The healthiness of the retinal vascular network plays an essential role in maintaining healthy vision. Numerous efforts have been devoted to developing accessible high-resolution retinal vascular network mapping instruments for ocular disease diagnosis and systematic disorder screening. Although optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the current standard-of-care high-resolution noninvasive retinal imaging technique, it only provides 3D structural retinal images. To enable the noninvasive visualization and assessment of the retinal vascular network, OCT angiography (OCTA) was invented to analyze differences within repeatedly scanned cross-sectional areas to form volumetric retina blood flow maps. With these unprecedented advantages, OCTA has been quickly employed by ophthalmic clinics. Nevertheless, the inconsistencies in current imaging protocols, data analysis metrics, and clinical practices result in difficulties in OCTA function evaluation during product registration, periodic calibration, and inspection. A retinal vascular phantom could facilitate the OCTA product performance evaluation to promote the standardization of OCTA instruments. In this work, we designed and fabricated a retinal multivascular phantom with an eleven-layer structure and a diseased multivascular network with microaneurysms and vein occlusions to evaluate OCTA instrument performance. To mimic the blood flow in the retina, an intralipid solution was injected into the vascular network phantom with an infusion pump. OCT and OCTA images of the retina phantom were obtained with a commercial OCTA system. Critical retinal vascular network parameters of the phantom were also examined to validate its quantitative evaluation function. Results prove that the diseased multivascular network retinal phantom could provide an assessment of the OCTA function.
In this paper,the liquid-based scattering microspheres phantom is studied, in order to evaluate the resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) equipment. By mixing pure water and polystyrene (PS) microspheres in proportion to fabricate solutions of different concentrations. The disadvantages of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates are overcame, such as complex production process, microbubbles, uneven distribution or clustering of microspheres, easy tearing, and relatively low imaging contrast. The encapsulated liquid-based scattering microspheres phantom is characterized by optical microscopy, which shows that the microspheres are uniformly distributed without clustering. It can effectively improve the accuracy of resolution evaluation of OCT equipment. At the same time, the automatic identification, averaging and fitting of microspheres in OCT test images are realized by programming, and the evaluation results of lateral and axial resolutions are given automatically. Finally, the liquid-based evaluation phantom is validated by testing the resolutions of a commercial OCT equipment.
The invention of optical coherence tomography (OCT) provided a noninvasive high-resolution three-dimensional imaging technique for the visualization of the retina. To date, OCT has become the standard of care for daily ophthalmic clinical practice, especially for the posterior segment examination. Lateral resolution determines the smallest features that can be resolved by an OCT system on the lateral dimension and it is one of the most important parameters for OCT imaging quality evaluation. Therefore, the standardized testing device and method for OCT lateral resolution evaluation have become critical to certify its imaging and diagnosis quality. As a widely applied standard, ISO 16971:2015 published by the International Organization for Standardization specifies a test device and test method for the lateral resolution evaluation for OCT for the posterior segment of the human eye. In this work, we implemented the testing device and method described in ISO 16971:2015 with a commercial ophthalmic OCT instrument and evaluated its performance in lateral resolution measurement. Results show that the test device and method could provide a quick and coarse evaluation of the lateral resolution. There are improvements to be made so that the measurement can be more accurate, reliable, and consistent for manufacturers, users, and regulatory authorities to implement.
Ophthalmic optical equipment is a kind of clinical medical equipment based on optical principles, which can be used for ophthalmic examinations and diagnoses. Their imaging qualities and measurement accuracies are very important. Therefore, regular calibrations with ophthalmic optical standard models are needed. Aiming at the metrology of axial parameters of ophthalmic optical standard models, a time-domain OCT metrology system based on multi-spectrum is developed. It can measure and calibrate the optical path values or physical thicknesses (refractive indexes are known) of each layer inside the models at different wavebands. The developed metrology system has the advantages of high speed, non-contact, disassembly free, and application to complex structures. To meet the metrology needs of ophthalmic optical instruments in different working bands, three commonly used bands can be switched in this system by an optical switch, whose central wavelengths are 840nm, 1060nm, and 1310nm respectively, with a bandwidth of around 60nm. The reference arm of the system adopts a high-precision electronic control optical path matching device, and the sample arm can achieve a maximum detection depth of 80mm in air. Combining dispersion compensation mirror and algorithm, a clear interface edge and an axial resolution of 10μm are obtained. In addition, the axial length standard model recommended by ISO 22665 and the anterior segment standard model developed by the national institute of metrology were measured experimentally. In the experiment, refractive indexes of materials in each waveband are known, and the maximum error of measuring each layer’s thickness is less than 10μm. In a word, the developed system in this paper can effectively solve the axial parameters’ metrology and calibration problem of ophthalmic optical standard models, especially with large depth and complex internal structures.
In this paper, a set of geometric parameters metrology system for contact lens based on SD-OCT (Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography) is developed and optimized, which can dealing with difficulties in measuring geometric parameters of contact lens, especially those with complex structures and surface shapes. Dispersion compensation, SNR(Signal-to-noise ratio) improvement and error compensation are introduced to improve the measurement accuracy. What’s more, the developed system is calibrated according to JJF 1148-2006. After calibration, the system meets the following indicators: test range of diameter: 8 mm-16 mm, indication error: ±50 μm; test range of center thickness: 0mm-1 mm, indication error: ±5 μm; test range of curvature radius: 6.5 mm-9.5 mm, indication error: ±20μm, repeatability of measurement: 10 μm. In addition, key parameters of a rigid contact lens with complex structure are measured, including diameter, vector height and center thickness, which can be recognized and measured automatically.
A multiplexed gas sensing network based on hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) and active intra-cavity absorption spectrometry is designed and demonstrated experimentally. Sensing channels are extended to eight by using hybrid dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). What’s more, wavelength scanning technique combined with voltage gradient method are adopted in the designed sensing network, which improves the sensing efficiency at least five times when comparing with the whole scan. In experiment, by recording and analyzing the laser output intensity at acetylene absorption peaks of 1528.01 nm and 1530.37 nm, the minimum detection limit (MDL) of 30.16 ppmv and 26.28 ppmv are achieved, respectively. Therefore, the designed gas sensing network can realize detection of low-concentration gas with high capacity and efficiency.
In this article, a novel optical metrology and calibration device is designed, which can be used for the metrology and calibration of ophthalmic optical instrument - fundus cameras. Fundus camera is widely used in the field of diagnosing fundus diseases due to its high accuracy, simple structure and easy operation. The model eye we designed, including the cornea, lens and other major refractive parts of human eye can test multiple key parameters of fundus cameras, such as resolution, field of view, diopter and so on. A resolution board with micron-level precision for the detection of resolution is designed and processed by coating technology. The mechanical structures of the model eye including the cyclic structure for testing the field of view are designed and processed by 3D printing technology. In addition, different diopters have been developed for simulating nearsightedness and farsightedness. Testing results show that the model eye we designed can be used for metrology and calibration of fundus cameras, and has the advantages of high accuracy, high integration, strong stability and applicability.
We developed and verified a metrology and calibration equipment based on LabVIEW and USB-bus technology for measuring key parameters of medical laser therapy apparatus. In this paper, aiming at Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser therapy apparatus whose safety and reliability issues are prominent, according to measurement requirements of key parameters during treatment, we designed a portable, high-precision, user-friendly and all-in-one measuring equipment. The designed equipment can carry out the measurement of pulsed laser key parameters including wavelength, pulse width, repetition frequency, pulsed energy or power, spot size of treatment area and beam divergence angle. For aiming beam, which is continuous wave laser, wavelength and power can be measured. In addition, the quantity values of the measuring equipment we designed were traceable to national standards of measurement effectively, which includes three items: measuring range of pulse width is 1 ns~100 ns and maximum permissible error (MPE) does not exceed ±10 %; measuring range of pulsed energy is 1 mJ~2 J, class of accuracy is up to 5, surface uniformity better than ±3 % and zero drift better than ±2 %; measuring range of treatment-area spot size is 2 mm~8 mm and MPE does not exceed ±10 %.
The traditional single reference arm swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) has the ability to image 7mm axial length, however larger depth can not be obtained directly. Conventionally, the extending depth can be obtained via special system design or multi-arm imaging. However, in this paper we design a SSOCT system with large detection depth which only need one reference arm. The difference between this system and the traditional is that the proposed system use a high-speed scanning laser. The large imaging depth range is achieved owing to the increased k-trigger number and the related sample point number in one A-scan period. The sample signal and the reference signal interfere in the optical fiber coupler, and then it is detected by a balanced detector. The digital signal of each A-line goes through spectrum shaping, background removal, mirror image removal, dispersion matching and the Fourier transform, then the A-scan signal can be obtained. 512 A-scan signal comprise the B-scan frame. The imaging depth can reach 54mm, and the axial imaging resolution is 7.5 μm . The frame rate is 5fps of the SSOCT system which can be improved if algorithm is simplified further. The system can be employed in human eye axial-length measurement and dimensional measurement.
We propose an ultra-wide detection range refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The analyte is injected into the central air hole of fiber core. The properties of refractive index sensing are investigated. Simulation results show that the proposed sensor has an ultra-wide detection range from 1.29 to 1.49. The refractive index wavelength sensitivities of x-polarized and y-polarized core mode are -4156.82 nm/RIU and -3703.64 nm/RIU respectively, and the linear fitting degrees are 0.99598 and 0.99236, respectively. The maximum x-pol amplitude sensitivity is -456.589RIU-1 . The maximum y-pol amplitude sensitivity is -1056.33RIU-1 . The designed refractive index sensor has a great potential in the fields of biology, chemistry, environment and medicine.
A localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) filled with liquid and silver nanowires is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. Simulation results show that a blueshift is appeared along with temperature increasing. The resonance wavelength and resonance intensity can be tuned effectively by adjusting the volume ratios of the liquid constituents. To investigate the sensor’s performance, a large temperature range from 25°C to 60°C is detected in experiment and the sensitivity of -2.08 nm/°C with figure of merit (FOM) 0.1572 is obtained. The all-fiber device with strong mechanical stability is easy to realize remote sensing by changing the downlead fiber length, also promising for developing a high sensitive, real-time and distribute fiber sensor in temperature sensing applications.
We propose a sensitivity-enhanced intracavity-absorption gas sensor based on the phenomenon of mode competition in the dual-wavelength ring fiber laser. The laser configuration possesses the sensing and reference wavelengths as 1530.372 nm and 1532.168 nm, respectively. When the hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) is filled with 1000-ppmv acetylene, a sudden change on absorption intensity of more than 30 dB can be achieved by adjusting the optical loss in the laser cavities, resulting from the mode competition between the sensing and reference wavelengths. The minimum detectable acetylene concentration (MDAC) of 29.53 ppmv is obtained in experiment, one order of magnitude higher than former works.
We achieve a dual-wavelength single-frequency Erbium-doped ring fiber laser by using umpumped Erbium-doped fiber and polarization-maintained fiber Bragg grating. The maximum output power is 2.11 mW when the pump power is about 225 mW, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 1%. And the SNR is larger than 60 dB. The two lasing wavelengths of the dual-wavelength ring fiber laser are 1550.16 nm and 1550.54 nm, corresponding to the linewidths of 769 Hz and 673 Hz, respectively. Meanwhile, these two lasing wavelengths can be tuned from 1550.12 nm to 1550.52 nm and from 1550.49 nm to 1550.82 nm, respectively, when the temperature is verified from 15 °C to 55 °C. It can be used as a temperature sensor with a sensitivity about 0.01 nm/°C, which possesses a resolution about ∼4×10-6 °C through using optical heterodyne method. In addition, it can be used to realize high-resolution strain sensor by employing heterodyne method to measure the wavelength separation at the same time.
We demonstrate an automatic channel-switched intracavity- absorption acetylene sensor via Sagnac loop filter based on the mode-competition in a ring fiber laser. When the photonic crystal fiber gas cell is filled with 1% acetylene, the corresponding absorption intensity can be ~14.0 dB and ~7.2 dB at 1532.83 nm and 1534.01 nm, respectively. Compared with the single transmission pass method, the sensitivity can be improved up to more than 10 times. It spends 50 seconds in scanning the absorption spectra through applying gradient voltage to the tunable F-P filter.
We propose a principle to achieve a high-resolution temperature sensor through measuring the central frequency shift in the single-frequency Erbium-doped fiber ring laser induced by the thermal drift via the optical heterodyne spectroscopy method. We achieve a temperature sensor with a sensitivity about 9.7 pm/°C and verify the detection accuracy through an experiment. Due to the narrow linewidth of the output singlefrequency signal and the high accuracy of the optical heterodyne spectroscopy method in measuring the frequency shift in the single-frequency ring laser, the temperature sensor can be employed to resolve a temperature drift up to ~5.5×10-6 °C theoretically when the single-frequency ring laser has a linewidth of 1 kHz and 10-kHz frequency shift is achieved from the heterodyne spectra.
A subwavelength core microstructured optical fiber (MOF) temperature sensor based on infiltration with chloroform is
proposed. Fiber core is surrounded by three large holes which can facilitate the infiltration of the chloroform. The
refractive index of chloroform is sensitive to the temperature of the environment. Mode loss of the guided mode caused
by index change of chloroform is obtained by solving Maxwell’s equation with finite element method (FEM), and is
used as a criterion for sensitivity estimation. The relationship between the sensitivity of temperature sensor and the core
diameter of MOF is investigated. Our simulation results show that the subwavelength core MOF is very promising for
developing a linear response to temperature sensor of significantly reduced core size.
An analysis of highly birefringence low losss index-guiding phptonic crystal fiber composed of different
sized circular air-holes in cladding and adjacent to the two ellipital air-holes x-diraction in the first inner rings is
carried out in this work using voul fector finite element method.The birefringence properities in terms of various
parameters,e.g,pitch length,air-hole size and ellipticity ratio are calculated.Form the numerical results confirm that
the size control of these air holes and pitch length is the key to reaching high model birefringnce.The proposed
struture at wavelength 1.55μm shows a birefringence of up to 3.02x10-2 and at the same time can get the
confinement loss of less than 1.9x10-7dB/m, which is a reference significance in useful to dessign temperature
sensors.
A study of polymer photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor coated with smart composite materials for measurements of refractive index of analyte is presented in this paper. The proposed sensor combines the characteristics of polymer PCF and composite material, which can make the confinement loss lower than the silica PCF duo to the double interaction of the polymer and silver film. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that polymer PCF sensors coated with composite material and with the polymer PCF’s advantages, the sensor’s feasibility can be improved further and it can be applied in a broad field, especially in biosensing platforms.
KEYWORDS: Gas sensors, Photonic crystal fibers, Finite element methods, Signal attenuation, Sensors, Absorption, Refractive index, Optoelectronics, Information technology, Optical fibers
A hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF)-based gas sensor is proposed and numerically investigated through the finite element method. To obtain higher relative sensitivity coefficient γ and the better sensing properties of the gas sensor, the floriated structure of the central hole of HC-PCF is optimized. Numerical investigation shows that γ is high and relatively stable to changes of the diameter of air holes in a wide range of wavelength of 1.5-1.7μm, which is very beneficial for sensor fabrication. A lower confinement loss and the flatness are also exhibited with the HC-PCF. And the highest γ of 0.9998 of the floriated structure of the central hole can be obtained than the circular ones of 0.9435 at the wavelength of 1.56μm.
We propose an intra-cavity index sensor based on double cladding ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber filled with liquid analyte in the air holes of optical fiber cladding. In such sensor, when pumped by 976 nm light, the output power of the ytterbium-doped photonic crystal fiber laser can be influenced by the refraction index of liquid analyte to achieve the intra-cavity fiber sensing. The numerical analysis shows that the power change is larger in a small range of loss when the end reflectivity is higher, and the sensor’s sensitivity will be higher for the change of refractive index of analyte.
A novel localized surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor based on photonic crystal fiber filled with
nano-composit materials is proposed in this paper. For the introduce of a model stack of inner-silver (18nm) fused silica
(220nm)silver (18nm), we can achieve more than one resonance peaks in a larger wavelength range, which make the
proposed sensor possible to precisely tune the resonance wavelength to generate multiple peak shifts which can give an
excellent self tunability to may be selectively used for suitable applications.
We propose and numerically characterize a design for a photonic crystal fiber based surface plasmonic resonance sensor for an aqueous environment. The coupling properties of the plasmonic modes and core-guided mode are investigated comprehensively by the finite element method. The sensor consists of selectively filled with silver nanowires analyte channels, which enhance the phase matching between the core-guided mode and plasmonic mode. Compared with the entirely filled structure, the selectively filled sensor design demonstrates lower transmission loss and better sensitivity, which is 2800nm/RIU (refractive index unit). Moreover, the resonance wavelength has an increase with the analyte index increase, and the increasing trend of wavelength separation with index change is linear.
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