In this conference paper we experimentally demonstrate the generation of Radial-order Laguerre-Gaussian (LGpl) modes of radial-order p and azimuthal order l = 0, using intracavity beam shaping technique. An amplitude mask encoded on digital holograms, and displayed on a spatial light modulator, acts as an end-mirror of the resonator (SLM). The digital holograms contained absorbing rings that matched the zeros of the desired Laguerre-Gaussian mode. We demonstrated the generation of LGp0, for p = 0 to p = 3, by using full circular absorbing rings and incomplete circular absorbing rings. We are illustrating the advantages associated using incomplete circular absorbing rings. We also observed that the laser resonator will have a lower threshold, while at the same time maintain the same laser characteristics.
Higher-order Laguerre–Gaussian beams with zero radial index and nonzero azimuthal index are known to carry orbital angular momentum (OAM), and they are routinely created external and internal to laser cavities. Previous reports on the generation of such modes from laser cavities suffer from inconclusive evidence of the real electromagnetic field. In this paper we demonstrate a simple method of selectively generating higher-order doughnut modes using a digital laser and we show that an observed doughnut beam from a laser cavity may not be a pure Laguerre–Gaussian azimuthal mode but can be an incoherent sum of petal modes, which do not carry OAM. We also demonstrate a method that could be used for future analysis of such fields from laser resonators.
In this paper we experimentally demonstrate intra-cavity selective excitation of Higher-Order Laguerre–Gaussian modes with nonzero radial index and zero azimuthal index using a simple absorbing ring implemented on a digital laser. We show selective excitation of modes with radial order of zero to five using a non-segment absorbing rings. We then reduce the losses of the cavity that is associated with the absorbing ring by cutting the rings into segments. We then experimentally demonstrate that excited modes using half-circular segmented absorbing rings have a lower threshold compared to using a full ring while at the same time maintaining mode volume, purity and slope efficient of the laser.
Monolithic microchip lasers consist of a thin slice of laser crystal where the cavity mirrors are deposited directly onto the end faces. While this property makes such lasers very compact and robust, it prohibits the use of intracavity laser beam shaping techniques to produce complex light fields. We overcome this limitation and demonstrate the selection of complex light fields in the form of vector-vortex beams directly from a monolithic microchip laser. We employ pump reshaping and a thermal gradient across the crystal surface to control both the intensity and polarization profile of the output mode. In particular, we show laser oscillation on a superposition of Laguerre–Gaussian modes of zero radial and nonzero azimuthal index in both the scalar and vector regimes. Such complex light fields created directly from the source could find applications in fiber injection, materials processing and in simulating quantum processes.
Let us consider the family of symmetrical Laguerre-Gaus modes of zero azimuthal order which will be denoted as LGp0 . The latter is made up of central lobe surrounded by p concentric rings of light. The fundamental mode LG00 is a Gaussian beam of width W. The focusing of a LGp0 beam of power P by a converging lens of focal length f produces a focal spot keeping the LGp0 -shape and having a central intensity I0= 2PW2/(λf)2 whatever the value of the radial order p. Many applications of lasers (laser marking, laser ablation, …) seek nowadays for a focal laser spot with the highest as possible intensity. For a given power P, increasing intensity I0 can be achieved by increasing W and reducing the focal length f. However, this way of doing is in fact limited because the ratio W/f cannot increase indefinitely at the risk of introducing a huge truncation upon the edge of the lens. In fact, it is possible to produce a single-lobed focal spot with a central intensity of about p times the intensity I0. This result has been obtained by reshaping (rectification) a LGp0 beam thanks to a proper Binary Diffractive Optical Element (BDOE). In addition, forcing a laser cavity to oscillate upon a LGp0 can improve the power extract due to a mode volume increasing with the mode order p. This could allow envisaging an economy of scale in term of laser pumping power for producing a given intensity I0. In addition, we have demonstrated that a rectified LGp0 beam better stand the lens spherical aberration than the usual Gaussian beam.
A great number of laser applications need in place of the usual Gaussian beam a flat-top intensity profile in the focal plane of a focusing lens. In general the transformation of the laser beam from the Gaussian to the flat-top shape is made by a diffractive beam shaping technique. It is worthwhile to note that this transformation occurs in the vicinity of the focal plane. If a flat top laser beam keeping its shape during propagation is needed then this can be obtained by a weighted incoherent mixing of LG00 and LG01 eigenmodes. Here, we consider the generation of these two transverse modes by a solid-state laser axially pumped by a laser diode. The idea is to design the laser cavity so as to make identical the losses of LG00 and LG01 modes. To reach this objective we have used two techniques. The first one called as diffractive lies to insert an adequate amplitude mask inside the cavity. The second one called as interferometric consisted to couple the laser to an external cavity. It is important to note that LG00 and LG01 modes are not spatially in concurrence, i.e. the peak of the LG00 appears in the dip of the LG01 mode. As a result, the energy extraction from the amplifying medium is improved increasing thus the laser slope efficiency. Theory and experimental verifications have been done for the diffractive and interferometric techniques allowing the generation of a flat-top laser beam keeping its shape from the near-field to the far-field.
Many commercial laser systems deliver a beam having a Gaussian intensity profile, however, numerous applications
require other intensity profiles (top-hat, hollow beam, Bessel beam,…) which are in general obtained by converting the
standard Gaussian beam (GB) through transparent diffractive optical elements (DOE). Laser beam shaping (LBS) by use
of DOE’s is a topic that has been intensively developed over a long time whether the DOE is programmable or
unprogrammable. Although, DOE's are a great help to many LBS problems they have an inherent drawback which is a
relatively high cost. Recently, we have experimentally demonstrated the LBS ability resulting from the coaxial
superposition of two CW coherent Gaussian beams. This technique is classified under interferometric LBS techniques
contrasting with the usual ones based on diffraction. In particular, we demonstrate the reshaping of a Gaussian beam into
a bottle beam or flat-top beam in the focal plane of a focusing lens.
The detection of a transparent object is a technical challenge since phase objects yield only poor contrast if they are imaged on an intensity basis. For performing quantitative measurement the image contrast has to be enhanced. For that, we can exploit additional information on phase or polarisation modifications of the laser probe beam (LPB) crossing through the phase object. We propose a simple method for determining the size of a transparent object based on the reshaping of a laser probe beam which is initially Gaussian in shape. For a given ratio between the size of the incident beam and that of the phase object, the diffracted laser probe beam is transformed in the far-field region into a hollow beam. The detection of the intensity dip in the beam centre is made with a simple photodiode. In practice, the spatial reshaping of the LPB is monitored through the resulting changes in the power transmitted by a pinhole and a stop (opaque disk) set in the far-field of the phase object under study. For convenience, the latter in the experiment is realised by a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM: Holoeye Pluto-NIR). We have considered the influence of various parameters which are the lateral and longitudinal sizes of the phase object, and the pinhole and the stop distances from the phase object under study. The experiment has demonstrated the feasibility of our method and can be extended for the detection of microscopic phase objects. The potential of the proposed technique for quantifying the nanoscale change of the phase object under study could be very useful to study the morphology dynamics of living cells membrane which represents the biophysical properties and health state of the cell.
We report the development of a new device able to record an optical wavefront with an improved sensitivity and without resorting to any reconstruction technique such as Zernike polynomial decomposition. A direct comparison with a standard Shack-Hartmann sensor is performed within the field of Z-scan-like experiments. It is also shown using computer-generated holograms that our device is suitable for characterizing phase discontinuities or sharp phase variations.
In this paper we experimentally demonstrate a simple laser cavity that produces spatial tuneable laser modes from a Gaussian beam to a Flat-top beam and a Donut-beam. The laser cavity contains an opaque ring and an adjustable circular aperture that could be varied and thus allows for tuneability of the cavity without it being realigned. A digital laser with an intra-cavity spatial light modulator is used to demonstrate and confirm the predicated properties of the resonator.
We explore an interferometric beam shaping technique that considers the coaxial superposition of two Gaussian beams. This technique is traditionally implemented in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer; however, to avoid phase shift drift due to vibrations and thermal effects we employ amplitude and phase modulation with a spatial light modulator (SLM) to achieve the beam shaping. We consider two Gaussian beams of equal but opposite curvature that possess the same phase and width incident on a focusing lens. At the plane of the lens we obtain a multi-ringed beam with a central intensity maximum which develops into a multi-ringed beam with a central null at the focal plane of the lens. The interesting feature of this beam is that it possesses two focal spots on either side of the focal plane of the lens. We investigate obstructing the beam at the focal plane of the lens and by carefully selecting the free parameters we obtain an unobstructed second focus while the equivalent Gaussian beam is sufficiently obstructed.
In this paper we experimentally demonstrate the intra-cavity generation of selected higher-order Laguerre-Gaussian
modes using a simple absorbing ring. First, we show selection of modes of variable radial order, from zero to five, with
zero azimuthal order. Second, we select super-positions of azimuthal modes of zero radial order but high azimuthal
index, up to eleven. In all cases we demonstrate high mode purity and a gain volume proportional to the order of the
mode. Our results suggest a possible route to high-brightness diode-pumped solid-state laser sources.
Many applications of lasers seek nowadays for focal spots whose corresponding volume is getting smaller and smaller in order to ensure high spatial resolution. This problem, studied by many research groups around the world, is the core of this research work which deals with controlling the focal volume of a focused laser beam. Indeed, our objective is to develop a new method based on spatial treatment of laser beams, allowing to solve, in an original and efficient manner, two fundamental issues that have not been treated satisfactorily yet, i.e. :
(i) The generation of a special laser beam, which has the ability to produce a focal volume smaller than the one resulting from a more common Gaussian beam, when focused by an ordinary lens. The expected reduction factor of the focal volume is in the order of several hundreds, when the existing methods do not exceed few tenths.
(ii) The decoupling between transversal and longitudinal resolutions within the focal volume, contrary to Gaussian beams whose depth of field is proportional to the square of its beam-waist radius. The method that it is developed is based on two steps: First, the laser is forced to oscillate on a high-order but single transversal mode TEMp0, which is secondly spatially beam-shaped thanks a proper Diffractive Optical Element (DOE) that allocates the super-resolution
feature².
A variant of the Fox & Li method performing intra-cavity laser beam shaping for resonators containing an arbitrary number of amplitude and phase diffractive optics is presented. As an illustration, the problem of forcing a laser to oscillate on a single high-order transverse mode has been considered. In particular, from numerical simulation, we deduce a simple model for generating such modes with a pi-phase plate inserted into a plano-concave cavity. This model
has been tested experimentally within an active cavity with a diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser and an excellent agreement with numerical predictions has been found: a phase aperture located quite close to the concave mirror, and whose normalized radius κ is so that 2κ2 corresponds to a zero of the desired p-order Laguerre polynomial, was sufficient to generate single cylindrical TEMp0 modes (p = 1, 2, 3) as long as its radius is correctly chosen. The laser based on the optimized features was perfectly stable, whatever the order of the generated mode.
In this paper we explore vortex beams and in particular the generation of single LG0l modes and superpositions thereof.
Vortex beams carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) and this intrinsic property makes them prevalent in transferring
this OAM to matter and to be used in quantum information processing. We explore an extra-cavity and intra-cavity
approach in LG0l mode generation respectively. The outputs of a Porro-prism resonator are represented by "petals" and
we show that through a full modal decomposition, the "petal" fields are a superposition of two LG0l modes.
A method of decomposing a dual-directional laser beam into a forward propagating field and a backward propagating
field for an apertured plano-concave cavity is presented. An intra-cavity aperture is a simple method of laser beam
shaping as higher-order transverse modes are discriminated. Two fundamental resonator theories, namely, Fox-Li and
Laguerre-Gaussian decomposition are used in the determination of the respective beam profiles at a specific plane. A
preliminary set-up is characterized for Gaussian propagation in an attempt to verify that the cavity is viable. A
comparison of experimental data with the theories is presented.
An experimental approach in generating Petal-like transverse modes, which are similar to what is seen in porro-prism
resonators, has been successfully demonstrated. We hypothesize that the petal-like structures are generated from a
coherent superposition of Laguerre-Gaussian modes of zero radial order and opposite azimuthal order. To verify this
hypothesis, visually based comparisons such as petal peak to peak diameter and the angle between adjacent petals are
drawn between experimental data and simulated data. The beam quality factor of the Petal-like transverse modes and an
inner product interaction is also experimentally compared to numerical results.
We consider the promising properties of very simple Diffractive Optical Elements (DOE) for reshaping the intensity profile of a
laser beam. The first type of DOE that we have considered is a phase aperture which consists in a transparent plate with a circular
relief introducing a π phase shift in the central region of the incident beam. The phase aperture is able to convert a Gaussian beam
into a super-Gaussian, a ring-shaped or a doughnut profile. The second DOE that has been considered is a phase step which is
able to transform a TEM00 beam into a TEM10 or TEM01 beam depending on its orientation. These beams have been used to
generate radial polarization.
One of the most successful experimental technique for determining nonlinear properties of optical materials is the Z-scan
technique. Interaction between a high intensity beam with a Kerr medium gives rise to a lensing effect that implies
focusing or defocusing of the beam which is transformed into transmittance variations of a diaphragm set in the far-field.
In other words, one can consider Z-scan technique as a diagnostic of beam divergence variations and its ultimate
sensitivity depends on the smallest transmittance change that can be measured. In this paper we propose a new technique
allowing to multiply the sensitivity of the Z-scan technique by a factor greater than one hundred. The basic idea is to
"amplify" the divergence variation, by a Diffractive Optical Element.
Quality evaluation of a laser beam is a subject of interest to both designers and users of lasers. A well known method is
to measure the M2 second-moment from the longitudinal evolution of beam width determined from intensity profile
monitored by a CCD camera. This standard procedure is time consuming, and costly. It is therefore difficult to be
implemented for checking, for instance, each VCSEL diode moving out of the assembly line of a high volume
production factory. In this paper, we propose an alternative fast method allowing to separate single transverse mode from
multiple transverse modes oscillation. This method is based on an electronic analysis (locking amplifier) of the local
slope of the output laser characteristic, i.e. laser output power versus pumping intensity. The only optoelectronics
component used is a cheap photodiode with a large sensitive area (active diameter 5mm) for measuring the laser output
power. Correlation between M2 and local slope variations, as the pumping intensity is increased, has been experimentally
demonstrated with different lasers : Nd:YVO4 and VCSEL.
We demonstrate that insertion of a simple diffractive optical element in the cavity of a self-Q-switched Cr3+ : LiSAF laser can speed up its dynamics so that the laser output pulse is shortened and its energy is increased.
We present the promising properties of a very simple binary Diffractive Optical element which is a phase slit. The latter is made up of two plates of glass in which a phase step has been produced with ion-etching equipment. The two phase steps are set parallel and are able to slide each on the other so that the width of the phase shifting zone is continuously adjustable. The adjustable phase slit has been used for 1-D laser beam tailoring in which the key parameters that govern the shape of the far-field intensity distribution is the phase step height and the ratio of incident beam and slit widths. The phase slit is able to convert a Gaussian beam into a super-Gaussian or a hollow profile having a central depression whose depth can be continuously adjusted.
An experiment has been performed to analyse a nonlinear lensing effect in a flashlamp pumped Cr3+:LiSAF laser which has been found to be adiverging lensing effect. The latter is due to the refrctive index change which is assumed to be proportional to the excited ion population. The corresponding constant of proportionality has been measured from the time variation of the laser pulses far-field divergence.
Beam propagation factor (usually referred to as M2 factor) and brightness of high-order symmetrical Laguerre Gauss (LG) beams that diffract upon a hard-aperture are investigated. We demonstrate that a circular aperture is able to decrease the M2 factor of a high-order symmetrical LG beam and also to enhance its brightness although induced losses.
We present the promising single- and multi-pass properties of a very simple Diffractive Optical Element which is a phase aperture. The latter is a two-level transparent phase-plate with a phase discontinuity of magnitude π. In the single-pass case the phase aperture can be used for laser beam tailoring. It is able to convert a Gaussian beam into a super-Gaussian, a ring-shaped or a doughnut profile, and an elliptic into a circular beam. In the multi-pass case the phase aperture is inserted inside an optical laser cavity in order to enhance some of its properties: transverse mode discrimination and fundamental mode volume.
Far-Field non-gaussian fundamental transverse modes have been obtained in CW end-pumped Nd:YVO4 microchip laser for particular cavity lengths. Such profiles appear at threshold and are not distorted when pump power increases but they strongly depend on the pump to mode size ratio. An implemented theoretical model qualitatively reproduces these transverse profiles. It is based on the hypothesis of diffraction effects of the resonant intra-cavity field on a Gaussian gain profile. Dependence of the pump to mode size ratio on such profiles will be also theoretically explained.
We consider the output of a longitudinally pumped heavily doped Er:Yb:phosphate glass laser. We experimentally observe that the characteristic curve output-versus-input is not linear and exhibits bistability. A theoretical approach, based on a thermal lensing effect that is different depending on whether the laser is ON or OFF and on the overlapping mismatch between the pump and the laser spot sizes, provides an excellent description of the experimental results.
The coupling of an external cavity to a laser induces effects that are generally modeled by a plane wave treatment, even though laser optics is rather based on beams having a finite lateral extent. We demonstrate that a Fabry- Perot interferometer acts like an apertured mirror in the sense that its reflectivity can be higher for the TEM00 mode than for the TEM01 mode. We consider the single- frequency and multi-frequency cases.
We propose a new method for transforming an elliptic Gaussian beam, in the near-field, into a circular Gaussian beam in the far field using a very simple diffractive optical element which is a phase slit. We show that a circular Gaussian beam can be transformed into a flat-top profile, a doughnut profile or a ring-shaped profile.
We present a theoretical study of the influence of the direct coupling of the average lattice strains to the active ions on the behavior of a Cr3+:LiSAF gain switching laser. It is found that the resulting nonlinear time- dependent lensing effect combined with an internal hard aperture behaves as a saturable absorber. A resulting self- Q-switching is observed from the calculated laser pulses.
A linear stability analysis of the laser-Lorentz equations taking into account local field correction is presented. It is demonstrated that this correction lowers the instability threshold for negative detunings. In addition, we determine the criteria for which the instability occurs.
Experimental results on the realization of microlasers at 1.05 micrometers with Nd-doped ZBLAN spheres are described. A microwave plasma torch process was developed to produce spheres with very low ellipticities. Laser oscillation was obtained using properties of whispering gallery modes. These modes were excited with an evanescence wave coupling which provided a low threshold and an oscillation with only few modes.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.