Isolated and dense patterns were formed at process layers from gate through to back-end on wafers using a 90 nm logic device process utilizing ArF lithography under various lithography conditions. Pattern placement errors (PPE) between AIM grating and BiB marks were characterized for line widths varying from 1000nm to 140nm. As pattern size was reduced, overlay discrepancies became larger, a tendency which was confirmed by optical simulation with simple coma aberration. Furthermore, incorporating such small patterns into conventional marks resulted in significant degradation in metrology performance while performance on small pattern segmented grating marks was excellent. Finally, the data also show good correlation between the grating mark and specialized design rule feature SEM
marks, with poorer correlation between conventional mark and SEM mark confirming that new grating mark significantly improves overlay metrology correlation with device patterns.
Overlay metrology for production line-monitor and advanced process control (APC) has been dominated by 4-corner box-in-box (BiB) methods for many years. As we proceed following the ITRS roadmap with the development of 65 nm technologies and beyond, it becomes apparent that current overlay methodologies are becoming inadequate for the stringent requirements that lie ahead. It is already apparent that kerf metrology of large scale BiB structures does not
correlate well with in-chip design-rule features. The recent introduction of the Advanced Imaging Metrology (AIM) target, utilizing increased information content and advanced design and process compatibility, has demonstrated significant improvements in precision and overlay mark fidelity (OMF) in advanced processes. This paper compares methodologies and strategies for addressing cross-field variation of overlay and pattern placement issues. We compare the trade-offs of run-time intra-field sampling plans and the use of off-line lithography characterization and advanced
modeling analysis, and propose new methodologies to address advanced overlay metrology and control.
We have previously reported on an overlay metrology simulation platform, used for modeling both the effects of overlay metrology tool behavior and the impact of target design on the ultimate metrology performance. Since our last report, the simulation platform has been further enhanced, consisting now of eleven PCs and running commercial software both for lithography (PROLITH) and rigorous Maxwell calculations (EM-Suite). In this paper we report on the validation of the metrology simulations by comparing them to both analytical calculations and to experimental results. The analytical validation is based on the classical calculation of the diffraction of a polarized plane wave from a perfectly conducting half plane. For the experimental validation, we chose an etched silicon wafer manufactured by International SEMATECH (ISMT) and characterized at National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST). The advantages of this wafer are its well known topography and its suite of different metrology targets. A good fit to both analytical and experimental results is demonstrated, attesting to the capabilities of our enhanced simulation platform. The results for both the analytical and experimental validations are presented.
In this publication we introduce a new metric for process robustness of overlay metrology in microelectronic manufacturing. By straightforward statistical analysis of overlay metrology measurements on an array of adjacent, nominally identical overlay targets the Overlay Mark Fidelity (OMF) can be estimated. We present the results of such measurements and analysis on various marks, which were patterned using a DUV scanner. The same reticle set was used to pattern wafers on different process layers and process conditions. By appropriate statistical analysis, the breakdown of the total OMF into a reticle-induced OMF component and a process induced OMF component was facilitated. We compare the OMF of traditional box-in-box overlay marks with that of new gratingbased overlay marks and show that in all cases the grating marks are superior. The reticle related OMF showed an improvement of 30 % when using the new grating-based overlay mark. Furthermore, in a series of wafers run through an STI-process with different Chemical Mechanical Polish (CMP) times, the random component of the OMF of the new grating-based overlay mark was observed to be 40% lower and 50% less sensitive to process variation compared with Box in Box marks. These two observations are interpreted as improved process robustness of the grating mark over box in box, specifically in terms of reduced site by site variations and reduced wafer to wafer variations as process conditions change over time. Overlay Mark Fidelity, as defined in this publication, is a source of overlay metrology uncertainty, which is statistically independent of the standard error contributors, i.e. precision, TIS variability, and tool to tool matching. Current overlay metrology budgeting practices do not take this into consideration when calculating total measurement uncertainty (TMU). It is proposed that this be reconsidered, given the tightness of overlay and overlay metrology budgets at the 70 nm design rule node and below.
The preparation and optical characterization of a novel PPV derivative displaying reversible tunable photophysical and electrophysical properties, poly-(5-vinylene-5'- (vinylene-1,4-phenylene)-2,2'-bipyridine), p-BVP, (1), is reported and its application in the preparation of tunable organic electroluminescent devices is described. The photophysical properties of the new polymer, such as its absorption, emission and electroluminescence are sensitive to the present of even minute traces of vapors of different acids and bases such as ammonia, formic acid and haloacids. The acid/base vapor induced optical changes are reversible and can be repeated many times without any significant degradation of the optical and mechanical properties of the films. Intermediate spectra can be generated simply by controlling the exposure time of the films to acidic or basic vapors. Similar effects were observed for two other polymers, poly-(5-vinylene-5'-tri(vinylene-1,4- phenylene)-2,2'-bipyridine), p-BTVP, (2), and its random analog p-BRTVP, (3). The tunability of the photo- and electrophysical properties of the polymers originates probably from structures changes associated with protonation-deprotonation processes and aggregation phenomena.
We have studied the electroabsorption (EA) of self-assembled organic heterostructures (PPV/SPS)n consisting of alternate layers of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) and `spacer' layers of poly(styrene-4-sulfonate), SPS. The heterostructures were prepared utilizing a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique using the precursor pre-polymer, followed by heat treatment to convert the pre-polymer into the conjugated polymer. For comparison, we have also studied the electroabsorption of a device made of spin-coated PPV. The thickness of the spacer layer, as determined by X-ray reflectivity, is varied from approximately equals 5 angstroms to 45 angstroms where the average thickness of the active PPV layers are maintained coarsely constant, 16 +/- 3 angstroms for the ten layers of each device. In all our measurements here the applied electric field is perpendicular to the plane of the films. The EA spectra of self-assembled films is significantly blue-shifted with increasing thickness of the spacer in the bilayers. The spectral width of the main peak in the EA spectrum for all the heterostructures is significantly broadened with respect to that of the spin- coated PPV, but it is almost independent of the spacer thickness. It exhibits a quadratic dependence on the applied electric field but no spectral shift with increasing field strength. The blue shift of the EA spectra is consistent with the blue shift in the absorption spectra as demonstrated in this work and in previous studies. The EA results, and particularly the blue-shifted spectra in the self-assembled films, are tentatively attributed to confinement effects, reduction of the PPV centrosymmetry and to an increase of the in-plane disorder of the active PPV layers.
We have studied acceptor substituted poly(3-butyl)thiophene in an attempt to examine the role of acceptor molecules as intrinsic charge traps under light excitations by measuring the transient photoconductivity response following pulse excitation. The specially synthesized acceptor molecule is a chemically prepared high electron affinity (HEA) monomer, 1- (4-nitrophenyl)-2-(3-thienyl) ethene. In the co-polymers prepared with this acceptor monomer we have observed a simultaneous decrease of the sub-nanosecond photoconductivity and increase of the slow component is attributed to a bimolecular recombination process. A new photoinduced current rectifier based on an all-organic donor-acceptor bilayer substituted polythiophene derivative is described. Under visible and UV illumination, a p-n junction is formed leading to current rectification. Maximum photo-rectified current is obtained at approximately 400 nm, with a sharp decrease at shorter wavelengths. This sharp decrease indicates that photons with energy higher than 3.1 eV quench the light activation of this bilayer device.
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