Dr. Brian M. Pikkula Profile

Dr. Brian M. Pikkula

Senior Stat Analyst

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Publications (12)

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 May 2007 Open Access

Fluorescence and reflectance device variability throughout the progression of a phase II clinical trial to detect and screen for cervical neoplasia using a fiber optic probe

J. Adrian Freeberg, Dan Serachitopol, Nick McKinnon, Roderick Price, Edward Atkinson, Dennis Cox, Calum MacAulay, Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Michelle Follen, Brian Pikkula

JBO, Vol. 12, Issue 03, 034015, (May 2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2750332

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Luminescence, Tissues, Tissue optics, Diagnostics, Cancer, Fiber optics, Reflectance spectroscopy, Data processing, Optical filters

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Large phase II trials of fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy using a fiber optic probe in the screening and diagnostic settings for detecting cervical neoplasia have been conducted. We present accrual and histopathology data, instrumentation, data processing, and the preliminary results of interdevice consistencies throughout the progression of a trial. Patients were recruited for either a screening trial (no history of abnormal Papanicolaou smears) or a diagnostic trial (a history of abnormal Papanicolaou smears). Colposcopy identified normal and abnormal squamous, columnar, and transformation zone areas that were subsequently measured with the fiber probe and biopsied. In the course of the clinical trial, two generations of spectrometers (FastEEM2 and FastEEM3) were designed and utilized as optical instrumentation for in vivo spectroscopic fluorescence and reflectance measurements. Data processing of fluorescence and reflectance data is explained in detail and a preliminary analysis of the variability across each device and probe combination is explored. One thousand patients were recruited in the screening trial and 850 patients were recruited in the diagnostic trial. Three clinical sites attracted a diverse range of patients of different ages, ethnicities, and menopausal status. The fully processed results clearly show that consistencies exist across all device and probe combinations throughout the diagnostic trial. Based on the stratification of the data, the results also show identifiable differences in mean intensity between normal and high-grade tissue diagnosis, pre- and postmenopausal status, and squamous and columnar tissue type. The mean intensity values of stratified data show consistent separation across each ofthe device and probe combinations. By analyzing trial spectra, we provide more evidence that biographical variables such as menopausal status as well as tissue type and diagnosis significantly affect the data. (PARTIAL ABSTRACT)

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 May 2007 Open Access

Instrumentation as a source of variability in the application of fluorescence spectroscopic devices for detecting cervical neoplasia

Brian Pikkula, Olga Shuhatovich, Roderick Price, Dan Serachitopol, Michelle Follen, Nick McKinnon, Calum MacAulay, Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Jong Soo Lee, Edward Atkinson, Dennis Cox

JBO, Vol. 12, Issue 03, 034014, (May 2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2745285

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Fiber optics, Rhodamine, Data processing, Fluorescence spectroscopy, Calibration, Luminescence, Fiber optics tests, Statistical analysis, Spectroscopes

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2007 Open Access

Laser-induced collagen remodeling and deposition within the basilar membrane of the mouse cochlea

Gentiana Wenzel, Bahman Anvari, Amaan Mazhar, Brian Pikkula, John Oghalai

JBO, Vol. 12, Issue 02, 021007, (March 2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2714286

KEYWORDS: Collagen, Birefringence, Laser irradiation, Tissues, Optical fibers, Microscopy, Molecules, Ear, Connective tissue, Laser damage threshold

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Proceedings Article | 14 February 2007 Paper

Design of a multispectral digital colposcope

N. MacKinnon, M. Cardeno, S. Au, C. MacAulay, B. Pikkula, D. Serachitopol, M. Follen, S. Y. Park, R. Richards-Kortum

Proceedings Volume 6430, 64301S (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.702097

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Clinical trials, Luminescence, Cancer, Standards development, Reflectivity, Imaging systems, Data modeling, Lamps, Cervix

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Proceedings Article | 7 February 2007 Paper

Multicenter clinical trials of in-vivo fluorescence: are the measurements equivalent?

Brian Pikkula, Dan Serachitopol, Calum MacAulay, Nicholas MacKinnon, Jong Soo Lee, Dennis Cox, E. Neely Atkinson, Michele Follen, Rebecca Richards-Kortum

Proceedings Volume 6430, 64301Q (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.700765

KEYWORDS: Spectrometers, Rhodamine, Tissue optics, Calibration, Clinical trials, Spectroscopes, Fiber optics, Optical calibration, Luminescence, Standards development

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 2006 Open Access

Calibration standards for multicenter clinical trials of fluorescence spectroscopy for in vivo diagnosis

Nena Marín, Nicholas MacKinnon, Calum MacAulay, Sung Chang, Edward Atkinson, Dennis Cox, Dan Serachitopol, Brian Pikkula, Michelle Follen, Rebecca Richards-Kortum

JBO, Vol. 11, Issue 01, 014010, (January 2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2166389

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Clinical trials, Rhodamine, Luminescence, Data acquisition, Tissue optics, Spectrometers, Standards development, Lamps, Tungsten

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 2005 Paper

Photothermal and photochemical effects of laser light absorption by indocyanine green (ICG)

Mohammad Yaseen, Parmeswaran Diagaradjane, Brian Pikkula, Jie Yu, Michael Wong, Bahman Anvari

Proceedings Volume 5695, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.589702

KEYWORDS: Photodynamic therapy, Blood vessels, Absorption, Ear, Tissues, Photothermal effect, Indocyanine green, Collagen, Chromophores, Pulsed laser operation

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Indocyanine Green (ICG) is clinically used as a fluorescent dye for imaging purposes. Its rapid circulation kinetics and minimal toxicity has prompted investigation into ICG's utility as a photosentitizer for therapeutic applications. Traditionally, optically mediated tumor therapy has focused on photodynamic therapy, which employs a photochemical mechanism resulting from the absorption of low intensity CW laser light by localized photosensitizers such as Photofrin II, Benzoporphyrin Derivative (BPD), ICG. Treatment of cutaneous vascular malformations such as port-wine stains, on the other hand, is based on a photothermal mechanism resulting from the absorption of high intensity pulsed laser light by hemoglobin. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of combining photochemical and photothermal mechanisms during application of ICG in conjunction with laser irradiation with the intention that the combined approach may lead to a reduction in the threshold dose of pulsed laser light required to treat hypervascular malformations. The blood vessels in rabbit ears were used as an in vivo model for targeted vasculature. Irradiation of the ears with IR light (λ=785 nm, Δτ = 3 min, I_o = 120 mW) was used to elicit photochemical damage, while photothermal damage was brought about using pulses from a ruby laser (λ=694 nm, τ = 3 ms) with different fluences. For the combined modality, photochemical damage was induced first and followed by photothermal irradiation. This modality was compared with photothermal irradiation alone. The effectiveness of each irradiation scheme was assessed using histopathological analysis. We present preliminary data that suggests that pretreatment with photodynamic therapy before photothermal coagulation results in more severe vascular damage with lower photothermal fluence levels. The results of this study provide the foundation work for further exploration of the therapeutic potentials of photochemical and photothermal effects during application of ICG in conjunction with laser irradiation.

Proceedings Article | 13 July 2004 Paper

A theoretical investigation of human skin thermal response to near-infrared laser irradiation

Tianhong Dai, Brian Pikkula, Lihong Wang, Bahman Anvari

Proceedings Volume 5312, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529146

KEYWORDS: Skin, Blood vessels, Blood, Absorption, Pulsed laser operation, Cryogenics, Laser irradiation, Scattering, Optical properties, Laser damage threshold

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Proceedings Article | 13 July 2004 Paper

Infrared absorption spectrum of liquid cryogen R-134a

Brian Pikkula, Edword Guiwan, Edward Chao, Bahman Anvari

Proceedings Volume 5312, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529470

KEYWORDS: Cryogenics, Liquids, Absorption, Infrared radiation, Skin, Temperature metrology, FT-IR spectroscopy, Germanium, Signal attenuation, Nitrogen

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2003 Paper

Thermal response of human skin epidermis in different skin types to 595-nm laser irradiation and cryogen spray cooling: an ex-vivo study

Tianhong Dai, Brian Pikkula, James Tunnell, David Chang, Bahman Anvari

Proceedings Volume 4949, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.476134

KEYWORDS: Skin, Injuries, Blood vessels, Cryogenics, Laser irradiation, Pulsed laser operation, Laser therapeutics, In vivo imaging, Laser coagulation, Dye lasers

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Proceedings Article | 17 June 2002 Paper

Cryogen spray cooling: effects of cryogen film on heat removal and light transmission

Brian Pikkula, Yacov Domankevitz, James Tunnell, Bahman Anvari

Proceedings Volume 4609, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.432078

KEYWORDS: Cryogenics, Skin, Pulsed laser operation, Laser therapeutics, Glasses, Temperature metrology, Laser systems engineering, Signal attenuation, Laser vision correction, In vitro testing

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 2001 Paper

Thermal and fluid characteristics during cryogen spray cooling

Bahman Anvari, Brian Pikkula, James Tunnell, Jorge Torres

Proceedings Volume 4244, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.427766

KEYWORDS: Cryogenics, Skin, Epoxies, Laser therapeutics, Temperature metrology, Injuries, Aluminum, Thermal effects, Chromophores, Heat flux

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Showing 5 of 12 publications

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