The controlled delivery of nanomaterials to the plasma membrane is critical for the development of nanoscale probes that can eventually enable cellular imaging and analysis of membrane processes. Chief among the requisite criteria are delivery/targeting modalities that result in the long-term residence (e.g., days) of the nanoparticles on the plasma membrane while simultaneously not interfering with regular cellular physiology and homeostasis. Our laboratory has developed a suite of peptidyl motifs that target semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots (QDs) to the plasma membrane where they remain resident for up to three days. Notably, only small a percentage of the QDs are endocytosed over this time course and cellular viability is maintained. This talk will highlight the utility of these peptide-QD constructs for cellular imaging and analysis.
For nanomaterials to realize their full potential in disease diagnosis and drug delivery applications, one must be able to
exert fine control over their cellular delivery, localization and long-term fate in biological systems. Our laboratory has
been active in developing methodologies for the controlled and site-specific delivery of a range of nanomaterials (e.g.,
quantum dots, colloidal gold, nematic liquid crystals) for cellular labeling, imaging and sensing. This talk will highlight
several examples from these efforts and will demonstrate the use of peptide- and protein-mediated facilitated delivery of
nanomaterials to discrete cellular locations including the endocytic pathway, the plasma membrane and the cellular
cytosol. The implications of the ability to exert fine control over nanomaterial constructs in biological settings will be
discussed with a particular focus on their use in nanoparticle-based theranostics.
Currently there is considerable interest in using bioconjugated nanoparticles for in vivo imaging, biosensing and
theranostics. Luminescent CdSe/ZnS core shell semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have unique optical properties
and bioconjugation capabilities that make them ideal prototypes for these purposes. We have previously described
the metal-affinity association between the imidazole groups of terminal hexahistidine residues of peptides and
proteins and the ZnS shell of quantum dots as a useful bioconjugation technique. We have also demonstrated that
QDs labeled with an oligohistidine-tagged cell penetrating peptide (CPP) derived from the HIV TAT-protein could
undergo specific endocytosis-mediated cellular uptake in both HEK293T/17 and COS-1 cells. However, the QDs
were predominantly sequestered in the endosomes. This remains a significant hindrance to future potential cellular
imaging applications which require the QDs to access other subcellular organelles. Here we describe the testing of
several cytosolic QD delivery modalities including microinjection, the commercial cytosolic delivery agent PULSin,
and the cytosolic delivery peptide Palm-1. Palm-1, a palmitylated peptide that is capable of both cellular uptake and
rapid endosomal escape in multiple cell lines without concomitant toxicity, is shown to be the superior method for
cytosolic delivery of QDs. Potential intracellular applications for this peptide are discussed.
KEYWORDS: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Energy transfer, Quantum efficiency, DNA photonics, Quantum dots, Energy efficiency, Quenching (fluorescence), Composites, Chromophores, Absorption
We demonstrate Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) through DNA photonic wires self-assembled around a
central CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dot (QD). The central QD acts as a nanoscaffold and FRET donor to a
series of acceptor dyes along a DNA strand. By utilizing a DNA intercalating dye, altering the location of the dyes
and using a series of increasingly red-shifted dyes along the DNA, we are able to track the efficiency of energy
transfer through the DNA photonic structure via steady-state spectroscopy. Data suggests that limiting factors for
efficient energy transfer are the sub-obtimal photophysical properties of acceptor dyes, including low quantum yields.
These issues may be addressed with improved configurations of QDs, DNA and dyes. The development of biophotonic wire assemblies utilizing the superior photophysical properties of QDs will have widespread application
in nanotechnology.
Luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) possess several unique optical and spectroscopic properties including
high quantum yields, broad absorption spectra coupled to narrow symmetric, size-tunable emissions allowing large
achievable Stokes shifts, and exceptional resistance to photo- and chemical degradation. These properties make QDs
unique enabling materials for the development of the next generation of highly efficient biosensors for health security
applications, particularly within the context of living and fixed cells. Paramount in this developmental process is
addressing the biocompatibility of the QD materials. We are developing robust and facile delivery schemes for the
selective intracellular delivery of QD-based nanoassemblies. These schemes are based upon the self-assembly and
subsequent cellular uptake of QD-peptide and QD-polymer bioconjugates. Cellular delivery experiments utilizing both
delivery schemes will be presented. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be discussed, including
the intracellular fate and stability of the QD-nanoassemblies.
To realize their full potential as intracellular imaging and sensing reagents, robust and efficient methods for the targeted
cellular delivery of luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) must be developed. We have previously shown
that QDs decorated with histidine-terminated polyarginine cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are rapidly and specifically
internalized via endocytosis by several mammalian cell lines with no cytotoxicity. Here we demonstrate the long-term
intracellular stability and fate of these QD-peptide conjugates. We found that the QD-peptide conjugates remain
sequestered within endolysosomal vesicles for up to three days after delivery. However, the CPP appeared to remain
stably associated with the QD within these acidic vesicles over this time period. Hence, we explored a number of
techniques to either actively deliver QDs directly to the cytosol or to facilitate the endosomal release of endocytosed
QDs to the cytosol. Active methods (e.g., electroporation) delivered only modest amounts of QDs to the cytosol that
appeared to form aggregates. Delivery of QDs using polymer-based transfection reagents resulted primarily in the
endosomal sequestration of the QDs, although one commercial polymer tested delivered QDs to the cytosol but only
after several days in culture and with a considerable degree of polymer-induced toxicity. Finally, a modular,
amphiphilic peptide containing functionalities designed for cell penetration and vesicular membrane interaction
demonstrated the ability to deliver QDs in a well-dispersed manner to the cytosol. This peptide mediated rapid QD
uptake followed by a slower efficient endosomal release of the QDs to the cytosol that peaked at 48 hours post-delivery.
Importantly, this QD-peptide conjugate elicited minimal cytotoxicity in two cell lines tested. A more detailed
understanding of the mechanism of the peptide's uptake and endosomal escape attributes will lead to the design of
further QD conjugates for targeted imaging and sensing applications.
Luminescent colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have unique optical and photonic properties and are highly
sensitive to charge transfer in their surrounding environment. In this study we used synthetic peptides as physical
bridges between CdSe-ZnS core-shell QDs and some of the most common redox-active metal complexes to understand
the charge transfer interactions between the metal complexes and QDs. We found that QD emission underwent
quenching that was highly dependent on the choice of metal complex used. We also found that quenching traces the
valence or number of metal complexes brought into close proximity of the nanocrystal surface. Monitoring of the QD
absorption bleaching in the presence of the metal complex provided insight into the charge transfer mechanism. The data
suggest that two distinct charge transfer mechanisms can take place. One directly to the QD core states for neutral
capping ligands and a second to surface states for negatively charged capping ligands. A basic understanding of the
proximity driven charge-transfer and quenching interactions allowed us to construct proteolytic enzyme sensing
assemblies with the QD-peptide-metal complex conjugates.
One of the most prominent research areas in nanotechnology is the development of nanoparticle systems for biomedical
applications. This is founded upon the expectation that such species could ultimately be imbued with multiple
simultaneous functions, such as the presentation of a therapeutic payload or diagnostic sensor for in vivo trafficking to
desired cell types. In recent years, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been actively explored as novel display
systems, because of their unique photophysical properties. Using an aniline-mediated hydrazone coupling, a
polyhisitidine-appended peptide was derivatized with a DNA strand and successfully self-assembled to QDs, yielding
nanoparticles displaying up to approximately 15 peptide/DNA conjugates. This ligation method is a viable chemistry for
displaying biomolecules, because of the orthogonality of the ketone and hydrazine moieties to most biological
functionality and the reaction can be performed under mild conditions in aqueous media. The modified QDs were
further characterized by gel electrophoresis, and microarray studies; showing the self-assembly was successful and the
DNA strands were still available for hybridization with a complement sequence.
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