In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash x-rays are
produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a trigger electrode, and the turbomolecular
pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation of
weakly ionized linear plasma, consisting of molybdenum ions and electrons, around the fine target. At a charging
voltage of 50 kV, the maximum tube voltage was almost equal to the charging voltage of the main condenser, and the
peak current was about 17 kA. The K-series characteristic x-rays were clean and intense, and higher harmonic x-rays
were not observed. The x-ray pulse widths were approximately 600 ns, and the time-integrated x-ray intensity had a
value of approximately 2.0 mGy per pulse at 1.0 m from the x-ray source with a charging voltage of 50 kV.
Novel monochromatic x-ray generators and their applications to high-speed radiography are described. The five
generators are as follows: a weakly ionized linear plasma x-ray generator, a monochromatic compact flash x-ray
generator, a super-fluorescent plasma generator, a cerium x-ray generator using a 3.0-mm-thick aluminum filter, and a
100micron-focus x-ray generator utilizing the filter. Using the linear plasma generator with a copper target, we observed
clean K lines and their harmonics, and soft flash radiography was performed with pulse widths of approximately 500
ns. The compact monochromatic flash x-ray generator produced clean molybdenum K lines easily, and high-speed
radiography was performed with pulse widths of approximately 100 ns. Using a steady-state cerium x-ray generator,
we performed real-time angiography utilizing an image intensifier and a high-sensitive camera (MLX) made by NAC
Image Technology Inc. with a capture time of 1 ms. Finally, real-time magnification radiography was performed by
twofold magnification imaging using a 100micron-focus x-ray generator and the high-sensitive camera.
The gadolinium plasma flash x-ray generator is useful for performing high-speed enhanced K-edge angiography using
cone beams because K-series characteristic x-rays from the gadolinium target are absorbed effectively by iodine-based
contrast media. In the flash x-ray generator, a 150 nF condenser is charged up to 80 kV by a power supply, and flash
x-rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable cold-cathode diode, and the turbomolecular
pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Since the electric circuit of the high-voltage
pulse generator employs a cable transmission line, the high-voltage pulse generator produces twice the potential of the
condenser charging voltage. At a charging voltage of 80 kV, the estimated maximum tube voltage and current are
approximately 160 kV and 40 kA, respectively. When the charging voltage was increased, the K-series characteristic
x-ray intensities of gadolinium increased. Bremsstrahlung x-ray intensity rate decreased with increasing the charging
voltage, and clean K lines were produced with a charging voltage of 80 kV. The x-ray pulse widths were
approximately 100 ns, and the time-integrated x-ray intensity had a value of approximately 500 μGy at 1.0 m from the
x-ray source with a charging voltage of 80 kV. Angiography was performed using a filmless computed radiography
(CR) system and iodine-based contrast media. In the angiography of nonliving animals, we observed fine blood
vessels of approximately 100 μm with high contrasts.
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash x-rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a trigger electrode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation of weakly ionized linear plasma, consisting of copper ions and electrons, around the fine target, and intense Kα lines are left using a 10-μm-thick nickel filter. At a charging voltage of 50 kV, the maximum tube voltage was almost equal to the charging voltage of the main condenser, and the peak current was about 16 kA. The K-series characteristic x-rays were clean and intense, and higher harmonic x-rays were observed. The x-ray pulse widths were approximately 300 ns, and the time-integrated x-ray intensity had a value of approximately 1.5 mGy per pulse at 1.0 m from the x-ray source with a charging voltage of 50 kV.
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash x-rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a brass target containing 65% copper and 35% zinc by weight, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation of weakly ionized linear plasma, consisting of metal ions and electrons, around the fine target, and intense characteristic x-rays are produced. At a charging voltage of 50 kV, the maximum tube voltage was almost equal to the charging voltage of the main condenser, and the peak current was about 15 kA. When the charging voltage was increased, the linear plasma formed, and the K-series characteristic x-ray intensities of zinc Kα, copper Kα, and copper Kβ lines increased substantially. However hardly any zinc Kβ lines were detected. The x-ray pulse widths were approximately 700 ns, and the time-integrated x-ray intensity was approximately 1.2 mGy at 1.0 m from the x-ray source with a charging voltage of 50 kV.
The high-voltage condensers in a polarity-inversion two-stage Marx surge generator are charged from -50 to -70 kV by a power supply, and the electric charges in the condensers are discharged to an x-ray tube after closing gap switches in the surge generator with a trigger device. The x-ray tube is a demountable diode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Tungsten characteristic x rays can be produced, since the tube utilizes a disk cathode and a rod target, and bremsstrahlung rays are not emitted in the opposite direction to that of electron acceleration. At a charging voltage of -70 kV, the instantaneous tube voltage and current were 140 kV and 1.0 kA, respectively. The x-ray pulse widths were approximately 90 ns, and the estimated number of K photons was approximately 5×108 photons/cm2 per pulse at 0.5 m from the source of 3.0 mm in diameter.
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, a 200 nF condenser is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and flash x rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable triode with a double target consisting of a copper and a molybdenum rods, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Target evaporation leads to the formation of weakly ionized linear plasma, consisting of metal ions and electrons, around the fine target, and intense characteristic x rays are produced. At a charging voltage of 50 kV, the maximum tube voltage was almost equal to the charging voltage of the main condenser, and the peak current was about 11 kA. When the charging voltage was increased, the linear plasma formed, and the molybdenum K-series characteristic x-ray intensities increased substantially. Although the intensities of copper Kα lines increased with increases in the charging voltage, hardly any clean Kα lines were detected. The x-ray pulse widths were approximately 1.2 μs, and the time-integrated x-ray intensity was approximately 30 μC/kg at 1.0 m from the x-ray source with a charging voltage of 50 kV.
In the flash x-ray generator, a 150 nF condenser is charged up to 80 kV by a power supply, and flash x rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable diode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Since the electric circuit of the high-voltage pulse generator employs a cable transmission line, the high-voltage pulse generator produces twice the potential of the condenser charging voltage. At a charging voltage of 80 kV, the estimated maximum tube voltage and current were approximately 160 kV and 40 kA, respectively. When the charging voltage was increased, the K-series characteristic x-ray intensities of molybdenum increased. The K lines were clean and intense, and hardly any bremsstrahlung rays were detected at all. The x-ray pulse widths were approximately 100 ns, and the time-integrated x-ray intensity had a value of approximately 15 μC/kg at 1.0 m from the x-ray source with a charging voltage of 80 kV.
The constructions and major characteristics of recent stroboscopic x-ray generators and their applications to high-speed radiographies including biomedical applications are described. The generators are as follows: (a) a 100 kV generator having a fixed-anode radiation tube, (b) a 120 kV medical generator with a rotating-anode tube, and (c) a 300 keV generator utilizing a fixed-anode tube. The type (a) and (b) generators employ large-capacity condensers of about 500 nF, and the electric charges in the condensers are discharged repetitively to each tube by controlling the grid voltage. The x-ray duration can be controlled from 0.01 to 1.0 ms, and the intensity increases with increases in the charging voltage, the duration, and the filament voltage. When the external triggering system is employed, the maximum repetition rate has a value of 50 kHz. Next, the type (c) generator has a high-voltage transformer and produces short x-ray pulses with widths of about 300 ns, and the maximum rate is about 1 kHz. The high-speed radiography was performed using a film-less computed radiography (CR) system, and stop-motion images of objects were obtained.
Quasi-monochromatic parallel flash radiography system utilizing a plane-focus plasma x-ray tube in conjunction with an x-ray lens is described. The x-ray generator employs a high-voltage power supply, a low-impedance coaxial transmission line, a high-voltage condenser with a capacity of about 200 nF, a turbo-molecular pump, a krytron pulse generator as a trigger device, and a flash x-ray tube. The high-voltage main condenser is charged up to 50 kV by the power supply, and the electric charges in the condenser are discharged to the tube after triggering the cathode electrode. The flash x-rays are then produced. The x-ray tube is of a demountable triode that is connected to the turbo molecular pump with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. As the electron flows from the cathode electrode are roughly converged to the target plane by the electric field in the tube, the weakly ionized plasma x-ray source, which consists of copper ions and electrons, forms by the target evaporating. Both the tube voltage and current displayed damped oscillations, and their peak values increased according to increases in the charging voltage. In the present work, the peak tube voltage was almost equal to the initial charging voltage of the main condenser, and the peak current was about 20 kA with a charging voltage of 50 kV. The dimension of x-ray source was almost equal to the target diameter of about 10 mm, and the x-ray pulse widths were less than 1 μs. When the charging voltage was increased, the plasma x-ray source formed, and the characteristic x-ray intensities of K-series lines substantially increased. The quasi-monochromatic x-rays from the plane-focus tube were formed into parallel beam by a polycapillary plate with a hole diameter and a thickness of 25 μm and 1.0 mm, respectively, and quasi-monochromatic radiography was performed by a film-less computed radiography system.
In the plasma flash x-ray generator, high-voltage main condenser of about 200 nF is charged up to 50 kV by a power supply, and electric charges in the condenser are discharged to an x-ray tube after triggering the cathode electrode. The flash x-rays are then produced. The x-ray tube is of a demountable triode that is connected to a turbo molecular pump with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. As electron flows from the cathode electrode are roughly converged to a rod iron target of 3.0 mm in diameter by electric field in the x-ray tube, the weakly ionized linear plasma, which consists of iron ions and electrons, forms by target evaporating. At a charging voltage of 50 kV, the maximum tube voltage was almost equal to the charging voltage of the main condenser, and the peak current was about 20 kA. When the charging voltage was increased, the linear plasma formed, and the K-series characteristic x-ray intensities increased. The x-ray pulse widths were about 800 ns, and the time-integrated x-ray intensity had a value of about 10 μC/kg at 1.0 m from x-ray source with a charging voltage of 50 kV. The plasma x-rays were diffused after passing through two lead slits.
Fundamental study on parallel beam radiography using a polycapillary plate is described. The x-ray generator used in this experiment is NST-1005 made by Sofron Inc. with maximum tube voltage and current of 100kV and 5.0 mA, respectively. In this experiment, the tube voltage was regulated from 20 to 30 kV, and the tube current had a constant value of 4.0 mA. The exposure time is regulated in order to control optimum film density. The polycapillary plate is J5022-21 made by Hamamatsu Photonics, and the outside and effective diameters are 87 and 77 mm, respectively. The thickness and the whole diameter of the polycapillary are 1.0 mm and 25 micrometers , respectively. The x- rays from the tube are formed to parallel beam by the polycapillary, and the radiogram is taken using an industrial x-ray film of Fuji IX 100 without using a screen. In the measurement of image resolution, we employed three brass spacers of 2, 30, and 60 mm in height. By the test chart, the resolution decreased according to increases in the spacer height without using the polycapillary. In contrast, the resolution seldom varied when the polycapillary was employed. In the polycapillary radiography of four tungsten wires, higher-contrast images of 50 micrometers wire were observed, and the line width seldom varied according to increases in the spacer height.
High-intensity quasi-monochromatic x-ray irradiation from the linear plasma target is described. The plasma x-ray generator employs a high-voltage power supply, a low- impedance coaxial transmission line, a high-voltage condenser with a capacity of about 200 nF, a turbo-molecular pump, a thyristor pulse generator as a trigger device, and a flash x-ray tube. The high-voltage main condenser is charged up to 55 kV by the power supply, and the electric charges in the condenser are discharged to the tube after triggering the cathode electrode. The flash x-rays are then produced. The x-ray tube is of a demountable triode that is connected to the turbo molecular pump with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. As the electron flows from the cathode electrode are roughly converged to the molybdenum target by the electric field in the tube, the plasma x-ray source, which consists of metal ions and electrons, forms by the target evaporating. Both the tube voltage and current displayed damped oscillations, and their peak values increased according to increases in the charging voltage. In the present work, the peak tube voltage was almost equal to the initial charging voltage of the main condenser, and the peak current was about 20 kA with a charging voltage of 55 kV. When the charging voltage was increased, the linear plasma x-ray source formed, and the characteristic x-ray intensities of K-series lines increased. The quasi- monochromatic radiography was performed by as new film-less computed radiography system.
The characteristics of a new quasi-x-ray laser generator and its application to polycapillary radiography are described. The generator employs a high-voltage power supply, a low- impedance coaxial transmission line, a high-voltage condenser with a capacity of about 200 nF, a turbo-molecular pump, a thyristor pulse generator as a trigger device, and a new plasma flash x-ray tube. The high-voltage main condenser is charged up to 60 kV by the power supply, and the electric charges in the condenser are discharged to the tube after triggering the cathode electrode. The flash x- rays are then produced. The x-ray tube is of a demountable triode that is connected to the turbo molecular pump with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. As the electron flows from the cathode electrode are roughly converged to the copper target by the electric field in the tube, the plasma x-ray source, which consists of metal ions and electrons, forms by the target evaporating. Both the tube voltage and current displayed damped oscillations, and their peak values increased according to increase in the charging voltage. In the present work, the peak tube voltage was almost equal to the initial charging voltage of the main condenser, and the peak current was about 25 kA with a charging voltage of 60 kV. When the charging voltage was increased, the linear plasma x-ray source formed, and the characteristic x-ray intensities of K-series lines increased. In the radiogrpahy achieved with a computed radiography system, we employed a polycapilary plate with a hole diameter of 20 micrometers and a thickness of 1 mm. The image resolution was primarily determined by the resolution of the CR system and had a value of about 100micrometers .
The radiographic characteristics of the condenser-discharge stroboscopic x-ray generator and its application to high-speed radiography are described. This generator employs a condenser- discharge medical x-ray generator in conjunction with a new grid-control unit and consists of the following major components: a high-voltage control unit, a condenser unit having a Cockcroft circuit, a grid-control unit, a high- voltage grid-control unit, and a rotating-anode x-ray tube unit. The main condenser of about 500 nF in the unit is charged up to 120 kV by the circuit, and the electric charges in the condenser are discharged to the triode by the grid control unit in conjunction with a high-voltage grid-control unit. The high-voltage grid-control unit is employed in order to insulate the negative high-voltage grid and cathode electrodes from the high-speed grid control unit with almost the ground potential. In this generator the anode and cathode electrodes are applied to high-voltages with maximum values of +60 kV and -60 kV, respectively. Although the tube voltage decreased during the discharging for generating x- rays, the maximum value was equivalent to the initial charging voltage of the main condenser. The maximum values of the tube current and the repetition rate were about 0.5 A and 32 kHz, respectively. The pulse width of the x-rays ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 ms, and the maximum shot number had a value of 32. At a constant filament (cathode) temperature, the x-ray intensity increased according to increases in the charging voltage and to increases in the duration, and the maximum intensity with a duration of 1.0 ms and a charging voltage of 100 kV was 0.66 (mu) C/kg at 1.0 m from the x-ray source. The dimensions of the focal spot had values of about 1 X 1 mm, and both the inner and outer triggering for producing pulse x-rays can be employed. The high-speed radiography was primarily performed by the multiple-shot radiography using a new computed radiography (CR) system in conjunction with the computer- display system with an operation system of Windows NT Workstation 4.0.
The radiographic characteristics and the applications of an improved high-photon-energy stroboscopic x-ray generator are described. This generator is primarily designed in order to increase the maximum photon energy of the pulse x-rays and is composed of the following essential components: a thyratron pulse generator, a high-voltage transformer having a ferrite core with a maximum output voltage of 300 kV, a sequence controller, a DC power supply for the cathode (filament), and an x-ray tube. The main condenser of about 50 nF in the thyratron pulse generator is charged up to 15 kV, and the electric charges in the condenser are discharged repetitively to the primary coil of the transformer. Because the high- voltage pulses from the secondary coil are then applied to the x-ray tube, repetitive harder x-rays are produced. The x-ray tube is of a triode having a hot-cathode that is primarily driven at the temperature-limited current region. In this triode, because the grid is connected to the cathode, this tube is driven as a diode. The tube voltage roughly increased in proportion to the charging voltage, and the maximum value was about 300 kV. Thus, the maximum photon energy had a value of about 300 keV. The tube current was primarily regulated by the filament temperature and had values of less than 2 A. The x-ray output displayed almost single pulses, and the width of the first pulse was about 300 ns. The maximum repetition rate was about 1 kHz, and the dimension of the x-ray source had values of about 3.5 X 3.5 mm. The high-speed radiography was primarily performed by both the delayed and the multiple- shot radiographies using a new computed radiography (CR) system.
The radiogprahic characteritics of the condenser-discahrge stroboscopic x-ray genrator and its application to high-speed radiogprahy are described.This gnerator employs a coneser- discharge medical x-ray gnerator in conjunctionwith a new grid-control unit and consists of the following major componets: a high -voltage control unit, a condenser unit having a Cockcroft circuit,a grid-control unit, a high- voltage grid-control unit,a nd a rotating-anode x-ray tube unit.The main condesner of about 500 nF in the unit is charged up to 120 kV by the circuit and the electric charges inthe condene are dischargd to the triode by the grid control unit i9n conjunction with a hgih-voltage grid-control unti The highv-otalgd grid-control unit is employed inorder to insulate the negative hgih-voltage grid and acathode electrods from th ehgihs-peed grid control unit with almost the ground potnetial. Inthis gnerator, th anode and cathode lectrodes ar applied tohigh-voltages with maximumvalues of +60 kV and -60 kV, respectively. Although the tube voltrage decased during the discharging for gnerating x-rays, the maximum vlaue was equivlaent to th eitnital charging vortlag eof th emiain condenser. Th3 amsximu values of the tub ecurrent and the repetiton rat3 awer about 0.5 A and 32 kHz, respectively. The pulse widthof the x-rays ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 ms, and the maximumshot number ahd a vlaue of 32. At a constant filament (cathode) tmerpature,the x-ray intensity incrased accordign to incrases in teh charging voltage and toincrases in the duration and the maximum intensity with a duration of 1.0 ms and a charging voltage of 100 kV awas 0.66 (mu) C/kf at 1.0 m from the -ray source.The dimensiosn sof the focal spot had values of about 1 X 1 mm, and both the inner and outer triggering for produicng pulse c-rays acan be employed. The hgih-speed radiogrpahy was primari9ly performed by temultpe- shot radiogprhay using a new computed radiogprhay (CR) system in conjuctiown tiht ehcomuter-dispaly sysem with an operationsyste of Windows NT Workstation 4.0.
The fundamental study on a soft flash x-ray generator utilizing an ignitron is described. This generator consists of the following essential components: a high-voltage power supply, a high-voltage pulser having an ignitron, an oil diffusion pump, and a flash x-ray tube. The x-ray tube employs a molybdenum anode rod, a pipe-shaped carbon cathode, a polymethylmeth acrylate tube body, and a polyethylene terephthalate x-ray window. The space between the anode and the cathode electrodes (ac space) can be controlled by rotating the anode rod. The high-voltage condenser in the pulser is charged from 40 to 60 kV by the power supply, and the electric charges in the condenser are discharged to the tube by the ignitron through a 2.0 m coaxial cable. Because the maximum anode voltage of the ignitron is 50 kV, a free-air gap switch is employed in order to increase the high-voltage durability. In the present work, the anode electrode is connected to the ground, and the negative high-voltage output is applied to the cathode electrode. The flash x-rays are then produced. The peak cathode voltage and tube current had values of minus 56 kV and 11.5 kA, respectively, with a charging voltage of 60 kV and an ac space of 6.0 mm, and the pulse widths were less than 300 ns.
The fundamental studies for producing plasma flash x rays using three types of generators are described. The flash x-ray generators used in this experiment are as follows: (a) solid-anode radiation tubes in conjunction with a large-capacity condenser of 199 nF, (b) liquid-anode radiation tubes utilizing a combined ceramic condenser of 10.7 nF, and (c) a flash vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) tube having a surface-discharge-glass substrate driven by a polarity- inversion-type transmission line with a condenser capacity of 14.3 nF. The radiation tubes were of the demountable types and were connected to vacuum pumps with pressures of about 1 X 10-3 Pa. Using type (a) and (b) generators, each condenser was charged from 40 to 60 kV by a power supply, and the electric charges in the condenser were discharged to the radiation tube after the triggering. In contrast, when a type (c) generator was employed, the condenser was charged from -20) to -30) kV, and the maximum output voltages of about -1) times the charged voltages were produced after closing a gap switch. Using these generators, the plasma flash x rays were easily generated, and high-intensity soft x rays of about 10 keV were obtained by using a solid-anode radiation tube. In particular, although the K(alpha) satellites were produced when a type (a) generator with a copper anode is employed, the intensities of the spectrum lines including satellites of copper K(alpha) were considered to be amplified by using a double anode (tungsten mounted copper anode).
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