The use of lasers in many industrial or medical applications often requires the delivery of laser radiation from the laser system to the place of an exposure. One of the radiation transfer possibilities is the delivery of its by hollow glass waveguide. The fundamental advantage of this delivery media is the absence of the material through which the laser radiation is transferred. Other hollow waveguides properties are a possibility of delivery radiation in wide range of spectra, lossless delivery, non-toxicity, and low aging effect. This system is possible to use also for radiation which has strong absorption in water and therefore cannot be delivered through conventional glass fiber. Especially Er:YAG radiation which generated wavelength corresponding to maximum absorption in water and therefore it is extremely suitable for medical application. The aim of this study was to investigate radiation transmission for various parameters (repetition frequency, pulse length) of a commercially available diode-pumped Er:YAG laser. The special hollow glass waveguide with a cyclic olefin polymer coated silver layer has a length of 108 cm and an inner diameter of 700 µm. Radiation delivery as a function of laser input power and spatial distribution of output beams were investigated depending on pulse length from 100 µs to 400 µs and repetition frequency 20 Hz or 150 Hz. The transmission was achieved up to 86 % at a maximum amplitude of the output peak power of up to 406 W. The obtained results predetermine the use of this simple compact delivery laser system for further research with subsequent use in medicine.
Delivery of flashlamp pumped Er:YAG laser radiation (λ = 2.94 μm) by a hollow waveguide is quite well known. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of connection of a novel diode pumped Er:YAG laser with a hollow glass waveguide and to design a new possibility for mid-IR radiation transfer. The expected use would be in medicine and therefore a sufficiently flexible and lossless delivery system is required. The base of transfer system was a special cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow glass waveguide. The length of the waveguide was 2.15 m and inner diameter 700 μm. Transmission as a function of the input laser power and spatial distributions of the output beams were investigated depending on bending angle of waveguide. The transmission in the straight configuration were 89 % and decreased to 79 % when the fiber was bent to an angle of 180° with a bending radius of 15 cm. The output beam spatial structure was not changed for investigated bending angles 0°, 45°, 90°, and 180° (bending radius of 15 cm). These transmission values predetermine the use of the special hollow glass waveguides in conjunction with the novel diode pumped Er:YAG laser for further research with subsequent use in medicine.
Ni-Ti tube is used as a supporting tube for the infrared hollow fiber to obtain flexibility and strong mechanical strength. The loss of hollow optical fiber is inversely proportional to the cube of the inner diameter. Considering this, it is expected that the large-diameter hollow optical fiber has a low loss. Even with a large inner diameter of 700 μm, the Ni-Ti tube with a wall thickness of 75 μm can be bent easily to a bending radius as small as 15 mm. Therefore, 700-μm-bore hollow optical fiber based on Ni-Ti tube was fabricated. In order to reduce roughness of inner surface of Ni-Ti tube which causes the additional transmission loss, an acrylic-silicon resin material is used as a buffer layer to the inner wall of Ni-Ti tube for a low-loss characteristic. For the dielectric inner-coating layer, cyclic olefin polymer (COP) is used to lower the transmission loss. The COP layer is formed by using liquid-phase coating method. The hollow fibers with optimized COP inner film thickness for CO2 laser light were fabricated and reasonable transmission losses were demonstrated.
Ni-Ti tube is used as a supporting tube for the infrared hollow fiber to obtain flexibility and strong mechanical strength. The loss of Hollow optical fiber is inversely proportional to the cube of the inner diameter. Considering this, it is expected that the large-diameter hollow optical fiber has a low loss. Even with a large inner diameter of 800 μm, the Ni-Ti tube with a wall thickness of 0.1 mm can be bent with a small force to a bending radius of 15 mm. Therefore, 800-μm-bore hollow optical fiber based on Ni-Ti tube was fabricated. In order to reduce roughness of inner surface of Ni-Ti tube which causes the additional transmission loss, an acrylic-silicon resin material is used as a buffer layer to the inner wall of Ni-Ti tube for a low-loss characteristic. For the dielectric inner-coating layer, cyclic olefin polymer (COP) is used to lower the transmission loss. The COP layer is formed by using liquid-phase coating method. The hollow fibers with optimized COP inner film thickness for CO2 laser light were fabricated and reasonable transmission losses was demonstrated.
Ni-Ti tube is used as a supporting tube for the infrared hollow fiber to obtain flexibility and strong mechanical strength. In order to reduce roughness of inner surface of Ni-Ti tube which causes the additional transmission loss, an acrylic-silicon resin material is used as a buffer layer to the inner wall of Ni-Ti tube for a low-loss characteristic. For the dielectric inner-coating layer, cyclic olefin polymer (COP) is used to lower the transmission loss. The COP layer is formed by using liquid-phase coating method. The hollow fibers with optimized COP inner film thickness for CO2 laser light were fabricated and reasonable transmission losses was demonstrated.
Extremely flexible hollow optical fibers with 75-μm-bore size were developed for infrared laser light delivery. The hollow fiber was inner coated with silver and dielectric layers to enhance the reflection rate at an objective wavelength band. The silver layer was inner-coated by using the conventional silver mirror-plating technique. Concerning the fabrication parameters used up to now for 320-μm-bore size fibers, the target flowing rate for plating solutions was 10 ml/min. Parallel arranged bundles of silica capillaries were used to increase the cross-sectional area of the air core. To achieve the flow-rate target, four bundles of 300 pieces of silica capillaries with an inner/outer diameter of 75/150-μm and a length of 20 cm were bundled. To increase the flow rate, four bundles with an inner diameter of 75-μm and a length of 20 cm, together with three silica capillaries with an inner diameter of 530-μm and a length of 50 cm were connected in parallel. The spectrum loss measured by an optical spectrum analyzer for the 75-μm-bore size, 10-cm-length silver hollow optical fiber was around 5 dB at the wavelength of 1-μm. Thin dielectric layer was formed by using liquid-phase coating method for low-loss transmission of Er:YAG laser light.
Stainless pipe is used as the supporting tube for the infrared hollow fiber to obtain high durability and strong mechanical strength. In order to reduce roughness of inner surface of stainless tubes which causes the additional transmission loss, an acrylic-silicon resin material is used as a buffer layer to the inner wall of stainless tube for a low-loss characteristic. For the dielectric inner-coating layer, cyclic olefin polymer (COP) is used to lower the transmission loss. The COP layer is formed by using liquid-phase coating method. The hollow fiber with optimized COP inner film thickness for CO2 laser light were fabricated and reasonable transmission loss was demonstrated.
Flexible hollow fibers with 530-μm-bore size were developed for infrared laser delivery. Sturdy hollow fibers were fabricated by liquid-phase coating techniques. A silica glass capillary is used as the substrate. Acrylic silicone resin is used as a buffer layer and the buffer layer is firstly coated on the inner surface of the capillary to protect the glass tube from chemical damages due to the following silver plating process. A silver layer was inner-plated by using the conventional silver mirror-plating technique. To improve adhesion of catalyst to the buffer layer, a surface conditioner has been introduced in the method of silver mirror-plating technique. We discuss improvement of transmission properties of sturdy polymer-coated silver hollow fibers for the Er:YAG laser and red pilot beam delivery.
We propose a photoacoustic imaging system composed of a flexible bundle of thin hollow-optical fibers that enables endoscopic diagnosis. The hollow-fiber bundle involves 37 fibers with an inner diameter of 100 μm and the total diameter of the bundle is 1.2 mm. A laser beam for photoacoustic excitation is scanned at the input end of fiber bundle and therefore, no scanning mechanism is necessary at the distal end. In addition, owing to the small numerical aperture of hollow optical fibers, a high resolution image is obtained without using a micro-lens array at the end. By using the fiber bundle probe, photoacoustic imaging of blood vessels in the ovarian membrane of fish were successfully obtained with a laser fluence of around 2.8 mJ/cm2.
For sturdy silver hollow optical fibers, acrylic silicone resin is newly used as a buffer layer between an inner silver layer and a silica capillary. This acrylic silicone resin film prevents the glass surface from chemical and mechanical micro damages during silver plating process, which deteriorate mechanical strength of the hollow fibers. In addition, it keeps high adhesion of the silver layer with the glass surface. We discuss improvement of mechanical strength of the hollow glass fibers without deterioration of optical properties.
An extremely rugged hollow fiber is fabricated by liquid-phase coating technique. A silica glass capillary is used as the substrate and vitreous film is firstly coated on the inner surface of the capillary to protect the glass tube from moisture. This protective coating keeps the thin-wall glass tube away from damage due to the following silver plating process. The additional transmission loss caused by the roughness of the protective film is decreased by limiting the length of the protective film. The whole length of 0.7-mm-bore hollow fiber was 1.2 m and the length of the rugged part which formed the protective film was only 30 cm. Transmission properties of the rugged polymer-coated silver hollow fibers for the Er:YAG laser and red pilot beam delivery have been improved. The loss for the 0.7-μm-bore size, 1.2-m-length rugged polymer-coated silver hollow fiber was 1 dB and 6.9 dB under straight condition, and 1.9 dB and 9.4 dB under the condition of a 270 degree bend with a 15-mm bending radius at the wavelength of 2.94 μm and 650 nm, respectively.
Extremely flexible hollow fibers with 50 μm-bore size were developed for infrared laser light delivery. The hollow fiber was inner coated with silver and a dielectric layer to enhance the reflection rate at an objective wavelength band. The silver layer was inner-plated by using the conventional silver mirror-plating technique. Concerning the fabrication parameters used up to now for 320-μm bore-sized fibers, the target flowing rate for plating solutions was 10 ml/min. Parallelly arranged bundles of silica capillary were used to increase the cross-sectional area. To achieve the target, bundles with 4800 pieces were used for the capillary with a length of 20 cm and inner diameters of 50 μm. The loss for the 50 μm bore size, 10 cm length silver hollow fiber was 6 dB at the wavelength of 1 μm. Thin dielectric layer was formed by using liquid-phase coating method for low-loss transmission of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG laser light.
A rugged hollow fiber is fabricated by liquid-phase coating techniques. A silica glass capillary is used as the substrate and a vitreous film is firstly coated on the inner surface of the capillary to protect the glass tube from moisture. This protective coating keeps the thin-wall glass tube away from damage due to the following silver plating process. On the protective coating, a silver film is deposited by the conventional mirror plating technique. Subsequently, a polymer film is coated on the silver film to reduce transmission loss by employing interference effect of the polymer film. Fabrication processes and transmission properties of the rugged polymer-coated silver hollow fiber were discussed. The loss for the 700-μm-bore size, 1-m-length hollow fiber was 2 dB under straight configuration, and 3.5 dB under the configuration of a 270 degree bending with a 15-mm bending radius at the wavelength of 2.94 μm.
The aim of this work was the delivery investigation of 3 - 5 μm laser radiation by a hollow glass waveguide. The
waveguide was formed by a supporting fused silica glass capillary tube with a silver layer deposited on the inside wall.
As an inner dielectric material film, a cyclic olefin polymer (COP) was used. The primary parameters of the sample
investigated were the inner/outer diameter 700/850 μm and the length of up to 110 cm. As radiation sources, three lasers
generating in mid-infrared spectral region were designed and constructed. The flash-lamp-pumped Er:YAG laser
operated at 2.94 μm wavelength. The second system was 4.3 μm Dy:PbGa2S4 laser. Its coherent pumping was performed
by the flashlamp pumped Er:YLF laser generating at 1.73 μm wavelength. The third laser emitting at 4.45 μm was based
on Fe:ZnSe active medium pumped by electro-optically Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation (2.94 μm). The study
presented describes a transfer capability of 3 - 5 μm radiation by COP/Ag hollow glass waveguide. The delivery
efficiency and spatial structure were investigated. The transmission measured reached 84 %, 58 %, and 64 % for
Er:YAG (2.94 μm), Dy:PbGa2S4 (4.3 μm), and Fe:ZnSe (4.45 μm) laser systems, respectively. The spatial beam
structure transferred was similar for all systems. The laser delivery system based on COP/Ag hollow glass waveguide
can be useful for some mid-infrared radiation applications.
The mid-infrared radiation generated by bulk Dy:PbGa2S4 laser working at room temperature was characterized and for
its delivery the special type of COP/Ag hollow waveguide was used. The optical pumping of Dy:PbGa2S4 laser was
performed by flashlamp pumped Er:YLF laser at 1.73 μm wavelength. The compact 60 mm long Dy:PbGa2S4 laser
oscillator worked in free-running mode with the repetition rate 1.5 Hz. The output energy was 5.1 mJ in 80 μs long pulse
at 4.3 μm wavelength. The spatial beam structure was close to the Gaussian shape.
The goal of the presented study was the preliminary investigation of the mid-infrared Dy:PbGa2S4 radiation delivery
possibility by the cyclic olefin polymer and silver coated hollow glass waveguide. The length of the waveguide was
103 cm and the inner diameter was 700 μm. The thickness of the polymer inner layer was calculated for the optimal
4 μm radiation transmission. Mid-infrared laser radiation was coupled into the waveguide by the CaF2 lens with the focal
length 55 mm. The characterization of delivered 4.3 μm radiation was provided. It was observed that the spatial structure
is changing essentially, which follows from the transmission principle of the hollow waveguide. As conclude the
delivery system for 4.3 μm mid-infrared Dy:PbGa2S4 laser radiation was investigated for the first time.
Flexible 100-μm-bore hollow fibers were developed for Er:YAG laser delivery. The hollow
fiber was inner coated with silver and dielectric layer to enhance the reflection rate at an objective
wavelength band. A dielectric layer is formed by using the liquid-phase coating technique. Micro tube
pump with an inner diameter of 300-μm is newly used to flow polymer solution through the ultra-thin
silver hollow fiber with a constant speed. Fabrication process and transmission properties of the ultra
thin polymer-coated silver hollow fiber were discussed. The loss for the 100-μm-bore size,
10-cm-length polymer-coated silver hollow fiber was 1.7 dB at the wavelength of 2.94 μm.
We report the optimal design for hollow fiber inner-coated with metallic and multi-dielectric layers by using ray-optics
theory. Transmission characteristics of the multilayer hollow fiber are more dependent on the film surface roughness in
infrared region. Comparisons of fibers with smooth and rough films are made and discussed in detail. The optimal design
for film thickness, inner radius, the number of layers and refractive indices is presented. The calculation results are
important for structure design, material selection and further fabrication of metallic multilayer hollow fiber when
considering imperfections in film coating techniques.
Extremely flexible hollow fibers with 100-μm-bore size or less were developed for infrared laser
delivery. Fabrication process and transmission properties of the ultra-thin hollow fiber were discussed.
The silver layer was inner-plated by using the conventional silver mirror-plating technique.
Concerning the fabrication parameters used up to now for 320-μm bore-sized fibers, the target flowing
rate for plating solutions was 10 ml/min. Parallel bundles of silica capillary were used to increase the
cross-sectional area. To achieve the target, bundles with 560 pieces, 1200 pieces, and 9600 pieces
were used for the capillary with inner diameters of 100-μm, 75-μm, and 50-μm, respectively. The loss
for the 50-μm bore size, 10-cm length silver hollow fiber was 10 dB at the wavelength of 1 μm.
A special type of Cyclic Olephin Polymer silver coated (COP/Ag) hollow waveguide was used for delivery of 4.45 μm
laser radiation. This mid-infrared radiation having major signification in special lidar or spectroscopy applications was
generated by new bulk Fe:ZnSe laser working at the room temperature in gain switched regime. The coherent pumping
of Fe:ZnSe laser was performed by electro-optically Q-switched Er:YAG laser which wavelength (2.94 μm) corresponds
to the maximum of Fe:ZnSe absorption peak. The Er:YAG laser energy and pulse-length used was 11 mJ and ~ 300 ns,
respectively. The generated Fe:ZnSe laser output energy was reached 1.1 mJ with the pulse-length 240 ns.
The aim of the presented project was to investigate the transmission possibility of 4.45 μm mid-infrared Fe:ZnSe
radiation by the COP/Ag hollow glass waveguide. The inner waveguide diameter was 700 μm and length 103 cm. Midinfrared
laser radiation was focused into the guidance protector by the CaF2 lens with the focal length 55 mm. After the
coupling Fe:ZnSe radiation optimization, the maximum transmission of radiation through the waveguide reached 64%.
The time evolution of the pulse was not changed by the delivery but the space structure is changing essentially. It follows
from the radiation transport principle of the hollow waveguide. The bent waveguide transmission was also investigated
and 60% was obtained. For the case of contact application the fused silica cap was performed. As conclude the compact
delivery system for 4.45 μm mid-infrared radiation with the short 240 ns pulse length and transmitted power density
0.57 MW/cm2 was successfully investigated and it can be used for the applications.
A loss-spectrum measuring-system for hollow waveguides was established based on the Fourier Transform infrared
Spectrometer (FTIR). In order to obtain better repeatability, we designed and fabricated two couplers for the system. One
is a silver-coated hollow tube with the same inner diameter as the measured hollow waveguide. The other is a
silver-coated tapered coupler whose inner diameter of the output end is the same as the measured hollow waveguide.
Characteristics of the measuring system were discussed theoretically and experimentally when using the two couplers.
Several kinds of hollow waveguides were measured and the properties of the loss spectra were discussed. The measured
loss property showed that loss property depends on the output divergence angle of the coupler. Tapered coupler has a
much larger output divergence than that of the hollow tube. Both of the couplers attains stable coupling with the hollow
waveguides. Loss spectra were successfully measured for hollow waveguides with the length ranging from several
centimeters to 3 meters.
The aim of our work was the application of the special sealed hollow waveguide system for the urology
treatment - In our experimental study we have compared the effects of Ho:YAG (wavelength 2100 nm) and Er:YAG
(wavelength 2940 nm) laser radiation both on human urinary stones (or compressed plaster samples which serve as a
model) fragmentation and soft ureter tissue incision in vitro. Cyclic Olefin Polymer - coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow
glass waveguides with inner and outer diameters 700 and 850 μm, respectively, were used for the experiment. To prevent
any liquid to diminish and stop the transmission, the waveguide termination was utilized.
Silver-cladding-stainless pipe is used as the supporting tube for the infrared hollow fiber to
obtain high durability and strong mechanical strength. For the dielectric inner-coating layer, cyclic
olefin polymer (COP) and silver iodide (AgI) are used to lower the transmission loss. The COP layer
is formed by using liquid-phase coating method as it is done before. For the AgI layer, liquid-filling
technique is developed to reduce the waste liquid of iodine solution. Rigid hollow fiber with
optimized COP or AgI inner film thicknesses for CO2 laser light were fabricated and reasonable
transmission losses for an output tip was demonstrated.
The study demonstrates the possibility of using laser radiation for the ceramic bracket removing. Three laser radiations
were examined for this effect and the removing possibility and velocity together with enamel and root damage were
investigated. A diode pumped Tm:YAP microchip laser generating a wavelength 1.9 μm, diode pumped Nd:YAG laser
with 1.44 μm wavelength, GaAs diode with 0.808 μm were used for the debonding purpose. The measurement of
transmission and absorption of the basic element - bracket, adhesive resin, and enamel was also made with the goal to
explain the source of the heat and bracket debonding. The explanation of the debonding effect is also presented.
From the results it is possible to conclude that continuously running diode pumped microchip Tm:YAP laser having
output power 1W can be a good candidate for ceramic bracket debonding procedure.
The contemporary medicine heads towards the minimally-invasive diagnosis and treatment methods. Laser-assisted
lithotripsy is a minimally-invasive method for destroying or disruption of human urinary stones. The basic principle is
the delivery of laser light to the place of urinary stones followed by the absorprion of laser radiation by the urinary stones
material which resulted in ablation or plasma vaporization, and finished by fragmentation of urinary stones and
spontaneous draining. For the purpose of minimally-invasive laser light delivery the optical fibres or sealed and flexible
hollow waveguides are used. In this study we have compared the ablation effect of Ho:YAG laser (with the generated
wavelength 2100 nm) and Er:YAG laser (with the generated wavelength 2940 nm) on the artificial samples (special compressed plaster) and human urinary stones in vitro. The reason for the investigating of Er:YAG laser radiation is the fact that the generated wavelength 2940 nm matches the local absorption of water and therefore it is potentially applicable in various medical branches. Both lasers operated in pulsed free-running regime. The Ho:YAG laser was clinically used laser system with low-OH fibre delivery. The
Er:YAG laser was laboratory laser system and for the radiation delivery the special COP/Ag hollow glass waveguide
sealed with fused silica cap. The ablation or perforation rates were measured and compared for both laser systems,
various pulse energy levels and various interaction samples thickness. The interaction environment was water with
temperature 25°C. Finally both lasers were tested for human urinary stones lithotripsy in vitro.
Transmission characteristics of infrared hollow fiber with multi- AgI and SiO2 films are discussed.
Three-dielectric-layer hollow glass fiber with SiO2/AgI/SiO2/Ag structure was fabricated for low-loss
delivery of infrared laser light. The first SiO2 film on the silver layer was coated by using liquid phase
coating method. A semi-inorganic polymer was used as the coating material. A smooth vitreous film was
formed by the treatment of a hardener at room temperature and followed by curing treatment. For the
deposition of the AgI film between the two SiO2 films, an Ag film was first plated on the SiO2 film by
silver mirror reaction method. Then the iodination process was conducted to turn the silver layer into
silver iodide. The second SiO2 layer was deposited on the AgI layer in the same way as the first SiO2 layer.
Fabrication parameters for controlling film thicknesses, such as iodination temperature, silver mirror
reaction time, and solution concentration, are clarified for depositing AgI and SiO2 films with the
theoretical optimum thicknesses. By optimizing the thickness of the three dielectric layers, low-loss in the
loss spectrum of SiO2/AgI/SiO2/Ag hollow glass waveguides can be obtained at the target infrared
wavelengths. A method is proposed to evaluate the film thickness of AgI layer based on the positions of
loss peaks and valleys in the loss spectra. Theoretical calculation for loss spectrum of SiO2/AgI/SiO2/Ag
hollow glass fiber considering material dispersion of dielectric materials is also conducted. Good
agreement with the measured data is demonstrated.
Hard tissues are irradiated with combined beam of Er:YAG and Ho:YAG lasers to achieve highly
efficient ablation with lower laser power. We controlled the delay time between pulses of the two lasers and
irradiated alumina ceramic balls that are used as hard tissue samples. By optimizing the delay time, the combined
laser beam provides 40% higher perforation depth compared with the result with independent radiation of
Er:YAG or Ho:YAG laser. The ablation mechanism are observed and investigated by using an ultra-high-speed
camera and infrared thermography camera.
Vitreous film based on the structural unit R2SiO, where R is an organic group, is newly used as
the reflection layer in the hollow optical fiber for CO2 laser delivery. A smooth vitreous film is formed
at room temperature by using the liquid-phase coating technique. The vitreous film-coated silver
hollow optical fibers achieve low-loss property for lasers in the infrared regions by properly selecting
fabrication conditions. A hollow fiber with thicker vitreous film designed for CO2 laser light showed
acceptable loss as an output tip. It is shown that the hollow tip is of high durability to withstand
several cycles of autoclave sterilization.
Advanced application of Er:YAG laser radiation in medical treatment requires a suitable, very precise delivery of
this light to a target. In some cases (urology, cardiology, or endodontic treatments), thin waveguides are needed.
Therefore a preliminary investigation was conducted with 250/360 μm inner/outer diameter hollow glass waveguides.
The waveguide has inner coating made from cyclic olefin polymer and silver layers. All delivery systems were simple
and consisted of lens, protector, and the waveguide. The laser source was the Er:YAG system working in a free-running
regime and generating radiation at 2.94 μm wavelength. For testing, output laser energy up to 100 mJ with a repetition
rate of 1 Hz was chosen. The output laser spatial profile was approximately TEM00 mode, so the structure changes
behind the delivery system were readily detected. The energy delivery characteristics were also checked, and the
transmission reached 77%. The maximum input fluence into the waveguide was 200 mJ/cm2, and no significant
damages to waveguides were observed after the measurements.
Laser-assisted lithotripsy is a minimally-invasive method for destroying or disruption of human urinary stones. For this
purpose laser light delivered through the flexible sealed waveguide or fibre could be utilized. On the output end of the
delivery system the laser ligth is focused onto the surface of urinary stones with various size and various composition. In
clinical urological practise the Ho:YAG laser with the generated wavelength 2100 nm operated in free-running regime is
commonly used. The aim of our investigation was to compare the damage effects of Ho:YAG laser radiation with the
promissing Er:YAG laser radiation. The Er:YAG laser generates radiation with the wavelength 2940 nm, which
coincides with the local absorption maximum of water. We have compared the laser effect with the help of uniformly
produced model samples made from special plaster. The size of the samples was 10×10×10 mm. The perforation and
disruption effectiveness of Ho:YAG and Er:YAG laser radiations were performed and compared. In the final step the
laser lithotripsy of human urinary stones was tested with Er:YAG laser radiation delivered through the special COP/Ag
hollow waveguides sealed with fused silica cap.
The goal of the work was the investigation of hollow waveguide utilization for near infrared laser radiation delivery. As
basic delivery unit, a new thin cyclic olefin polymer coated silver hollow glass waveguide with diameters 100/190 μm or
250/360 μm and length up to 20 cm was used. Four near infrared laser sources were based on the Nd:YAG crystals. The
first one - Nd:YAG laser passively Q-switched by LiF:F2- saturable absorber - was coherently pumped by Alexandrite
radiation. The system generated 1.06 μm wavelength radiation with 6 ns length of pulse and 0.7 mJ maximum output
energy. The second and third laser systems were compact longitudinally diode pumped Nd:YAG lasers generating
radiation at wavelength 1.06 μm and 1.44 μm. These lasers were operating in a free-running regime under pulsed
pumping (pulse repetition rate 50 Hz). Mean output power 160 mW (90 mW) with pulse length 0.5 ms (1 ms) was
generated at wavelength 1.06 μm (1.44 μm). The last radiation source was the Nd:YAG/V:YAG microchip laser pumped
by laser diode and generating the radiation at 1.34 μm wavelength. The output power, pulse length, and repetition rate
were 25 mW, 6 ns, and 250 Hz, respectively. All lasers were generating beam with gaussian TEM00 profile. These
radiations were focused into thin a waveguide and delivery radiation characteristics were investigated. It was recognized
that the output spatial structure is significantly modified in all cases. However a compact delivery system can be useful
for near infrared powerful radiation delivery in some special technological and medical applications.
The delivery of the radiation by thin fiber is required for some application, especially in medical internals treatment.
Therefore a new 100 μm and 250 μm inner diameter hollow glass waveguides were developed and investigated for the
possibility to transport high power near infrared laser radiation without damage of these delivery systems. As laser
sources two Nd:YAG laser systems working in Q-switched regime at wavelength 1.06 μm and 1.34 μm were utilized.
Delivered radiation characterization was performed. By Alexandrite laser (755 nm) pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser
has been generating 1.06 μm wavelength radiation with 6 ns length of pulse and maximum output energy 0.7 mJ
(116.7 kW). The laser was Q-switched using LiF:F2- saturable absorber. Second laser system was Nd:YAG/V:YAG
microchip pumped by laser diode operating at 808 nm. The radiation at 1.3 μm wavelength has been generated with 250
Hz repetition rate. Pulse length was 6 ns and mean output power 25 mW. Corresponding pulse energy and peak power
was 0.1 mJ and 16.7 kW, respectively. Both lasers were operating in fundamental TEM00 mode (M2 ~ 1). For delivery a
special cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver hollow glass waveguides with the inner/outer diameters 100/190 μm and
250/360 μm were used. The delivery system was consisted of lens, protector, and waveguide. As results the transmission
more than 55% and reasonable spatial profile of laser output radiation were found. From these measurements it can be
recommended using of this system for near infrared powerful radiation delivery as well as for medical treatment.
Laser ablation experiments on hard tissues are performed by guiding combined beam of Ho:YAG and
Er:YAG laser light with a hollow optical fiber. An alumina ball is used as a hard-tissue model and ablation
phenomenon are observed by an ultra-high-speed camera. The result show that the two laser light give dissimilar
ablation effects due to different absorption coefficients in water contained in the tissues. When the two lasers are
combined and irradiate on the model, a high ablation rate is observed.
Extremely flexible hollow fibers with 100 μm-bore size were developed for infrared laser
delivery. The hollow fiber was inner coated with silver and a dielectric layer to enhance the reflection
rate at an objective wavelength band. The silver layer was plated by using the conventional silver
mirror-plating technique. And a thin dielectric layer was coated for low-loss transmission of Nd:YAG
and Er:YAG laser light.
For endoscopic application, inexpensive, safe, and extremely flexible hollow infrared optical
fibers have been fabricated based on the polycarbonate (PC) capillary with silver and cyclic olefin
polymer (COP) as inner coatings. By optimizing the drawing condition of PC capillary from a
commercially available polycarbonate tube and inner-coating process, transmission efficiency of
hollow PC fibers is shown to be equal to those of glass capillary based ones. Both Er:YAG laser light
and green pilot beam were delivered through the endoscope with low losses even when it was sharply
bent with a bending radius as small as 1 centimeter. Preliminary experiments were also conducted on
possibility of transmitting infrared thermal image by using bundled silver-coated PC hollow fibers.
Free running and Q-switch infrared Er:YAG laser radiations were compared in the case of hard tissue preparation. The
interaction energy of 40 mJ in pulse 200 us long yielding to the interaction intensity 62 kW/cm2, and the energy of 20 mJ
in 100 ns long pulse yielding to the interaction intensity 62 MW/cm2 was used for the case of free running, and Q-switch
regime, respectively. For the radiation delivery, waveguide transfer system was used. It consisted of input lens (40 mm
focal length), a cyclic olefin polymer coated silver hollow glass waveguide (700/850 um diameter), and output lens (55
um focal length). For the interaction experiment the samples of the extracted human teeth cut into longitudinal sections
and polished were used. The thickness of the prepared samples ranged from 5 to 7 mm. The methods were compared
from the point of prepared cavity shape (SEM), inner surface, and possibility of selective removal of carries. The
composite filling material was used to reconstruct the cavities.
The beam spatial structure of mid-infrared laser radiation delivered by hollow glass waveguides was
investigated. As laser sources flash-lamp pumped Er:YAG, Tm:YAG, and diode-pumped Tm:YAG, Tm:YAP
laser systems generating radiation in a free-running regime were designed and constructed.
The base of transfer systems was cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver hollow glass waveguide having 700 &mgr;m
inner diameter and length up to 1.3 m. The changes of beam spatial structures through the delivery system are presented. For Er:YAG laser system the waveguide was investigated both straight and bent cases and also output laser beam stability was observed. The energy transmission characteristics were measured for all systems.
A coating material characterized by wide-range thermal stability, water repellence, and
physiological inertness. is newly employed as a dielectric layer in the dielectric-coated silver hollow
optical fiber. This material, whose trade name is OC-300, is a semi-inorganic polymer based on the
structural unit R2SiO, where R is an organic group. A smooth hardened film is formed at
room-temperature on the silver layer by using a liquid-phase coating technique. The transmission
properties of the OC-300 coated silver hollow fiber are evaluated for infrared laser light. Sterilization
experiments by using an autoclave shows that the hollow fiber showed strong durability and
promising application in medical filed as well as in other harsh environment.
Effect of simultaneous delivery of ErYAG and HoYAG lasers was tested by using a hollow optical fiber and a taper coupler. The lasers are irradiated to hard tissue at the same time, and vaporization characteristic, and fragmentation efficiency are discussed.
In some last years mid-infrared Er:YAG laser radiation (2940 nm) found the exploitation in many applications in technology and especially in various medical branches (dentistry, dermatology, cardiology, ophthalmology). Most of them use the Er:YAG laser system working in free-running regime generating the pulses with the length of some hundreds of microseconds. In the presented work we concentrated on the development and optimization of electro-optically Q-switched Er:YAG laser and suitable delivery system. Er:YAG laser operated both in free-running or Q-switched regime was developed and optimized. LiNbO3 Pockels cell was utilized for Q-switching the Er:YAG laser. Single giant pulses with maximal energy 67 mJ and minimal duration 53 ns FWHM were generated for maximal pump energy 131 J and for the optimal Pockels cell parameters (high voltage value 1.4 kV, delay of Pockels cell switching after the flashlamp trigger 450 μs). The Er:YAG laser radiation was effectively delivered by the special COP/Ag hollow glass waveguides with inner/outer diameters 700/850 μm or 320/450 μm, and length from 10 cm up to 1 m. The transmission of the used waveguides was measured to be from 73% to 84% according to waveguide type. With the help of delivery systems, the Er:YAG laser radiation (in the form of long pulses for free-running regime or short pulses for Q-switched regime) was applied to various biological tissue samples to study the basic laser radiation-tissue interactions and treatment possibilities.
Er:YAG laser (wavelength 2.94 μm) operating both in free-running and Q-switched regime was designed and developed for the purpose of ureter wall perforation or incision, and urinary stones fragmentation. Component of this system was a special transfer part consisted of a cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow glass waveguide (inner/outer diameter 700/850 μm or 320/450 μm) with a sealed cap for a contact treatment. Maximum pulse interaction energy and length for free-running Er:YAG laser were 100 mJ and 200 μs, respectively (corresponding intensity was 130 kW/cm2 for the 700 μm waveguide and 500 kW/cm2 for the 320 μm waveguide). Maximum interaction pulse energy and length in Q-switched regime were 30 mJ and 70 ns, respectively (corresponding intensity was 111 MW/cm2 for the 700 μm waveguide and 357 MW/cm2 for the 320 μm waveguide). Basic interaction characteristics and parameters of ureter wall perforation and urinary stones fragmentation were found. For that reason the number of pulses needed for the perforation of the ureter wall tissue (thickness ~1mm), ablation threshold and ablation rate were measured for free-running and Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation. Subsequently, the investigated tissue samples were histologically evaluated after the interaction.
The ablation rate of the Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation was higher compared to the free-running radiation. The application of Q-switched Er:YAG laser radiation on ureter tissue resulted in minimum tissue alteration (up to 50 μm from the surface) without any influence on the deeper layers. The possibility of urinary stones perforation with free-running Er:YAG laser radiation (with maximum interaction energy) was also demonstrated.
A closed loop-coating method has been proposed in order to form a uniform polymer layer in the fabrication of cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow optical fiber. A COP solution was flowed in a closed loop system, in which silver-coated tube was used as a part of it. Owing to the constant flowing speed of the solution and the airtight flowing environment, a uniform COP layer was formed, which is one of the most important parameters to improve the transmission properties of the hollow fiber. The method was successfully applied to the fabrication of hollow fibers with 2 meters
length for near and mid-infrared lasers, such as Nd:YAG, Er:YAG and CO2 lasers. Stable fabrication and better reproduction were also observed by using the new coating method.
For the purpose of micro-selective preparation which is part of the modern dentistry four various methods were examined: ablation by Er:YAG laser radiation (free-running or Q-switching regime), preparation of tissues by ultrasonic round ball tip, and by the classical dental drilling machine using diamond round bur. In the case of Er:YAG laser application the interaction energy 40 mJ in pulse of 200 us yielding to the interaction intensity 62 kW/cm2, and 20 mJ in pulse of 100 ns yielding to the interaction intensity 62 MW/cm2 was used for the case of free running, and Q-switch regime, respectively. For comparisson with the classical methods the ultrasound preparation tip (Sonixflex cariex TC, D-Sonicsys micro) and dental driller together with usual preparation burrs and standard handpiece were used. For the interaction experiment the samples of extracted human teeth and ebony cut into longitudinal sections and polished were used. The thickness of the prepared samples ranged from 5 to 7 mm. The methods were compared from the point of prepared cavity shape (SEM), inner surface, and possibility of selective removal of carries. The composite filling material was used to reconstruct the cavities. The dye penetrating analysis was performed.
Hollow glass waveguide is one from a few instruments favored in industrial and medical fields for the delivery of mid-infrared laser light. The article summarizes delivery of the Er:YAG laser radiation (λ = 2.94 μm) by the cyclic olefin polymer coated silver hollow glass waveguides with various inner diameters - 320 μm, 700 μm, and 1 mm, and with length of 0.1 - 1 m. For medical applications, the so called "contact mode" in which the end of the waveguide is in contact with the soft or hard tissues is discussed. For this treatment the special sealed caps were used for preventing the waveguide system damage. Delivery of long (free-running) and short (Q-switched) mid-infrared pulses was investigated. The delivery systems were investigated for the ophthalmic, urologic, and dental tissue treatments. The comparison of interaction effects caused by the laser pulses with various lengths was made.
Quantification of calculus fragmentation by Er:YAG laser light was experimentally discussed. Er:YAG laser light was delivered to reach a calculus or a model calculus underwater by using a sealed hollow optical fiber. Fragmentation efficiency was obtained for alumina ball used as a model of calculus when sealing caps with various focusing effect were used. Three types of human calculi were analyzed and their absorption properties at the wavelength of Er:YAG laser light were obtained. The relationship among the absorption property, constituents of calculus, and the fragmentation efficiency were also discussed.
Techniques for coating hollow glass fibers with layers of silver and cyclic olefin polymer have been developed for low-loss delivery of infrared laser light as well as a visible pilot beam. They have yielded losses of only 0.2 dB/m for Er:YAG and CO2 laser light and only 0.7 dB/m for red LD laser light. Debris is kept from entering the hollow output end of a fiber by hermitically sealing it with a quartz cap, and various focusing effects in both air and water have been obtained by controlling distal-end geometry of the caps during fabrication. Controlled focus patterns of Er:YAG laser light with an output energy of more than 400 mJ and a 10-Hz repetition rate have been delivered in saline through the fibers with sealing caps. Calculi were fragmented in vitro by using a hollow fiber with a sealing cap. It has been shown that Er:YAG laser combined with an effective delivery system could be used for minimally invasive calculi fragmentation.
Transmission experiments of Er:YAG laser light under water were performed by a laser delivery system comprising a hollow fiber and an end sealing cap. The experiments were based on a high energy fluence which produces vapor bubbles in water. Transmission properties of Er:YAG laser light were evaluated with various laser energy and pulse-repetition rates. The results show that, at high laser fluence, the attenuation coefficient of water is very small because water on light axis is fully vaporized.
For the purpose of the ophthalmology treatments a special hollow waveguide based delivery instrument was developed. It consists of a 2 m long cyclic olefin polymer coated silver hollow glass waveguide (inner diameter 700 μm) and the special cap allowing the contact of the waveguide with the wet eye tissues. The transmission characteristics for a delivery of a mid-infrared Er:YAG radiation (2.94 μm) was measured. Then the pre-clinical interaction experiments of the Er:YAG laser radiation with the eye tissue (cornea, lens, and sclera) were performed with this delivery instrument. A comparison of two types of interactions results - the action of Er:YAG free running - 40 μs long pulses and giant 450 ns long pulses were made. The human eye tissues (in vitro) were cut and samples (cornea, lens, and sclera) were gradually irradiated by the mid-infrared radiation with the energy of 7 mJ (the corresponding spot size diameter was equal ~ 700 μm). The laser energy density used in this experiment was 1.8 J/cm2. From results it can be concluded that the giant pulses are more efficient in the ablation of the cornea, they are comparable with the free-running long pulses in the case of lens grinding, and they are less functioning for the sclera perforation. As concern the hollow waveguide delivery system, it has been proved that the energy delivered by this system was sufficient and suitable in both cases for delivery of long - free-running pulses, and short - giant pulses as well.
Calculi fragmentation experiments were conducted in vitro by using Er:YAG laser light. The laser light delivery system was composed of a cyclic olefin polymer (COP)-coated silver (Ag) hollow fiber and a quartz cap to seal the output end of the hollow fiber. Sealing-caps wiht various distal end goemetries were fabricated and the focusing effects for Er:YAG laser light were measured both in air and in water. Fragmentation characteristics of the sealing-caps were investigated. The deterioration of sealing-caps after calculus fragmentation was also experimentally discussed.
Due to increasing number of requirements dealing with the application of a high energy mid-infrared radiation in various branches of medicine (cardiology, dentistry, dermatology, urology, gastroenterology), an enough flexible and lossless delivery system is required. For a transport of this high energy pulses in a mid-infrared region special cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow glass waveguides were prepared and tested. A length of the waveguides was 0.5 m and inner diameter 1 mm. As a radiation source, an Er:YAG laser was used. The system generated the energy up to 2.16 J or 2.35 J (in dependence on a repetition rate used - 3 Hz or 4 Hz, respectively). The length of transmitted pulses was measured to be from 110 up to 550 usec in dependence on output energy used. The output radiation was coupled into the COP/Ag waveguide and a throughput and losses values were measured in dependence to input radiation parameters. The transmission obtained was 91%. The maximum delivered energy was dependent on a damage threshold of the waveguide. It was found that the damage threshold is dependent on the repetition rate which shows the dependences on the heat dissipated in the waveguide wall. The value of the damage was 1.7 J and 1.5 J for 3 Hz and 4 Hz repetition rate, respectively. The safe delivered power reached the value of 5 W. The characteristics obtained make this specially constructed COP/Ag hollow glass waveguide promising for the delivery of high-energy laser pulses in medicine and also in other applications.
A rugged hollow glass fiber is fabricated by all-liquid phase technique. A silica glass capillary is used as the substrate and a polymer film is firstly coated on the inside of the capillary to protect the glass tube from moisture. This protective coating keeps the thin-wall glass tube away from damage due to the following silver plating process. On the protective coating, a silver film is deposited by a conventional mirror plating technique. Subsequently, a polymer film is coated again on the silver film to reduce transmission loss by employing interference effect of the polymer film. The hollow fiber fabricated by the above process was tested for use in lithotripsy with Er:YAG laser light of 2.94 ?m-wavelength. In the test, the fiber is sealed with a silica glass cap and calculi in salt water were radiated by laser light with the pulse energy of 200 mJ. The calculi were broken after laser radiation of 30 minutes when the repetition rate was 10 Hz.
In order to change the output direction of laser light in a small operation space, two types of hollow bent output devices are proposed for medical laser light delivery system. One is the hollow fiber insert-type, which is of the bending radius of 40 mm. The other type, based on a fixed- bent pyrex glass tube, is of the minimum bending radius of 2 mm. Both types of devices are inner-coated with a silver layer and a cyclic olefin polymer (COP) layer. Loss properties for CO2 laser light are clarified for the insert-type devices, called laryngo-tip. And the transmission properties for pilot beams are experimentally discussed. For the fixed-bent tips, the losses are around 0.7 dB, which are almost independent on the bending angles and radii. Transmissions of the tips remain undamaged after 1-hour-delivery of 5 W output CO2 laser light.
For the last years, several types of hollow waveguides have been under development and, as proved, these waveguides can deliver radiation to the target with high transmittances. The problem appears in the case of the so-called 'contact mode' when, in medical applications, the end of the waveguide is in contact with the soft or hard tissues. The irradiated substance is melted or ablated and a part of this material usually destroys the inner surface of the waveguide end. To overcome these problems, the end of the hollow waveguide must be sealed .In this paper, the results with two types of sealed hollow waveguides prepared for the delivery of Er:YAG laser radiation were investigated. Sealing was conducted by a cap of short Pyrex or fused silica glass tube whose inner diameter was just slightly larger than the outer diameter of the hollow waveguide to be sealed. The transmittance of the fused silica cap connected with the hollow glass waveguide was measured to be 94%, Pyrex glass cap transmittance was found to be slightly smaller (78%). The damage output energy threshold of the cap material was found 750 mJ. This value was sufficiently high for using this sealed waveguides in the ophthalmology application.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.