We present an approach to achieving high-resolution spectrometry through the utilization of a double transmission grating, in which two planar transmission gratings are strategically placed at an angle. This arrangement enables the light to pass through the dispersive element twice, resulting in a double dispersion and significantly enhancing the spectrometer’s resolution. We rigorously derived theoretical formulas for dispersion and parameters of the double grating model. Simulation results indicate that employing two transmission gratings with a groove density of 900 l/mm, the transmission-double-grating spectrometer can effectively measure wavelengths from 825 to 900 nm, the simulated resolution results in for 0.11 to 0.12 nm and the experimentally tested full width half maximum is 0.12 nm. In addition, a prototype of the spectrometer has been built and tested, and the experimental results are in general agreement with the theoretical modeling and simulation.
Sagnac interferometer is an important structure of lateral shearing interferometer. The shearing distance of the interferometer affects the measurement sensitivity of the interferometer and the stripe density of the fringes. A Sagnac interferometer with dove prism with variable lateral shearing distance is proposed. A dove prism is placed in the traditional optical path between the two mirrors in the Sagnac interferometer. The shearing distance of the interferometer can be adjusted by rotating the dove prism continuously. This structure can get the shearing distance over a wide range and reduce the influence of vibration on the system in the Sagnac interferometer during adjustment. The availability of this interferometer was confirmed after simulation and experiment.
The output beams of a dispersion-compensated polarization Sagnac interferometer (DCPSI) contains not only the ±1 order but the 0 and other order beams, and most of them are not parallel to 0 order. This condition reduces the contrast of interference fringes generated in a focal plane array (FPA), indicating that the quality of the reconstructed polarization images is poor. Thus, an effective means for improving the imaging quality is by reducing the influence of other orders. This study introduces a set of parallel plates before the imaging lens to isolate most beams apart from ±1 and 0 order beams. This method can isolate most of the useless interference fringes because of multi-level diffraction. Simulation results show most of the unwanted interference fringes are isolated. Experimental results show that most of the useless multi-level diffracted light is isolated, and the interference fringes generated on the FPA are not affected by multi-order diffracted diffracted light apart from ±1 and 0 order beams. Therefore, this optical structure can reduce the influence of other orders and this effective method can be used to improve the imaging quality of DCPSI. Moreover, this method provides important reference for reducing the influence of multistage diffraction grating on the imaging quality of other interferometers that contain grating.
The output beams of a dispersion-compensated polarization Sagnac interferometer include not only ±1st-order beams but also beams of 0th and other orders. Consequently, the contrast of the interference fringes generated in a focal plane array (FPA) is reduced, which means the quality of the image and reconstructed polarization images is poor. In this study, multistage diffraction is investigated to determine the effect of non-ideal beams on imaging quality. After determining the beams that can cast onto the FPA, the intensity on the FPA is studied with consideration of multistage diffraction. Results show that the non-ideal beams can lead to a serious reduction in imaging quality. The experiment and simulation results indicate that the beams can reduce the ratio of the fringe amplitude to the background signal to 1/8 from the ideal 1/2. Therefore, methods that can attenuate or eliminate other diffracted beams should be adopted. This conclusion is applicable to other optical structures containing gratings, such as a spatial heterodyne spectrometer.
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