in the fiber structure. In this case for numerical aperture. For experimental measurement was used MM fiber OM1 with core diameter 62.5 μm, cladding diameter 125 μm in 2.8 mm secondary coating. Aging of the optical fiber was achieved with dry heat and radiation. For this purpose, we were using a temperature chamber with a stable temperature of 105 °C where the cables after two months. Cables were then irradiated with gamma radiation 60Co in doses of 1.5 kGy and then 60 kGy. These conditions simulated 50 years aging process of optical cables. According to European Standard EN 60793-1-43:2015 was created the automatic device for angular scan working with LabVIEW software interface. Numerical aperture was tested at a wavelength of 850 nm, with an output power 1 mW. Scanning angle was set to 50° with step 0.25°. Numerical aperture was calculated from the position where power has fallen from maximal power at e2 power. The measurement of each sample was performed 10 hours after thermal and radiation aging. The samples were subsequently tested after six months from the last irradiation. In conclusion, the results of the experiment were analyzed and compared.
This article is focused on the design of an all-fiber laser that was supposed to be used for simulating power load similar to the power load in backbone networks. The first part of the article is a brief introduction to the topic of lasers and erbium doped fiber amplifiers. The following parts present design of a fiber laser with ring cavity, and measuring the ideal length of a doped fiber and the split ratio of the output coupler. After proposing the first stage –a laser– we focused on the construction of the two following stages –EDFA preamplifier and EDFA amplifier. There were used fibers with various levels of erbium ion density, namely ISO-GAIN I6, and Liekki ER110-4/125. The resulting output power of the whole system was 320 mW. This value is sufficient when we take into account that we used only single-mode fibers with energy pumped directly to the fiber core. The output wavelength of the whole laser system was 1559 nm.
This paper deals with problematic of Free Space Optical (FSO) Links. The theoretical part describes the effects of atmospheric transmission environment on these FSO connections. The practical part is focused on the creation of an appropriate experimental workplace for turbulences simulation (mechanical and thermal turbulences), fog effects and subsequent measurement of these effects. For definition how big impact these effects on the FSO system have is used the statistical analysis and simulation software Optiwave. Overall there were tested three optical light sources operating at wavelengths of 632.8 nm, 850 nm and 1550 nm respectively. Influences of simulated atmospheric effects on the signal attenuation were observed. Within the frame of simulation in Optiwave software there were studied influences of attenuation on given wavelengths in form of FSO link transmission parameters degradation. Also for the purposes of real measurements it was necessary to fabricate an experimental box. This box was constructed with sizes of 2.5 and 5 meters and was used for simulation of atmospheric environment.
Nowadays, aging of the optical components is a very current topic. Therefore, some investigations are focused on this area, so that the aging of the optical components is accelerated by thermal, high power and gamma load. This paper deals by findings of the influence of the load by laser with high optical power on the transmission parameters of the optical coupler. The investigated coupler has one input and eight outputs (1x8). Load by laser with high optical power is realized using a fiber laser with a cascade configuration EDFA amplifiers. The output power of the amplifier is approximately 250 mW. Duration of the load is moving from 104 hours to 139 hours. After each load, input power and output powers of all branches are measured. Following parameters of the optical coupler are calculated using formulas: the insertion losses of the individual branches, split ratio, total losses, homogeneity of the losses and cross-talk between different branches. All measurements are performed at wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Individual optical powers are measured 20 times, due to the exclusion of statistical error of the measurement. After measuring, the coupler is connected to the amplifier for next cycle of the load. The paper contains an evaluation of the results of the coupler before and after four cycles of the burden.
There are several parameters of the atmospheric environment which have an effect on the optical wireless connection. Effects like fog, snow or rain are ones of the effects which appears tendentiously and which are bound by season, geographic location, etc. One of the effects that appear with various intensity for the whole time is airflow. The airflow changes the local refractive index of the air and areas with lower or higher refractive index form. The light going through these areas refracts and due to the optical intensity scintillates on the detector of the receiver. The airflow forms on the basis of two effects in the atmosphere. The first is wind cut and flowing over barriers. The other is thermal flow when warm air rises to the higher layers of the atmosphere. The heart of this article is creation such an environment that will form airflow and the refractive index will scintillate. For the experiment, we used special laboratory box with high-speed ventilators and heating units to simulate atmospheric turbulence. We monitor the impact of ventilator arrangement and air temperature on the scintillation of the gas laser with wavelength 633 nm/15 mW. In the experiment, there is watched the difference in behavior between real measurement and flow simulation with the same peripheral conditions of the airflow in the area of 500 x 500 cm.
In this article the author’s team deals with using Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) for Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications. In FSO communication occurs due to the influence of atmospheric effect (attenuation, and fluctuation of the received power signal, influence turbulence) and the WDM channel suffers from interchannel crosstalk. There is considered only the one direction. The behavior FSO link was tested for one or eight channels. Here we will be dealing with modulation schemes OOK (On-Off keying), QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and Subcarrier Intensity Modulation (SIM) based on a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying). Simulation software OptiSystem 14 was used for tasting. For simulation some parameters were set according to real FSO link such as the datarate 1.25 Gbps, link range 1.4 km. Simulated FSO link used wavelength of 1550 nm with 0.8 nm spacing. There is obtained the influence of crosstalk and modulation format for the BER, depending on the amount of turbulence in the propagation medium.
Nowadays, it appears that the optical components aging faster. Therefore, it is accelerate of the research of the aging of
the optical coupler by thermal stress necessary. This paper discusses finding of the influence of the thermal aging on the
basic parameters of the optical coupler. The examined coupler has one input and eight outputs (1:8). The process of heat
stress is carried out at 95°C in the electric drying oven where the coupler is loaded during the period of 120 hours. The
optical power at the input of the coupler and the output optical powers of the individual branches of the coupler are
measured after cooling to room temperature (approximately 25°C). The insertion losses of the individual branches, split
ratio, total losses, homogeneity of the losses and cross-talk between individual branches are calculated using formulas.
Measurements are made at wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm. All optical powers are measured 20 times due to the
statistical exclusion of error of measurements. The coupler is loaded during the period of 120 hours again immediately
after measuring. Storing of the optical coupler in the drying oven is carried out so that is completely uniform heating of
all the parts. The coupler is turn around every 30 hours. The paper contains the exact procedure of measurement of
optical powers, which is followed by an evaluation of results. The results are shown for measurements before and after 5
cycles of heating.
The atmosphere is unstable and unpredictable environment, where are continual changes of the air refractive index. These changes cause fluctuation of optical power at the receiver site. The prediction of behavior of the atmosphere and effect of this behavior on the FSO link is very complicated or even impossible. Aim of this article is focused on statistical analysis of measured level signal RSSI of the FSO link and atmospheric properties measured by hydro-meteorological station. For measured data the statistical analysis tools were used. Next part of article is focused on determination of the linear regression model to calculate level of RSSI depending on the atmospheric properties. Two empirical equations are result for day and night time. These equations describe behavior of signal RSSI in 30 days interval. Finally, comparison of the obtained mathematical model with real measured data of RSSI was introduced for one week before and one week after the analyzed time interval.
In this article the author’s team deals with problems of modulation formats for Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications. FSO communications have high bandwidth, low signal attenuation, quick installation, security, unlicensed band and low cost. In FSO communication occurs due to the influence of atmospheric effect (attenuation, and fluctuation the received power signal, influence turbulence). Here will be dealing modulation schemes OOK (On-Off keying) and Subcarrier Intensity Modulation (SIM) based on a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying). In which will studied their characteristic and effect of atmospheric influence on the received signal. This results in decreased Eye-Diagram, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). To evaluate the modulation formats in atmospheric turbulence is used simulation box with heat and wind sources.
This article is dealing with evaluation of air turbulences in uence on the laser beam in the simulation box with regards to change of beam polarization state. For measurement the laser optical source LDM1550 operating at 1550 nm and polarimeter PAX5710 were used. The laser source was placed in front of simulation box that served for generation of stable turbulent environment. The simulation of turbulent environment was generated by high-speed ventilators PMD1212PMB1-A. The thermal turbulences were created by Empire CTH-5000 and Solac TH 8325 heaters. All heaters were placed along the side of simulation box. With the help of polarimeter and detector PAN5710IR3 were then subsequently recorded changes of polarization state of the optical beam with regards to changes of turbulence condition within the box. The results are then discussed and interpreted with the help of statistic methods in the end of the article.
Knowledge of optical fibers and fiber devices ageing is one of necessary conditions for successful applications of fiber communication systems into hard environmental surrounding and for application of fiber sensors. This paper deals with finding of typical ageing markers during the process of accelerated ageing. Basic fiber parameters as the attenuation, NA, Brillouin frequencies have been measured under higher temperature and fiber attenuation has been measured for gamma loading.
During recent years, there has been rapid development in optical networks. This includes not only fiber optical networks but also free space optical networks. The free space optical networks can be divided into indoor and outdoor ones. The indoor free space optical networks have been experiencing dramatic progress in the last years, allowed by the newest IEEE norm 802.15.7, which enabled development of different types of transmitter receivers, modulation formats, etc. The team of authors is dealing with software design of segment optical transmitters for an indoor free space optical network based on the multi-mode optical 50/125 or 62.5/125 μm fiber. Simulated data are then evaluated from the point of view of optical intensity uniform distribution and space spot light size radiating from segment optical transmitter.
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