Dr. Herbert Nett Profile

Dr. Herbert Nett

at ESTEC

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Publications (7)

Proceedings Article | 11 June 2021 Open Access

The Copernicus CO2M mission for monitoring anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions from space

Bernd Sierk, Valerie Fernandez, J.-L. Bézy, Y. Meijer, Y. Durand, G. Bazalgette Courrèges-Lacoste, C. Pachot, A. Löscher, H. Nett, K. Minoglou, L. Boucher, R. Windpassinger, A. Pasquet, D. Serre, F. te Hennepe

Proceedings Volume 11852, 118523M (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599613

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The European Space Agency (ESA), in collaboration with the European Commission (EC) and EUMETSAT, is developing a space-borne observing system for quantification of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Forming part of the EC's Copernicus programme, the CO2 monitoring (CO2M) mission will be implemented as a constellation of identical satellites, to be operated over a period > 7 years and measuring CO2 concentration in terms of column-averaged mole fraction (denoted as XCO2). Each satellite will continuously image XCO2 along the satellite track on the sun-illuminated part of the orbit, with a swath width of >250 km. Observations will be provided at a spatial resolution < 2 x 2 km2 near the swath center, with high precision (<0.7 ppm) and accuracy (bias <0.5 ppm). To this end, the payload comprises a suite of instruments addressing the various aspects of the challenging observation requirements: A push-broom imaging spectrometer will perform co-located measurements of top-of-atmosphere radiances in the Near Infrared (NIR) and Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) at high to moderate spectral resolution (NIR: 747-773nm@0.1nm, SWIR-1: 1595-1675nm@0.3nm, SWIR-2: 1990-2095nm@0.35nm). These observations are complemented by measurements in the visible spectral range (405-490 nm@0.6nm), providing vertical column measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) that serve as a tracer to assist the detection of fossil-fuel emission plumes (e.g. from coal-fired power plants and cities). High quality retrievals of XCO2 will be ensured even over polluted industrial regions, thanks to co-located measurements of aerosols performed by a Multiple-Angle Polarimeter (MAP). Finally, measurements of a three-band Cloud Imager, co-registered with the CO2 observations, will provide the required cloud-flagging capacity at sub-sample level (<200m resolution). The presentation will review the results of the Phase A/B1 instrument studies carried out in 2018-2019, including technology pre-development activities, and highlight the identified engineering challenges. The preliminary design of the CO2M mission’s instruments at the beginning of the implementation phase will be presented, along with an outlook on the development activities under the Phase B2CD programme.

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Proceedings Article | 15 September 2020 Paper

The European Copernicus mission for anthropogenic CO2 emission monitoring

Jean-Loup Bézy, Valérie Fernandez, Bernd Sierk, Armin Löscher, Herbert Nett, Yasjka Meijer

Proceedings Volume 11501, 1150103 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2566038

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Clouds, Aerosols, Space operations, Satellite communications, Meteorological satellites, Satellites, Atmospheric monitoring, Spatial resolution

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As part of the European Copernicus Programme, the European Commission (EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA) together with the support of Eumetsat and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are initiating the development of operational satellites for measurements of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The CO₂ Monitoring (CO2M) mission shall provide atmospheric CO₂ measurements at 4 km² spatial resolution and a precision and systematic error better than 0.7 ppm and 0.5 ppm respectively in column-average dry-air mole fractions of CO₂ (XCO₂). The demanding requirements necessitate a payload composed of several instruments, which simultaneously perform co-located measurements. The main CO₂ instrument is a 250 km swath pushbroom imaging spectrometer allowing to retrieve XCO₂ from reflectance measurements in the Near-Infrared (747-773 nm) and Short-Wave Infrared spectral regions (1590-1675 nm and 1990-2095 nm). The observations for CO₂ concentration will be complemented by measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) columns over the same area. The NO₂ measurements from the visible region (405-490 nm) will serve as a tracer for plumes of CO₂ emission resulting from high temperature combustion, which will facilitate plume identification and mapping from (fossil fuel) power plants and large cities. The third component of the payload is a multiple-angle polarimeter, performing high-precision measurements of aerosol (and cloud) properties. Its measurements of polarized radiance under various observation angles will allow a precise light path correction. The resulting improved knowledge of the effective optical path due to scattering will reduce XCO₂ bias error. Retrievals will be successful not only under clear sky conditions, but also under moderate aerosols loading and hence significantly increase the yield of useful XCO₂ retrievals. The strong sensitivity of the XCO₂ retrieval to cloud contamination calls also for a cloud-imager capable of detecting small tropospheric clouds and cirrus cover with an accuracy of 1% to 5% and with a sampling better than 400 m.

Proceedings Article | 3 April 2018 Open Access

The ENVISAT Michelson interferometar for passive atmospheric sounding: MIPAS

Martin Endemann, Philippe Garé, Herbert Nett, Jörg Langen, David Smith, Karl Hoerning, Roland Gessner

Proceedings Volume 10570, 105700G (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2326450

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric optics, Astronomical imaging

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Proceedings Article | 30 November 2017 Paper

A submillimeter-wave sensor for trace gas studies in the middle atmosphere

H. Nett

Proceedings Volume 2104, 21048Q (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2298746

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Optical filters, Ozone, Spectroscopy, Sensors, Atmospheric sensing, Atmospheric chemistry, Field effect transistors, Chemistry, Radiometry

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Proceedings Article | 12 December 2001 Paper

MIPAS onboard ENVISAT: preparations for in-flight commissioning and calibration

Roland Gessner, David Smith, Peter Mosner, Martin Endemann, Herbert Nett, Alistair O'Connell

Proceedings Volume 4540, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450648

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Data acquisition, Spectral calibration, Atmospheric chemistry, Stars, Earth's atmosphere, Sensors, Interferometers, Mirrors, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 12 February 1993 Paper

Detection of stratospheric minor constituents using an airborne submillimeter-wave sensor

Herbert Nett, Susanne Crewell, Paul Hartogh, Klaus Kuenzi

Proceedings Volume 1715, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140224

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric chemistry, Receivers, Atmospheric optics, Spectroscopy, Optical filters, Sensors, Solids, Ozone, Spectral resolution, Oscillators

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Proceedings Article | 1 October 1991 Paper

A 625 - 650 GHz heterodyne receiver for airborne operation

H. Nett

Proceedings Volume 1576, 15766F (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2297944

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Heterodyning, Ozone, Oscillators, Atmospheric chemistry, Spectroscopy, Single sideband modulation, Optical filters, Atmospheric modeling, Spectroscopic atmospheric monitoring techniques

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