KEYWORDS: Video, 3D image processing, Panoramic photography, 3D video streaming, 3D displays, Surgery, 3D modeling, Laparoscopy, Endoscopy, 3D image reconstruction
In comparison to open surgery, endoscopic surgery offers impaired depth perception and narrower field-of-view. To improve depth perception, the Da Vinci robot offers three-dimensional (3-D) video on the console for the surgeon but not for assistants, although both must collaborate. We improved the shared perception of the whole surgical team by connecting live 3-D monitors to all three available Da Vinci generations, probed user experience after two years by questionnaire, and compared time measurements of a predefined complex interaction task performed with a 3-D monitor versus two-dimensional. Additionally, we investigated whether the complex mental task of reconstructing a 3-D overview from an endoscopic video can be performed by a computer and shared among users. During the study, 925 robot-assisted laparoscopic procedures were performed in three hospitals, including prostatectomies, cystectomies, and nephrectomies. Thirty-one users participated in our questionnaire. Eighty-four percent preferred 3-D monitors and 100% reported spatial-perception improvement. All participating urologists indicated quicker performance of tasks requiring delicate collaboration (e.g., clip placement) when assistants used 3-D monitors. Eighteen users participated in a timing experiment during a delicate cooperation task in vitro. Teamwork was significantly (40%) faster with the 3-D monitor. Computer-generated 3-D reconstructions from recordings offered very wide interactive panoramas with educational value, although the present embodiment is vulnerable to movement artifacts.
Compared to open surgery, minimal invasive surgery offers reduced trauma and faster recovery. However, lack of direct
view limits space perception. Stereo-endoscopy improves depth perception, but is still restricted to the direct endoscopic
field-of-view. We describe a novel technology that reconstructs 3D-panoramas from endoscopic video streams providing
a much wider cumulative overview. The method is compatible with any endoscope. We demonstrate that it is possible to
generate photorealistic 3D-environments from mono- and stereoscopic endoscopy. The resulting 3D-reconstructions can
be directly applied in simulators and e-learning. Extended to real-time processing, the method looks promising for
telesurgery or other remote vision-guided tasks.
Sensors based on organic electronic devices are emerging in a wide range of application areas. Here we present a sensor
platform using organic light emitting diodes (OLED) and organic photodiodes (OPD) as active components. By means of
lamination and interconnection technology the functional foils with OLED and OPD arrays form an in-plane optical
sensor platform (IPOS). This platform can be extended with a wireless data and signal processing unit yielding a sensor
node. The focus of our research is to engage the node in a healthcare application, in which a bandage is able to monitor
the vital signs of a person, a so-called Smart Bandage. One of the principles that is described here is based on measuring
the absorption modulation of blood volume induced by the pulse (photoplethysmography). The information from such a
bandage could be used to monitor wound healing by measuring the perfusion in the skin. The OLED and OPD devices
are manufactured on separate foils and glass substrates by means of printing and coating technologies. Furthermore, the
modular approach allows for the application of the optical sensing unit in a variety of other fields including chemical
sensing. This, ultimately enables the measurement of a large variety of physiological parameters using the same bandage
and the same basic sensor architecture. Here we discuss the build-up of our device in general terms. Specific
characteristics of the used OLEDs and OPDs are shown and finally we demonstrate the functionality by simultaneously
recorded photoplethysmograms of our device and a clinical pulseoximeter.
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