We demonstrate a C-band gain-switched seed laser intended for a EDFA-based fiber laser meeting the performance, footprint, robustness, and cost targets for volume time-of-flight LiDAR systems. The technology reported here leverages Freedom Photonics high-power DFBs coupled with a Black Forest Engineering control ASIC in a low-inductance package. As a result, the overall package is a compact form factor that can fit within a 16-pin butterfly package. To date, our 1550 nm seed technology delivers more than 2.5 nJ pulse energy for a 480KHz repetition rate on a 4 ns pulse, which is 30 times higher than conventional seed lasers. This technology is the first of its kind to realize a 1550 nm high-pulse energy seed laser for volume deployment of time-of-flight fiber-laser-based LiDAR systems.
We present a high-power DFB technology that meets the performance and volume demands of consumer automotive applications. Our DFB design is hardened and intended for use at extreme environmental conditions and operates at peak current density of 8 kA/cm2 - approximately 4 times higher than more conventional DFB lasers intended for use in telecommunication and sensing applications. We demonstrate that the risks associated with placing these components into high volume production with high yield can be managed through careful control of the laser design and manufacturing processes. To date, we show >90% of our DFB lasers fall within our control limits as defined by three sigma of the mean. This is the first high-power DFB laser suitable for widespread deployment into the consumer automotive market space.
In this work, we present a compact size and highly efficient nanosecond pulsed 1550nm single mode fiber laser that can operate from -40C to +95C. The laser generates 2 to 10 ns pulses at a repetition rate of hundreds kHz to a few MHz with hundreds to kilowatt peak power. The design of this laser is optimized to achieve over 10% wall-plug efficiency at room temperature with an ultra-low ASE noise less than 1%. The performance is also well maintained with less than 30% EO (electrical-optical) efficiency degradation at extreme temperatures and demonstrates high reliability consistent with deployment into harsh environments.The robust performance makes the laser an ideal source for lidar and sensing applications, along with other medical, scientific, and industrial applications.
Defense sensing systems must be both productive and robust to accomplish their mission. Active infrared sensing devices consist of many components such as the active medium, mirrors, beam-splitters, modulators, gratings, detectors, etc. Each of these components is subject to damage by the laser beam itself or environmental factors. Misalignment of these components due to vibration and temperatures changes can also reduce performance. The result is a complex and expensive system subject to multiple points of degradation or complete failure. However, beam confinement or “no free-space optics” via fiber transmission and even component assembly within the fiber itself can achieve reliability and low cost for sensing systems with reduced component count and less susceptibility to misalignment.
We present measurements of high-power infrared laser beam transmission in chalcogenide fibers. The fiber compositions were As39S61 for the core and As38.5S61:5 for the cladding, resulting in a numerical aperture of 0.2. A polyetherimide jacket provided structural support. Multiwatt CW transmission was demonstrated in near single-mode 12 micron core fiber. Efficient coupling of quantum cascade lasing into anti-reflection coated chalcogenide fiber was also demonstrated. Efficient beam transport without damage to the fiber required careful coupling only into core modes. Beams with M2 ≥ 1.4 and powers higher than 1 W produced damage at the fiber entrance face. This was most likely due to heating of the highly absorptive polymer jacket by power not coupled into core modes. We will discuss current power limitations of chalcogenide fiber and schemes for significantly increasing power handling capabilities.
We report on a 2 μm master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) fiber laser system capable of producing 700 μJ pulse energies from a single 1.5 m long amplifier. The oscillator is a single-mode, thulium-doped fiber that is Q-switched by an acousto-optic modulator. The oscillator seeds the amplifier with 1 W average power at 20 kHz repetition rate. The power amplifier is a polarization-maintaining, large mode area thulium-doped fiber cladding pumped by a 793 nm fiber-coupled diode. The fiber length is minimized to avoid nonlinearities during amplification while simultaneously enabling high energy extraction. The system delivers 700 μJ pulse energies with 114 ns pulse duration and 14 W average power at 1977 nm center wavelength.
To advance the science of high power fiber lasers, in-house drawn specialty optical fibers are investigated. Ongoing research involves the fabrication and testing of Yb- and Tm-doped fibers at 1μm and 2μm. Using specialized fiber and pump mixing geometries, dopant profiles and system configurations, the performance of our in-house drawn active fibers has been examined. Results on a highly multi-mode, high average power pulsed Raman fiber amplifier pumped by a thin disc laser are presented. The Raman fiber is a large mode-area graded index fiber, also drawn in house. Finally, the development of capabilities for kilometer range propagation experiments of kW-level CW and TW-level pulsed lasers at the TISTEF laser range is reported.
This work investigates the feasibility of passive cooling in high-power Yb amplifiers. Experimentally, an all-glass airclad step-index (ACSI) amplifier is diode-pumped with 400W and provides 200W power levels. With only natural convection to extract heat, core temperatures are estimated near 130°C with no degradation of performance relative to cooled architectures. Further, advanced analysis techniques allow for core temperature determination using thermal interferometry without the need for complicated stabilization or calibration.
Due to the intrinsic absorption edge in silica near 2.4 μm, more exotic materials are required to transmit laser power in the IR such as fluoride or chalcogenide glasses (ChGs). In particular, ChG fibers offer broad IR transmission with low losses < 1 dB/m. Here, we report on the performance of in-house drawn multi-material chalcogenide fibers at four different infrared wavelengths: 2053 nm, 2520 nm and 4550 nm. Polymer clad ChG fibers were drawn with 12.3 μm and 25 μm core diameters. Testing at 2053 nm was accomplished using a > 15 W, CW Tm:fiber laser. Power handling up to 10.2 W with single mode beam quality has been demonstrated, limited only by the available Tm:fiber output power. Anti-reflective coatings were successfully deposited on the ChG fiber facets, allowing up to 90.6% transmission with 12.2 MW/cm2 intensity on the facet. Single mode guidance at 4550 nm was also demonstrated using a quantum cascade laser (QCL). A custom optical system was constructed to efficiently couple the 0.8 NA QCL radiation into the 0.2 NA ChG fiber, allowing for a maximum of 78% overlap between the QCL radiation and fundamental mode of the fiber. With an AR-coated, 25 μm core diameter fiber, >50 mW transmission was demonstrated with > 87% transmission. Finally, we present results on fiber coupling from a free space Cr:ZnSe resonator at 2520 nm.
This presentation will describe the design and construction status of a new mobile high-energy femtosecond laser systems producing 500 mJ, 100 fs pulses at 10 Hz. This facility is built into a shipping container and includes a cleanroom housing the laser system, a separate section for the beam director optics with a retractable roof, and the environmental control equipment necessary to maintain stable operation. The laser system includes several innovations to improve the utility of the system for “in field” experiments. For example, this system utilizes a fiber laser oscillator and a monolithic chirped Bragg grating stretcher to improve system robustness/size and employs software to enable remote monitoring and system control. Uniquely, this facility incorporates a precision motion-controlled gimbal altitude-azimuth mount with a coudé path to enable aiming of the beam over a wide field of view. In addition to providing the ability to precisely aim at multiple targets, it is also possible to coordinate the beam with separate tracking/diagnostic sensing equipment as well as other laser systems. This mobile platform will be deployed at the Townes Institute Science and Technology Experimental Facility (TISTEF) located at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, to utilize the 1-km secured laser propagation range and the wide array of meteorological instrumentation for atmospheric and turbulence characterization. This will provide significant new data on the propagation of high peak power ultrashort laser pulses and detailed information on the atmospheric conditions in a coastal semi-tropical environment.
This work studies the accumulated nonlinearities when amplifying a narrow linewidth 2053 nm seed in a single mode Tm:fiber amplifier. A <2 MHz linewidth CW diode seed is externally modulated using a fiberized acousto-optic modulator. This enables independent control of repetition rate and pulse duration (>30 ns). The pulses are subsequently amplified and the repetition rate is further reduced using a second acousto-optic modulator. It is well known that spectral degradation occurs in such fibers for peak powers over 100's of watts due to self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, and stimulated Raman scattering. In addition to enabling a thorough test bed to study such spectral broadening, this system will also enable the investigation of stimulated Brillouin scattering thresholds in the same system. This detailed study of the nonlinearities encountered in 2 μm fiber amplifiers is important in a range of applications from telecommunications to the amplification of ultrashort laser pulses.
Pulse stretchers are critical components in chirped pulse amplification (CPA) and optical parametric CPA (OPCPA) laser systems. In CPA systems, pulse stretching and compression is typical accomplished using bulk diffraction gratings; however integrated devices such volume or fiber Bragg gratings can provide similar optical performance with significantly smaller footprint and simplified alignment. In this work, we discuss the use of such integrated devices to stretch a 100 fs pulse to 400 ps with customized third order dispersion for use in a multi-TW Ti:Sapphire system as well as integrated optics to control the pulse duration in pump lasers for OPCPA systems.
Thulium and holmium have become the rare earth dopants of choice for generating 2 micron laser light in silica fiber. The majority of Tm:fiber lasers are pumped with high power diodes at 790nm and rely upon cross-relaxation processes to achieve optical-to-optical efficiencies of 55-65%. Tm:fiber lasers can also be pumped at <1900nm by another Tm:fiber laser to minimize quantum defect, reaching efficiencies >90%. Ho:fiber lasers are similarly pumped by Tm:fiber lasers at 1900-1950nm, with <70% typical efficiency. In this work, Tm:fiber and Ho:fiber lasers are in-band pumped using the same experimental setup to directly compare their performance as 2 micron sources.
KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Diodes, Nd:YAG lasers, Diode pumped solid state lasers, Laser systems engineering, Resonators, Optical simulations, Systems modeling, High power lasers, Mirrors
This paper summarizes the results of simulation of a module for side-pumping a Nd:YAG rod. The module consists of three laser diode arrays separated by 120° rotation angle around the laser rod, where each array contains 10 emitters producing a maximum output power of 15 W at 808 nm wavelength. This high power diode pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser system was modeled in both LASCAD and GLAD simulators. LASCAD model was used to simulate the laser output power as a function of the total input power and the output mirror reflectivity. The model predicted an output power of 140 W given 400 W total input pump power with optical efficiency of 35%, in a good agreement with the published experimental results and similar commercially available CW DPSS laser systems. LASCAD was also used to model the temperature distribution inside the rod and to examine the heat load and thermally induced mechanical stress on the rod. Simulation in GLAD enabled a detailed analysis of the beam quality, beam size, and mode stability inside the resonator. GLAD models were used to simulate the pumping light distribution in the Nd:YAG rod for a single diode element, a single diode array, and three diode arrays. The GLAD shows that a stable multi-transverse mode "top hat" beam is formed after 30 passes through the resonator of the adopted high power DPSS laser system.
Ultra-large mode area thulium-doped photonic crystal fibers (Tm:PCF) have enabled the highest peak powers in 2
micron fiber laser systems to date. However, Tm:PCFs are limited by slope efficiencies of <50% when pumped with 790
nm laser diodes. A well-known alternative is pumping at 1550 nm with erbium/ytterbium-doped fiber (Er/Yb:fiber)
lasers for efficiencies approaching ~70%. However, these 1550 nm pump lasers are also relatively inefficient
themselves. A recently demonstrated and more attractive approach to enable slope efficiencies over 90% in thuliumdoped
step-index fibers is resonant pumping (or in-band pumping). This utilizes a high power thulium fiber laser
operating at a shorter wavelength as the pump. In this manuscript, we describe an initial demonstration of resonant
pumping in Tm:PCF. While the extracted power was still in the exponential regime due to pump power limitations, slope
efficiencies in excess of ~64 have been observed, and there is still room for improvement. These initial results show
promise for applying resonant pumping in Tm:PCF to improve efficiencies and facilitate high power scaling in ultralarge
mode area systems.
By utilizing photon energies considerably smaller than the semiconductors’ energy band gap, space-selective modifications can be induced in semiconductors beyond the laser-incident surface. Previously, we demonstrated that back surface modifications could be produced in 500-600 μm thin Si and GaAs wafers independently without affecting the front surface. In this paper, we present our latest studies on trans-wafer processing of semiconductors using a self-developed nanosecond-pulsed thulium fiber laser operating at the wavelength 2 μm. A qualitative study of underlying physical mechanisms responsible for material modification was performed. We explored experimental conditions that will enable many potential applications such as trans-wafer metallization removal for PV cell edge isolation, selective surface annealing and wafer scribing. These processes were investigated by studying the influence of process parameters on the resulting surface morphology, microstructure and electric properties.
Output performances of fiber-based optical systems, in particular fiber lasers and amplifiers, can be controlled using tailored fiber designs, gain profiles, and pump light overlap with the gain medium. Here, the performances of 2-μm light, propagating in three large-mode area fibers, a step-index fiber, a photonic crystal fiber (PCF), and a leakage channel fiber (LCF), designed to deliver a single-mode (SM) beam at this wavelength, were compared. Using the S2 imaging technique, the transverse mode content has been decomposed, and propagation losses, SM purity, and mode-field area (MFA) were measured for various input mode overlap and coiling diameters. It was experimentally demonstrated that coiling the PCF and LCF to 40 and 20 cm in diameter, respectively, resulted in efficient higher-order mode suppression, pure SM beam delivery, moderate (∼1 dB) coil-induced losses in the fundamental mode, and nondistorted, large MFA (∼1600 μm2) beam delivery.
Next-generation infrared (IR) optical components based on chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) may include structures which benefit from the enhanced optical function offered by spatially modifying regions with a nanocrystalline phase. Such modification may be envisioned if the means by which such spatial control of crystallization can be determined using the advantages offered through three-dimensional direct laser write (DLW) processes. While ChGs are well known to have good transparency in the IR, they typically possess lower thresholds for photo- and thermally- induced property changes as compared to other glasses such as silicates. Such low thresholds can result in material responses that include photoexpansion, large thermo-optic increases, mechanical property changes, photo-induced crystallization, and ablation. The present study examines changes in ChG material response realized by exposing the material to different laser irradiation conditions in order to understand the effects of these conditions on such material property changes. Thresholds for photoexpansion and ablation were studied by varying the exposure time and power with sub-bandgap illumination and evidence of laser induced phase change were examined. Simulations were carried out to estimate the temperature increase from the irradiation and the tolerances and stability of the calculations were examined. The models suggest that the processes may have components that are non-thermal in nature.
Within the past 10 years, thulium (Tm)-doped fiber lasers have emerged as a flexible platform offering high average power as well as high peak power. Many of the benefits and limitations of Tm:fiber lasers are similar to those for ytterbium (Yb)-doped fiber lasers, however the ~2 µm emission wavelength posses unique challenges in terms of laser development as well as several benefits for applications. In this presentation, we will review the progress of laser development in CW, nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond regimes. As a review of our efforts in the development of power amplifiers, we will compare large mode area (LMA) stepindex and photonic crystal fiber (PCF) architectures. In our research, we have found Tm-doped step index LMA fibers to offer relatively high efficiency and average powers at the expense of fundamental mode quality. By comparison, Tm-doped PCFs provide the largest mode area and quasi diffraction-limited beam quality however they are approximately half as efficient as step-index fibers. In terms of defense related applications, the most prominent use of Tm:fiber lasers is to pump nonlinear conversion to the mid-IR such as supercontinuum generation and optical parametric oscillators/amplifiers (OPO/A). We have recently demonstrated Tm:fiber pumped OPOs which generate ~28 kW peak power in the mid-IR. In addition, we will show that Tm:fiber lasers also offer interesting capabilities in the processing of semiconductors.
We report on the performance of a prototype pump combiner for use with thulium-doped photonic crystal fiber (PCF). This platform is attractive for “all-fiber” high energy and high peak power laser sources at 2 μm. We will report on the performance of this integrated amplifier in comparison to free space amplification in Tm:PCF. In particular, we carefully look for spectral/temporal modulation resulting from multimode interference between fundamental and higher order transverse modes in the amplifier to evaluate this for ultrashort chirped pulse amplification. The slope efficiency for the all-fiber amplifier is 22.1 %, indicating the need for further improvement. However, an M2 < 1.07 demonstrates excellent beam quality, as well as amplified polarization extinction ratios of ~25 dB.
Semiconductors such as Si and GaAs are transparent to infrared laser radiation with wavelengths >1.2 μm. Focusing
laser light at the back surface of a semiconductor wafer enables a novel processing regime that utilizes this transparency.
However, in previous experiments with ultrashort laser pulses we have found that nonlinear absorption makes it
impossible to achieve sufficient optical intensity to induce material modification far below the front surface. Using a
recently developed Tm:fiber laser system producing pulses as short as 7 ns with peak powers exceeding 100 kW, we
have demonstrated it is possible to ablate the “backside” surface of 500-600 μm thick Si and GaAs wafers. We studied
laser-induced morphology changes at front and back surfaces of wafers and obtained modification thresholds for multipulse
irradiation and surface processing in trenches. A significantly higher back surface modification threshold in Si
compared to front surface is possibly attributed to nonlinear absorption and light propagation effects. This unique
processing regime has the potential to enable novel applications such as semiconductor welding for microelectronics,
photovoltaic, and consumer electronics.
We present the design and challenges of a diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) system to amplify picosecond pulses to high pulse energies and high average powers. We discuss our implemented solutions to mitigate thermal effects and present the obtained performance of the picosecond pulse amplification at the multi-10-MW level. Our here presented picosecond DPSS laser is well suited for pumping an optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) system. Several laser technologies have been employed to pump OPCPA systems and we show how our DPSS system compares in performance to the other approaches.
We present the characterization of thermal distortion induced in bulk and orientation-patterned GaAs samples by a 100 W narrow linewidth, linearly polarized CW Tm:fiber laser focused to ~150 μm diameter. For a 500-μm thick bulk GaAs sample, the induced thermal distortion is measured using a probe laser beam at 1080 nm and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS). We also compare the power dependent induced divergence for 500-μm thick bulk GaAs and 10-mm thick orientation-partnered GaAs (OP-GaAs) samples as they are translated axially through the focus of a 2-μm wavelength Tm:fiber laser beam.
More than 20 years after the first presentation of optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA), the technology has matured as a powerful technique to produce high-intensity, few-cycle, and ultrashort laser pulses. The output characteristics of these systems cover a wide range of center wavelengths, pulse energies, and average powers. The current record performance of table-top, few-cycle OPCPA systems are 16 TW peak power and 22 W average power, which show that OPCPA is able to directly compete with Ti:sapphire chirped-pulse amplification-based systems as source for intense optical pulses. Here, we review the concepts of OPCPA and present the current state-of-the art performance level for several systems reported in the literature. To date, the performance of these systems is most generally limited by the employed pump laser. Thus, we present a comprehensive review on the recent progress in high-energy, high-average-power, picosecond laser systems, which provide improved performance relative to OPCPA pump lasers employed to date. From here, the impact of these novel pump lasers on table-top, few-cycle OPCPA is detailed and the prospects for next-generation OPCPA systems are discussed.
3D Meta-Optics are optical components that are based on the engineering of the electromagnetic fields in 3D dielectric
structures. The results of which will provide a class of transformational optical components that can be integrated at all
levels throughout a High Energy Laser system. This paper will address a number of optical components based on 2D
and 3D micro and nano-scale structures and their performance when exposed to high power lasers. Specifically, results
will be presented for 1550 nm and 2000 nm spectral bands and power densities greater than100 kW/cm2.
This paper highlights recent developments in resonant optical devices for infrared (IR) and mid-infrared (mid- IR) lasers. Sub-wavelength grating based resonant optical filters are introduced and their application in 2 μm thulium fiber laser and amplifier systems has been discussed. The paper focuses on applying such filtering techniques to 2.8 μm mid-IR fiber laser systems. A narrowband mid-IR Guided-Mode Resonance Filter (GMRF) was designed and fabricated using Hafnium(IV) Oxide film/quartz wafer material system. The fabricated GMRF was then integrated into an Erbium (Er)-doped Zr-Ba-La-Al-Na (ZBLAN) fluoride glass fiber laser as a wavelength selective feedback element. The laser operated at 2782 nm with a linewidth less than 2 nm demonstrating the viability of GMRF’s for wavelength selection in the mid-IR. Furthermore, a GMRF of narrower linewidth based on Aluminum Oxide/quartz wafer material system is fabricated and tested in the same setup. The potentials and challenges with GMRFs will be discussed and summarized.
In this manuscript we present our recent achievements utilizing thulium-doped photonic crystal fiber rods (PCF-rods) for lasing at 2 μm wavelength and their potential as high peak power amplifiers. Two PCF-rods with 65 μm and 80 μm core diameter were first separately characterized in CW laser oscillators. The rods were pumped with a 793 nm laser diode and produced more than 18 W output power with near diffraction limited beam quality and a slope efficiency of up to 27.8 %. Implementing an intracavity high reflectivity grating for lasing wavelength selection enabled a tuning range of 180 nm from 1810 nm to 1990 nm. Thereafter the PCF-rod with 80 μm core was used as an amplifier and produced similar output powers when seeded with up to 4 W at 1960 nm from a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA). The slope efficiency in this case was reduced to 20.1 % mainly due to the center wavelength of 1960nm. We are in the process of characterizing these rods in a pulsed amplification configuration to surpass MW-level peak power with multi-mJ pulse energy.
Femtosecond pulses were generated and amplified via chirped pulse amplification in Tm:fiber. The mode-locked oscillator centered at 1975 nm produced 800 fs transform limited pulses with 40 pJ energy at 60 MHz repetition rate. Subsequently, a soliton self-frequency shift in a thulium-doped fiber pumped with a 793 nm diode was used to amplify pulses to 3 nJ, shift the center wavelength, and reduce the pulse duration to 150 fs. This pulse was tuned to 2020 nm to match the center wavelength of a chirped Bragg grating. The pulses were stretched to >160 ps pulses, amplified to 85 nJ in single-mode Tm:fiber and recompressed to 400 fs.
The use of optical quality ceramics for laser applications is expanding, and with this expansion there is an increasing need for diagnostics to assess the quality of these materials. Ceramic material with flaws and contaminants yields significantly less efficient performance as laser gain media and can generate excessive amounts of waste heat. This is a concern that is especially relevant in high power laser applications where thermally induced damage can be catastrophic. In order to assess a set of ceramic and crystalline samples we induce and measure thermal lensing in order to produce a relative ranking based on the extent of the induced thermal lens. In these experiments thermal lensing is induced in a set of nine 10% Yb:YAG ceramic and single-crystal samples using a high power 940 nm diode, and their thermal response is measured using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The materials are also ranked by their transmission in the visible region. Discrepancies between the two ranking methods reveal that transmission in the visible region alone is not adequate for an assessment of the overall quality of ceramic samples. The thermal lensing diagnostic technique proves to be a reliable and quick over-all assessment method of doped ceramic materials without requiring any a priori knowledge of material properties.
Utilizing the transparency of silicon at 2 μm, we are able to ablate the backside of 500-μm thick
silicon wafers without causing any damage to the front surface using a novel nanosecond
Tm:fiber laser system. We report on our high energy/high peak power nanosecond Tm:fiber
laser and provide an initial description of the effects of laser parameters such as pulse duration
and energy density on the ablation, and compare thresholds for front and backside machining.
The ability to selectively machine the backside of silicon wafers without disturbing the front
surface may lead to new processing techniques for advanced manufacturing in solar cell and
microelectronics industries.
Optical fibers that support single mode operation while achieving large mode areas are key elements for scaling up
optical powers and pulse energies of fiber lasers. Here we report on a study of the modal properties of a new-generation
of polarization maintaining large-mode-area photonic crystal fibers based on the spectrally and spatially resolved (S2)
imaging technique. A fiber designed for Tm fiber laser system single mode operation in the 2μm spectral range is
demonstrated for coiling diameters smaller than 40cm. At shorter wavelengths in the 1.3μm range, efficient higher order
mode suppression requires tide coiling to about 20cm diameters.
We demonstrate single-mode, highly polarized output from a thulium-doped photonic crystal
fiber (PCF) with 50 μm core diameter and an ultra-large mode area >1000 μm2. To our
knowledge, this is the largest mode area of any flexible PCF and is capable of enabling the
generation of high peak powers. In a Q-switched oscillator configuration, this fiber produces
peak powers as high as 8.9 kW with 435 μJ, 49 ns pulses, >15 dB polarization extinction ratio
and quasi diffraction-limited beam quality. The pulse energy was scaled to >1 mJ in amplifier
configuration.
We have developed an integrated Tm:fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system
producing 100 W output power, with sub-nm spectral linewidth at -10 dB level, >10 dB
polarization extinction ratio, and diffraction-limited beam quality. This system consists of
polarization maintaining fiber, spliced together with fiberized pump combiners, isolators and
mode field adaptors. Recent advances in PM fibers and components in the 2 μm wavelength
regime have enabled the performance of this integrated high power system; however further
development is still required to provide polarized output approaching kilowatt average power.
We describe lasing in polarizing thulium doped PCF fiber for the first time. The ~4 m long fiber had 50/250 μm
core/cladding diameters and hole-diameter to pitch ratio of 0.18. CW lasing was achieved by end pumping with a
793 nm diode in an oscillator configuration. Slope efficiencies of ~35 % have been obtained with single mode beam
quality (M2 <1.15). The polarization extinction ratio (PER) was >13 dB without any intra-cavity polarizing
elements. This fiber, with MFD of ~36 μm and ~5.8 dB/m cladding pump absorption, is an attractive option for
high energy pulsed amplifiers in the 2 μm wavelength regime.
We report on a Tm:fiber master oscillator power amplifier system producing 100 W output power, with
>10 dB polarization extinction ratio and diffraction-limited beam quality. To our knowledge, this is the
highest polarized output power from an integrated Tm:fiber laser. The oscillator uses polarization
maintaining (PM) single mode fiber with 10/130 μm core/cladding diameters, and the amplifier uses large
mode area PM fiber with 25/400 μm core/cladding diameters. The oscillator and amplifier are pumped
using 793 nm diodes spliced with pump combiners, and the oscillator is spliced to the amplifier via a
mode field adaptor.
Q-switched operation in a thulium doped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is shown for the first time. The slope
efficiencies of 25.9, 31.9 and 33 % were observed for 10, 20 and 50 kHz repetition rates. The high peak powers of
>5 kW in the PCF oscillator was used to introduce modulation instability initiated >350 nm broadening in ~50 m
SMF-28 fiber.
KEYWORDS: Silica, High power lasers, Chalcogenide glass, Laser systems engineering, Selenium, Fiber lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Near infrared, Thermal optics, Absorption
Chalcogenide samples with varying selenium concentrations, As10Se90, As30Se70, As40Se60, and As50Se50, were
characterized for high power transmission using a Tm:fiber laser system. The Tm:fiber laser oscillator consists of a
LMA fiber with 25/400 μm core/cladding diameters pumped by 793 nm diode. The output beam was collimated to
a 3 mm beam diameter, and transmitted through the chalcogenide samples at CW powers up to 23 W. We measure
the transmission as a function of incident power, as well as some initial characterization of surface damage from
nanosecond pulses at 2 μm. Furthermore, we utilize a wavefront sensor to characterized the thermal lens induced by
the Tm:fiber laser.
We describe the generation and amplification of femtosecond pulses at 2-μm wavelength in thulium doped fiber. The
mode-locked oscillator is a ring cavity based on single-mode Tm:fiber producing stable soliton pulses at 70 MHz
repetition rate with 40 pJ pulse energy, centered at ~1.97 μm wavelength with ~8 nm (FWHM) spectral width. These
pulses seed a Tm:fiber based Raman amplifier, which increases the energy up to 9 nJ. The spectrum is broadened up to
40 nm (FWHM) and the center wavelength can be shifted from
~1.97- 2.15 μm. The Raman solitons are inherently
time-bandwidth limited with pulse durations <150 fs.
We have demonstrated an all-fiber thulium laser system that, without any intracavity polarizing elements or freespace
components, yielded a stable polarization extinction ratio (PER) of ~18 dB. The system is based on singlemode
polarization-maintaining silica fiber and its cavity is formed from each a high and low reflectivity
femtosecond laser written fiber Bragg grating resonant at 2054 nm. The output of the fiber is not only highly
polarized, but maintains a narrow linewidth of 78 pm at its maximum output power of 5.24 W. The high PER
without any polarizing elements in the cavity is of great interest and makes the systems useful for spectral beam
combining and other applications which require polarization dependent optical elements.
We present a Tm:fiber based broadband ASE source which was used for atmospheric CO2 detection. The average
spectral power of this source was limited to ~6.1 μW/nm which was the main limitation in detection of trace
concentrations of gases. This shortcoming was overcome by using an ultrashort pulsed Raman amplifier system with
maximum of ~127 μW/nm of spectral power density which was able to provide sensitivity better than 300 ppm for CO2.
In addition, improving the average power of the ASE provided an essential tool in lab to characterize optical elements
with sharp spectral features around 2 μm.
Amplified ultrashort pulses at 2 μm are of great interest for atmospheric sensing, medical, and materials processing
applications. We describe the generation and amplification of femtosecond 2 μm pulses in thulium doped silica fiber.
Mode-locked eye-safe laser pulses at ~2 μm were generated in a Tm:fiber oscillator using a single-walled carbon
nanotube saturable absorber. Stable mode-locking was achieved at a repetition rate of 70 MHz with soliton pulses
reaching energies of ~40 pJ with a spectral bandwidth of ~8 nm. Autocorrelation measurements indicated bandwidth
limited pulses of ~500 fs duration. This oscillator was used to seed a Tm:fiber amplifier in both free space and fiber
coupled configurations. Effects of dispersion compensation and pulse amplification are reported.
A polarization-maintaining (PM), narrow-linewidth, continuous wave, thulium fiber laser is demonstrated. The laser
cavity is formed from two femtosecond-laser-written fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and operates at 2054 nm. The
laser output possesses both narrow spectral width (78 pm) and a high polarization extinction ratio of ~18 dB at 5.24
W of output power. This laser is a unique demonstration of a PM thulium fiber system based on a two FBG cavity
that produces high PER without any free-space elements. Such a narrow linewidth source will be useful for
applications such as spectral beam combining which often employ polarization dependent combining elements.
We report on a thulium doped silica fiber ASE source for absorption spectroscopy of CO2. The average spectral power
of this source was 2.3-6.1 μW/nm. This low spectral power of this source posed limitation in the sensitivity of the
system which was overcome by using an ultrashort pulsed Raman amplifier system with 50-125 μW/nm average spectral
power. This system produced CO2 sensitivity better than 300 ppm making measurement of CO2 possible at standard
atmospheric concentrations.
A tunable master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) fiber laser system based on thulium doped silica fiber designed for
investigation of multi-kilometer propagation through atmospheric transmission windows existing from ~2030 nm to
~2050 nm and from ~2080 nm to beyond 2100 nm is demonstrated. The system includes a master oscillator tunable over
>200 nm of bandwidth from 1902 nm to beyond 2106 nm producing up to 10 W of linearly polarized, stable, narrow
linewidth output power with near diffraction limited beam quality. Output from the seed laser is amplified in a power
amplifier stage designed for operation at up to 200 W CW over a tuning range from 1927 - 2097 nm. Initial field tests of
this system at the Innovative Science & Technology Experimental Facility (ISTEF) laser range on Cape Canaveral Air
Force Station, Florida will be discussed. Results presented will include investigation of transmission versus wavelength
both in and out of atmospheric windows, at a variety of distances. Investigations of beam quality degradation at ranges
up to 1 km at a variety of wavelengths both in and out of atmospheric transmission windows will be also presented.
Available theoretical models of atmospheric transmission are compared to the experimental results.
Beams from three frequency stabilized master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) thulium fiber laser systems were
spectrally beam combined using a metal diffraction grating. Two of the laser oscillators were stabilized with guided
mode resonances filters while the third was stabilized using a gold-coated diffraction grating. Each system was
capable of producing a minimum of 40 W output powers with slope efficiencies between 50-60 %. The three lasers
undergoing combination were operating at wavelengths of 1984.3, 2002.1, and 2011.9 nm with spectral linewidths
between 250-400 pm. Beam combining was accomplished by spatially overlapping the spectrally separated beams
on a water-cooled gold-coated diffraction grating with 600 lines/mm. Beam quality measurements were completed
using M2 measurements at multiple power levels of the combined beam. Power levels of 49 W were achieved before
thermal heating of the metal diffraction grating cause degradation in beam quality. The combining grating was
~66% efficient for the unpolarized light corresponding to a total optical-to-optical efficiency of 33% with respect to
launched pump power.
A volume Bragg grating is used in two different configurations to control the output spectrum of a thulium doped silica
fiber laser. When used in a direct feedback configuration on the end of a bidirectionally pumped resonator, a power of up
to 159 W with 54% slope efficiency is produced with a narrow output spectrum centered at 2052.5 nm with <1.5 nm
full-width at 10 dB down from spectral peak. Maximum laser linewidth is limited by the VBG reflectivity width. The
VBG based laser is compared to a laser resonator based on a standard HR mirror and is able to maintain stable spectrally
narrow operation while the HR mirror laser has a wide and varied spectral output over 20-30 nm. Both lasers have
similar slope efficiency, threshold and power performance with any difference attributed to lack of AR coatings on the
VBG. In a second cavity, the VBG is used in a tunable configuration by rotating the VBG away from normal incidence.
Tuning range was found to be >100 nm from 1947 nm to 2052.5 nm with output powers as high as 48 W and up to 52%
slope efficiency. Tuning range is determined by VBG center wavelength on the long wavelength end and by the VBG
aperture size on the short end. In both system configurations, M2 is maintained at less than 1.2 at all power levels and
long term operating stability at full power is demonstrated.
We report the performance of an actively Q-switched Tm fiber laser system. The laser was stabilized to sub-nanometer
spectral width using each of two feedback elements: a blazed reflection grating and a volume Bragg grating. Maximum
pulse energy using the reflection grating was 325 μJ pulses at 1992 nm (< 200 pm width) with a 125 ns duration at a 20
kHz repetition rate. Maximum pulse energy using the volume Bragg grating was 225 μJ pulses at 2052 nm (<200 pm
width) with a 200 ns duration also at 20 kHz. We also report the laser's performance as an ablation source for LIBS
experiments on copper.
Guided mode resonance filters (GMRF) were used to spectrally-stabilize and line-narrow the output
spectrum from Tm fiber lasers operating in the 2 μm wavelength regime. The GMRFs were placed in the output path
of an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source and the transmitted light was measured as a notch in the
spectrum on resonance. The GMRFs were characterized to determine their peak reflectivity, resonance wavelength,
and spectral linewidth of each element. These measurements showed various resonance wavelengths and linewidths
varying from 0.50-1.5 nm depending on the individual GMRF parameters. Using GMRFs as feedback elements in
Tm fiber laser oscillators resulted in output powers up to 10 W and slope efficiencies of 30-45% with respect to
launched 790 nm pump power. In order to scale to higher powers and maintain narrow linewidths, a master
oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) setup was employed with a GMRF stabilized master oscillator. In addition to the
laser and amplifier characteristics, thermal and damage testing of the GMRFs is reported.
Compact and robust high power eye-safe laser sources are required for rapidly deployable free-space optical (FSO) communication networks. Such systems have been demonstrated using essentially telecom-based lasers in a relatively narrow bandwidth window around 1.5 μm. Here we discuss additional wavelength transmission bands within the mid-IR. Using advanced laser sources to provide illumination across wide wavelength ranges, particularly within the 2-5 μm it may be possible to overcome transmission limitations associated with adverse weather and atmospheric conditions.
We have designed and developed a grating based thulium (Tm) doped fiber laser with ~150 nm tuning range which is
used as the master oscillator in a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) thulium fiber laser system. Due to thermal
instability in the grating used for tuning, the MO could produce a power up to 4.5 W, beyond which the oscillator
became unstable. Injecting the seed laser into a bidirectionally pumped large mode area (LMA) Tm fiber amplifier, a
stable, tunable, narrow linewidth high beam quality amplified signal of >100 W was achieved. In the absence of stable
and sufficiently high power from the seed laser, the amplifier could not be tested to its full potential. The amplifier was
also, converted into an oscillator to investigate its power handling capability. An excellent beam quality and ~200 W of
power were achieved by running the power amplifier as an oscillator. Operation stability of the oscillator was measured
to be more than one hour with a minimum power fluctuation of 0.5%. Currently efforts are underway to increase the seed
laser power to ~10 W, large enough to reduce ASE and mitigate feedback to the master oscillator to demonstrate a 200
W, tunable (150 nm) and narrow linewidth (0.15 nm) MOPA system.
The MOPA system will be one of a number of new state-of-the-art high power lasers to be located at the
Innovative Science & Technology Experimentation Facility, creating a unique laser range facility for next generation
studies and tests across a broad range of sciences and technologies.
Eye-safe, high power, tunable, narrow linewidth lasers are key technologies for a number of applications, including
atmospheric propagation measurements. Since the atmosphere has narrow line transmission windows it is important to
have a tunable linewidth source which can be matched to the transmission window. We have developed a stable narrow-linewidth
(0.3 nm), tunable (from 1947 nm to 2108 nm) large mode area thulium doped fiber laser. Using this as a seed
source, a master oscillator power amplifier with ~100 W output power will be presented.
We address recent fiber-based femtosecond laser technology. Specifically, fiber-chirped pulse amplifier is discussed for
the enabling the concept of real-world applications. We review recent selected material applications demonstrating advantages of ultrafast dynamics of highly repetitive pulse train in nanoparticle generation in pulsed-laser deposition and reliable Si wafer singulation.
Photolithography is well established in the fabrication of microfluidic networks; however,
it is difficult to fabricate designs which require multiple depths. Furthermore, the cost/time
to produce photolithographic masks is problematic, particularly when prototyping. Here
we describe fabrication of microfluidic branching networks with multi-depth structures,
ranging from 10s to 100s of microns, using a femtosecond fiber laser with 10 W average
power, followed by chemical etching in a 10:1 solution of 49% HF and 69% HNO3. While
this technique was originally developed using a nanosecond laser, this unique femtosecond
laser enables greater processing precision and faster overall processing speed.
We describe maskless rapid prototyping of a micro-fluidic branching network on a silicon wafer with laser direct writing
(LDW). The branching micro-channel network is designed as a blood oxygenator following Murray's law and satisfying
the necessity of equal path lengths. In development of such micro-fluidic structures, this maskless process will reduce
time and cost compared with the conventional photolithography based technique. The flexibility of laser direct writing
facilitates creating a multi-depth structure of the branching network, ranging from a few microns to a few hundred
microns in depth. In order to create such a wide range of feature sizes, a nanosecond pulsed Nd-YAG laser and a
femtosecond pulsed fiber laser are used together. The femtosecond fiber laser is used to create micro-channels with a
depth of less than 50μm. As post-processing, a chemical etching in a solution of HF and HNO3 is applied to smooth the
laser ablated surface. To realize an optimized design of micro-fluidic structures, influences of operating parameters, such
as the pulse energy, the focal position, the transverse speed, and the number of passes, on the depth of micro-channels
and their surface quality are investigated. Using the laser machined silicon structures as a mold, a
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) replica is created.
We have previously demonstrated ultrashort pulse amplification in fiber systems beyond the B-integral limit. Here we
report on recent experiments to increase the average power of such systems, and their application to high-speed material
processing. A compact fiber chirped pulse amplification system, producing sub-picosecond 50 &mgr;J pulses at a repetition
rate of 1 MHz, is obtained by implementing a fiber stretcher and a 1780 l/mm dielectric diffraction grating compressor.
Despite a substantial residual dispersion mismatch between stretcher and compressor, the cubicon fiber amplifier allows
for the generation of sub-picosecond pulses with sufficient quality for high-speed micromachining applications.
Moreover, the dielectric grating compressor allows power independent near-diffraction limited beam quality as required
for precision micro-machining. We utilize this laser to mill aluminum, alumina, and glass targets with material removal
rates >0.2 mm3/s in all three materials.
Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) is widely used for generating high-energy femtosecond pulses. This is most
commonly done with a solid-state Ti:Sapphire crystal through a free-space optical path. The high energy density in the
crystal and the precise optical path required with the use of bulk optics make it difficult to design a simple system with
good stability and beam quality over the environmental conditions typically encountered in the manufacturing
environment.
A CPA system using fiber architecture reduces the need for precise beam guiding since the light follows the fiber. The
pump energy is more evenly distributed along the length of the amplifier fiber, reducing the thermal dissipation that is
required (no water chiller is required) and improving the overall efficiency. The fiber architecture also produces a
superior quality beam that does not require great care to maintain.
IMRA's latest FCPA μJewel uses the inherent advantages of the FCPA architecture, along with extensive engineering, to
produce a compact and stable femtosecond fiber laser system. Its high repetition rate and stable performance enables
applications that were difficult to achieve previously.
This paper will review the general design architecture of the FCPA μJewel and discuss several applications.
Fiber lasers offer an excellent technology base for production of an industrial-quality tool for precision microfabrication, answering the need to expand the capabilities of laser material processing beyond traditional welding, cutting, and other industrial processes. IMRA's FCPA μJewelTM femtosecond fiber laser has been developed to address the particular need for direct-write lasers for creation of clean and high-quality micron and sub-micron features in materials of commercial interest. This flexible Yb:fiber chirped-pulse amplification architecture, capable of operating at rep-rates between 100 kHz and 5 MHz, balances the need for higher-repetition rate with that of sufficient pulse energy to work at or near ablation threshold, while meeting industrial standards for temperature, shock and vibration. Demonstration of the need for higher-repetition rates for direct write processes will be provided in this paper. Further, results of laser-processing of materials typically used in flat panel displays, photomasks, and waveguide production using the FCPA μJewelTM laser will be presented.
High average power single-mode fiber lasers have attracted significant attention as alternatives to conventional solidstate lasers owing to their relative high brightness, compactness and robustness. Likewise the turn-key operation of industrially qualified ultrafast fiber oscillators is well established. In recent years the convergence of reliable ultrafast fiber oscillators, high brightness pump diodes and high power fiber amplifiers has enabled ultrafast fiber lasers to surpass ultrafast solid-state lasers in terms of average power. While fiber lasers have generally not been able to match the ultrashort pulse energies produced by solid-state lasers, careful management of nonlinearities can overcome the conventional B-integral limit of π thereby permitting stable operation of practical ultrafast fiber lasers with pulse energies approaching the milli-Joule level. Here we review modes of nonlinear propagation in fibers which have enabled increases in ultrashort pulse energies from nano-Joule to milli-Joule levels, namely: solitons, similaritons and cubicons. As an example of a practical high energy ultrafast fiber laser, we demonstrate a cubicon Yb fiber chirped pulse amplification system producing 550 fs pulses with 50 μJ at >15 W.
High-repetition rate (>200 kHz) ultrafast lasers drive novel heat accumulation processes attractive for rapid writing of low loss optical waveguides in transparent glasses. Heat accumulation is significant at ~1 MHz when thermal diffusion is insufficient to remove the absorbed laser energy from the focal volume (<10-μm diameter) during the interval between pulses. A novel femtosecond fiber laser system (IMRA, FCPA μJewel) providing variable repetition rate between 100 kHz and 5 MHz was applied to waveguide writing in fused silica and various borosilicate glasses in order to investigate the relationship of such heat accumulation effects. Waveguides were formed with <400-fs pulses at 1045-nm at pulse energies of 2.5 μJ at 100 kHz to >150 nJ at 5 MHz. Wide variations in waveguide properties were encountered, particularly when processing 1737F and AF45 borosilicate, at repetition rates greater than 200 kHz. Waveguide characterization revealed unique material-dependent thresholds for cumulative and single pulse phenomenon. Of these materials, fused silica is unusual in resisting waveguide formation at the fundamental wavelength of 1045 nm, but amenable to waveguide writing at the second harmonic of 522 nm. Laser processing windows are presented for several silica-based glasses for creating symmetric waveguides with low insertion loss when coupled to standard optical fibers. The effects of material and laser parameters on thermal accumulation and waveguide characteristics are discussed.
Direct waveguide writing with femtosecond lasers can be divided into two general categories based upon the type of lasers used: amplified systems that emit high pulse energy (>2 μJ) at low repetition rates (<250 kHz), and oscillators that produce low energy (<200 nJ) at high repetition rates (>1 MHz). In this presentation, we report on waveguide writing with a novel commercial femtosecond fiber laser system (IMRA, FCPA μJewel) that bridges the gap between these two regimes, providing sub-400 fs pulses with pulse energies of >2.5 μJ at 100 kHz and >150 nJ at 5 MHz. The laser repetition rate can be varied from 100 kHz to 5 MHz in 1 kHz increments through a computer controlled user interface. The ability to quickly and easily vary the repetition rate of this laser was critical in identifying and optimizing laser processing windows for different target glasses. An overview of laser processing windows and waveguide characteristics are presented for borosilicate and fused silica glasses exposed to fundamental (1045 nm) and second harmonic (522 nm) laser light.
Ti:Sapphire lasers remain the most widely used utlrafast laser. However, precise optical alignment and environmental control are necessary for continuous, long-term stable operatoin of the laser. IMRA's FCPA laser is an air-cooled, Yb fiber-based ultrafast laser designed to operate in an industrial environment and provide a stable, high-quality laser beam. In this work, the micromachining performance of the FCPA laser is directly compared with a conventional Ti:Sapphire regenerative amplifier laser. An experimental study was conducted to determine the ablation threshold and etch rate for a variety of materials (including metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics). The materials chosen for the experiments cover a wide range of optical, mechanical and physical properties. Similar focusing conditions were used for both lasers in order to ensure that any differences in the results are primarily due to the different characteristics of each laser. For materials with a relatively low ablation threshold, the full energy of the Ti:Sapphire laser is not needed. Furthermore, it is near the ablation threshold where ultrafast laser processing provides the benefit of minimal thermal damage to the surrounding material. Although the relatively low pulse energy of the FCPA limits its ability to ablate some harder materials, its high repetition rate increases the material processing speed and its good beam quality and stability facilitates tight, efficient focusing for precise machining of small features.
Because of the unique laser-matter interaction processes involved, femtosecond laser micro-machining and femtosecond laser materials processing techniques are developing rapidly to stages where they may be introduced into manufacturing. Yet in both these areas, some complex interaction phenomena are not fully understood. In this talk we describe two studies of fundamental processes that impact both of these areas. These studies were made in transparent media, but their findings will be applicable to many non-transparent materials. Micro-machining in confined regions can give rise to new physical mechanisms emerging to dominate the machining process. We show this occurs in deep hole drilling of glasses by femtosecond laser pulse, where self-focusing effects takes over in the ablating process. The conditions under which this occurs will be described, and other configurations discussed where these phenomena may be important. At intensities below that required for ablation, structural modification of materials may be effected by femtosecond laser pulses. This has opened pathways towards direct femtosecond laser writing of optical waveguides, micro-fluidic systems and other structures. We will describe the controlled variation of refractive index that can be created in certain types of glasses and there potential for optical waveguides, and active optical elements. The evolution of these techniques will lead to their eventual integration for the fabrication of multi-component systems on a single chip.
We describe several scenarios of basic femtosecond machining and materials processing that should lead to practical applications. Included are results on high through-put deep hole drilling in polymers and glasses in ambient air, and precision high speed micron-scale surface modification of materials.
Progress in the growth of the rare earth calcium oxyborate crystals has now generated a new class of laser materials that can be used as both a laser host and a nonlinear frequency converter. Laser action and self-frequency doubling (SFD) has been observed with both 10% and 20% Yb3+-doped YCOB crystals. Laser operation was obtained in a hemispherical linear cavity, end-pumped with a tunable cw Ti:Sapphire or a 980 nm laser diode pump source. Under Ti:Sapphire pumping at 900 nm, an output power of 230 mW and a slope efficiency of 29% was obtained using the 10% doped sample. Laser action was seen at 1050 nm. Laser operation of the 20% sample had a maximum output power of approximately 300 mW with a slope efficiency of 35.8% at 1088 nm. Laser action was not obtained at the peak of the fluorescence emission (approximately 1030 nm) in this crystal as a consequence of self-absorption on the short- wavelength side of the emission band. Diode-pumped operation at the narrow absorption peak of 977 nm was achieved and early results show an improved slope efficiency of 34% in comparison to the 10% doped crystal under Ti:Sapphire pumping. We have also observed self-frequency doubling in Yb3+:YCOB. The 20% Yb3+:YCOB crystal used for this test was cut with a phase-matching angle of 36.22 degree(s). The self-frequency doubling efficiency was low due to the absence of any frequency selective elements in the cavity to narrow the linewidth of the fundamental emission. The SFD emission occurred at 543 nm.
Development of the oxyborate Nd3+:YCOB has brought about the realization of single crystal elements under diode pumped operation for compact simple, solid state lasers producing visible laser emission. Efficient laser action and self-frequency doubling (SFD) has been obtained for both Ti:Sapphire and diode pumped operations. Comparable results were obtained for a hemispherical linear cavity with a 2% output coupler for fundamental operation. The fundamental output power of the Nd:YCOB under Ti:Sapphire pumping was in excess of 400 mW with a slope efficiency of 44% with approximately 1 W absorbed. Utilizing high brightness laser diodes, over 350 mW of fundamental output power has been obtained with a slope efficiency of 51% for similar absorbed powers. Efficient SFD operation was demonstrated in both pumping modes with no output coupling at the fundamental wavelength and high transmission of the second harmonic using a 5% doped Nd:YCOB crystal. Output powers of approximately 60 mW at 530 nm were obtained with both Ti:Sapphire and laser diode pumping.
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