Optoacoustic (OA) effect refers to the generation of the acoustic waves due to absorption of light energy in a biological tissue. The incident laser pulse is absorbed by the tissue, resulting in the generation of ultrasound that is typically detected by a piezoelectric detector. Compared to other techniques, the advantage of OA imaging (OAI) technique consists in combining the high resolution of ultrasound technique with the high contrast of optical imaging. Generally, Nd:YAG and OPO systems are used for the generation of OA waves but their use in clinical environment is limited for many aspects. On the other hand, high-power diode lasers (HPDLs) emerge as potential alternative. However, the power of HPDLs is still relatively low compared to solid-state lasers. We show a side-by-side combination of several HPDLs in an optical fiber bundle to increase the amount of power for OA applications. Initially, we combine the output optical power of several HPDLs at 905 nm using two 7 to 1 round optical fiber bundles featuring a 675 μm and 1.2 mm bundle aperture. In a second step, we couple the output light of these fiber bundles to a 600 μm core diameter endoscopic fiber, reporting the corresponding coupling efficiencies. The fiber bundles with reasonable small diameter are likely to be used for providing sufficient light energy to potential OA endoscopy (OAE) applications.
KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Absorption, Chromophores, Near infrared, High power lasers, Graphene, High power diode lasers, Optical phantoms, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Tissues, Scattering, Light scattering, Biomedical optics, Signal detection
During the last two decades, optoacoustic imaging has been developed as a novel biomedical imaging technique based on the generation of ultrasound waves by means of laser light. In this work, we investigate the optoacoustic response from graphene-based solutions by using a compact and cost-effective system based on an assembly of several 905-nm pulsed high-power diode lasers coupled to a bundle of 200-μm diameter- core optical fibers. The coupled light is conveyed into a lens system and focused on an absorber consisting of graphene-based nanomaterials (graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and reduced graphene-oxide/gold-nanoparticle hybrid, respectively) diluted in ethanol and hosted in slightly scattering optical phantoms. The high absorption of these graphene-based solutions suggests their potential future use in optoacoustic applications as contrast agents.
Difficulty in deposition and integration of fragile graphene-like samples for optoelectronic devices may prevent a multiple contact measurement procedure. We employed noncontact and nondestructive transmission and reflection terahertz (THz)-pulsed spectroscopy to investigate not only the electrical conductivity, but also to study the optical properties of one-dimensional and two-dimensional graphene-like samples. The Drude and non-Drude models were applied to observe and compare the ultrafast carrier transport parameters and high mobility characteristic of such high conductance-nanostructured thin films without requirement for postprocess patterning. The diffusive coefficient and nanoscopic characteristic length from noncontact THz measurement enables us to predict the cut-off frequency of such devices in relevant optoelectronic applications in sub-THz and THz frequencies. The results show that the cut-off frequency of the devices increases with a reduction of the channel length.
We employed noncontact terahertz time-domain spectroscopy to investigate and compare the electrical/optical properties of nonaligned single-walled carbon nanotube and nonaligned multiwalled carbon nanotube thin films. Using Drude–Lorentz model together with the Maxwell Garnett effective medium theory, we determined the electrical conductivities from the extracted data of differential complex terahertz analysis in the frequency range of 0.1 to 2 THz. The results demonstrate that the conductivity of isotropic single-walled carbon nanotube thin film is almost two times larger compared to isotropic multiwalled carbon nanotube thin film due to the increased number of surface defects and the availability of mobile carriers. By using Drude–Lorentz model, the broadening optical density and conductivity can be studied at higher frequencies.
The electrical properties of carbon nanostructures have been greatly stimulating to use in the nanotechnology for
electronic components. In this paper, we study the AC and DC electrical conductivity responses of multi-walled carbon
nanotube films, prepared by the vacuum filtration methods, with noncontact terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-
TDS) approach utilizing the extrapolation analysis as well as probe-in line technique.
Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic signals will certainly push the border in nanotechnology due to higher optoelectronic
performance. The main purpose of this work is to analyze and study the coherent terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
(THz-TDS) signals which provide a precise approach to achieve the electromagnetic absorption and dispersion responses
of uniform and flat parallel face carbon nanostructures thin-films deposited on the transparent quartz substrate in the THz
regime. We employ the THz differential analysis without concerning the complex iteration algorithm to extract the
optical properties parameters of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) thin-films.
The electrical conductivity properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be applied in the nanoelectronic devices to use in
the nanoengineering applications. This paper investigates the low and high frequency-dependent electrical conductivity
response of the single and multi walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs and MWNTs) thin-films by analyzing the contactless
THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) technique and the extrapolation method.
In this work, a theoretical and model study of the temperature effects on threshold current, as tuning technique, and the
comparison with experimental results of quantum dot (QD) diode lasers is presented. It is well known the dependence of
output wavelength with temperature in semiconductor lasers. This property can be highly useful in order to obtain stable
and easy tuning lasers getting two different specific wavelengths to achieve signals in the millimetre (mmW) and
terahertz (THz) ranges by photomixing. Our model and study over QD lasers allow us to understand the behaviour of
temperature inside the device and thus, we can estimate the best characteristics to obtain the desired results.
In this work, we study and investigate the thermally effects on the compact continuous wave (CW) distributed feedback
(DFB) laser as a tuning method using an external platinum μ-heater film in a vertical and lateral configurations. A low
injection current into platinum heater produces the variation temperature inside the active and grating regions to shift the
lasing wavelength. The frequency is continuously tuned up to 3 THz at operation wavelength of 937 nm, by controlling
the temperature of the laser to achieve sub-millimetre (sub-mmW) and terahertz (THz) signals generation by
photomixing.
The direct metallic or semiconducting characterization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the high-frequency is one of the
key issues to use them in the different state-to-the-art applications. In this work, the terahertz surface conductivity and
transmission of carbon nanostructures thin-film utilizing terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) have been
studied. We have also compared the achieved results of single-walled carbon nanotubes thin-film surface conductivity
with pervious study as a function of frequency. However, we have improved the obtained conductivity of carbon
nanostructures from the microwave to terahertz range by THz-TDS technique with high signal-to-noise ratio.
We have studied and analysed in this paper, the modeling of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) optical and
electrical properties utilizing terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy in the frequency range of 0.1-2 THz. We have
compared the measurement data of the THz power absorption coefficient, index of refraction and conductivity of
SWNTs film with the experimental results obtained in Ref. [9], being our results based on the combination of Drude-
Lorentz and Maxwell-Garnett models. Since we suppose the SWNTs network as an effective medium embedded in air,
the comparison shows good agreement.
In this paper, we report on the optical and electrical properties of single-walled (SWNT) and multi-walled (MWNT)
carbon nanotube thin-films investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Our study focuses on the absorption and
dispersion properties of the single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in frequency range of 0.1-2 THz. The
results show that the single-walled carbon nanotubes thin-films have the great frequency-dependent of the power
absorption coefficient, the index of the refraction and conductivity compared to the multi-walled carbon nanotubes thinfilms
because more mobile carries of carbon nano-structure as well as effective of carbon nanotubes length and diameter.
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