There are lots of requirements of 3D terrain information in the field of traffic and forest investigation. In this paper we propose a coherent lidar system that produces 3D information of target by use of circularly scanning system. We use the frequency modulated continuous laser wave as optical source. The frequency information from the targets can be demodulated by the FFT algorithm to get the real distance information and generating a point cloud. The method has advantage of background noise resistance over traditional direct detection system. The demonstration system not only acquire the distance information of scanned target. It also measures the dynamic information such as speed of moving target. In our work, we measure the speed of swaying leaves of a tree within gentle breeze and the measurements are in line with the experimental environment at that time. Furthermore, a complicated demonstration system including four laser sources will be designed. More laser footprints can enlarge the scanning area at per second and mitigate modulation and demodulation stress of system, which acquires more detailed information.
Down-looking synthetic aperture imaging ladar have bidirectional (positive and negative direction) modulation in the orthogonal direction of travel during phase modulation. The return signal can be also collected in the two directions. The imaging processing with bidirectional modulation is used and demonstrated. The signal-to-noise ratio can be enhanced in this mode synthetic aperture imaging ladar. Meanwhile, the velocity of carrying-platform can be faster. In the experiment, the return signals with bidirectional modulation are stacked and rebuilt. Compared to the unidirectional modulation imaging, the faster and clearer imaging is realized with bidirectional modulation. This technique has a great potential for applications in extensive synthetic aperture imaging ladar fields.
Synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) is one of the most possible optical active imaging methods to break the diffraction limit and achieve super-resolution in a long distance. Nevertheless, two-dimensional reconstructed images of the natural targets have not been achieved. Polarization state change of the backscattered light, which is always determined by the interaction of the light and the materials on the target plane, will affect the imaging of SAIL. The Mueller matrices can describe the complex polarization features of the target reflection and treat this interaction. In this paper, a measurement of the Mueller matrices for different target materials will be designed, and the influences of polarization characteristic of targets on resolution element imaging in side-looking and down-looking SAILs will be theoretically analyzed.
A 3 × 3 free-space optical router, which comprises optical switches and polarizing beam splitter (PBS) and based on crossbar network, is proposed in this paper. A control algorithm for the 3 × 3 free-space optical router is also developed to achieve rapid control without rearrangement. In order to test the performance of the network based on 3 × 3 free-space optical router and that of the algorithm developed for the optical router, experiments are designed. The experiment results show that the interconnection network based on the 3 × 3 free-space optical router has low cross talk, fast connection speed. Under the control of the algorithm developed, a non-block and real free interconnection network is obtained based on the 3 × 3 free-space optical router we proposed.
Due to the restriction of the aperture effect and the aperture transverse delay, it is very difficult to get large
instantaneous bandwidth under wide scan range for conventional phased array radar. Optical controlled beam
forming network (OCBFN) technology can solve this problem. The key of the OCBFN is the optical true time
delay line network. In this paper, we propose a new differential time delay line network based on the free-space
integrated prism array technology. The new method can realize any linear time delay for the space multi-beam
radar. Furthermore, the time delay can be adjusted very easily. In order to validate the new method, we design a
4×4 differential time delay line network, and the time delay ranges from 0 ps to 100 ps.
Optimization of high fixed diffraction efficiency in LiNbO3:Ce:Cu is investigated. Holographic gratings are recorded using typical recording wavelengths including 488, 514 and 633 nm in LiNbO3:Ce:Cu for different doped concentration. Optimal switching from recording step to fixing step is taken into consideration. The experiment results can confirm the optimal recording wavelength and doped concentration for high fixed diffraction efficiency in LiNbO3:Ce:Cu crystal by optimal switching from holographic recording to fixing.
In the inter-satellite laser communication, the laser beam transmitted from the optical terminals is required to be highly
collimated and its divergence approaches diffraction-limit. For testing the diffraction-limit wavefront, a polarization
phase-shifting cyclic Jamin shearing interferometer is proposed. It is composed of a Jamin plate with a PBS film coated
on its front surface, a right-angle prism reflecting beams two times, a shearing plate shearing beams by its rotation and a
polarization phase shifter. The laser beam to be test is incident on the Jamin plate and gives rise to two interference
beams with mutually perpendicular polarization directions by the PBS film. The two beams falls on the right-angle prism
before or after passing through the shearing plate. With reflection of the right-angle prism, a cyclic Jamin shearing
interferometric light path is formed. Two emitted beams go into the polarization phase shifter to obtain phase-shifting
interferograms. In this interferometer, the cyclic interferometric light path can eliminate error of the surface profile of the
optical element and the effect of environment. The interferometer has polarization phase shifting function and its fringe
visibility is high. Therefore the interferometer can obtain high accuracy with variable shearing amount. In experiments,
phase-shifting interferograms are obtained and the usefulness of the interferometer is verified.
The high data-rate satellite-to-ground coherent optical communication link is limited because the phase integrity of a
beam is impaired when passing through the atmospheric turbulence. Based on the interference of two successive data bits
in an unequal arm-length Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer, the differential phase shift keying receiver is suited for
high data-rate satellite-to-ground coherent optical communication links due to its immunity of the wave front impairment
when passing through the atmospheric turbulence. In the time-delay self-homodyne interferometric detection used in 2×4
90 degree optical hybrid, the optical path difference corresponds to the duration of one bit. The optical path difference is
stabilized to below one thousandth of the wavelength by moving a finely motorized platform with the close-loop control
using the phase feedback from the outputs of the 90 degree hybrid. The 2.5 Gbps optical communication link has already
been verified between two buildings over a distance of 2.4km in the worst-case atmospheric conditions. The design and
experimental results are given in this paper.
The paper overviews various supporting ways for large-size movement mirrors, and the
advantages and disadvantages of the support methods are summarized. Some valuable
optimization methods to improve support effects are also introduced. As a case study, a radial
segment-face contact support method is proposed to solve the support problem for a large-aperture
rotating prism, and a two-step optimization method is implemented to improve the support effects.
The surface deformations under different support separated angles are evaluated. The overview
can be as good references for large-size mirror support design in similar opto-mechanical systems
especially under movement conditions.
In the inter-satellite laser communication, the diffraction-limit wavefront is required. To test the wavefront, we have
developed a Jamin double-shearing interferometer. The interferometer is consists of two Jamin plates to form lateral
shearing and four wedge plates to divide the aperture. The laser beam to be test is incident on the first Jamin plate and
gives rise to two beams. One is reflected from the front surface of the first Jamin plate, then passes two wedge plates and
is reflected from the rear surface of the second Jamin plate. The other is reflected from the rear surface of the first Jamin
plate, then passes other two wedge plates and is reflected from the front surface of the second Jamin plate. The two
beams are recombined to form the interferogram. For the interferometer, simple phase-shifting method to improve the
measurement accuracy of the wavefront by moving four wedge plates is proposed in this paper. When the wedge plates
are moved along its surface or in the incidence direction of the interferometer, the optical path difference of two
interferometric beams is changed to form phase shift. The added optical path difference introduced by the movement of
wedge plates is liner function of displacement, thus the phase-shifting amount is easy to be control. Wedge plates can be
moved in four steps with interval of quarter wavelength and the phase can be unwrapped using the four-step
phase-shifting algorithm. In experiments, phase-shifting interferograms are obtained. The usefulness of the
phase-shifting methods is verified.
A demonstrator of synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) is constructed with the maximum aperture Ø300mm of
antenna telescope. This demonstrator can be set with a rectangular aperture to produce a rectangular footprint suitable for
scanning format with a high resolution and a wide strip. Particularly, the demonstrator is designed not only for the farfield
application but also for the verifying and testing in the near-field in the laboratory space. And a 90 degree optical
hybrid is used to mitigate the external phase errors caused by turbulence and vibration along line of sight direction and
the internal phase errors caused by local fiber delay line. This paper gives the details of the systematic design, and the
progresses of the experiment at a target distance around 130m.
There is large aperture and diffraction-limited laser beam in the space laser applications such as laser communication.
Laser wavefront can be measured by shearing interferometer or Shark-Hartmann sensor etc. Large-Optics shearing
interferometer based on Mach-Zehnder plate structure has been manufactured to differentially analyze the laser
wavefront from two parts of aperture-divided fringes. One of six optical plates of the interferometer is divided to the up
part and the down. The precision of measurement is higher than the full aperture design. It is suitable for the diameter
below 290mm with the changeable shear amount from 1mm to 150mm. There are two sets of collimators used for the
parallel of the plates. Another single-mode 635nm laser collimator which is measured through double-shearing plate
before is serving as a standard wavefront of 150mm diameter. One path of the interference is changed with precise
adjustment unit in several microns that the interference may be happened between equal optical path reflection and the
other. It can be used for widely tunable laser and other laser system which has short coherent length. The apparatus and
the experiments are explained in detail in this paper. Many systems of different quality and diameter and coherent length
are measured by the large-optics shearing interferometer. The experimental wavefront results are fitted to Zernike
polynomial and the Zernike coefficients are derived.
A method to measure the frequency change of the tunable laser based on a Jamin shearing interferometer is proposed.
The Jamin shearing interferometer is composed of two Jamin plates, two shearing plates and a retardation plate. The
tunable laser beam is split into two beams by one Jamin plate. The retardation plate is placed in one of two beams to
provide additional phase retardation. Two beams pass two shearing plates, respectively, and are combined by the other
Jamin plate to form lateral shearing interferogram. In course of tuning, interference fringes are shifted as a whole and its
spacing is kept constant. By detecting displacement of fringes, the frequency change of the laser is obtained. In
experiments, we observed that interference fringes were shift periodically when the laser diode was modulated
sinusoidally. A series of interferogram in which fringes are shifted as a whole with the variation of the frequency are
obtained. The feasibility of the method is verified.
A fully 2-D synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) demonstrator is designed and being fabricated to experimentally
investigate and theoretically analyze the beam diffraction properties, antenna function, imaging resolution and signal
processing algorithm of SAIL. The design details of the multi-purpose SAIL demonstrator are given and, as the first
phase, a laboratory-scaled SAIL system based on bulk optical elements has been built to verify the principle of design,
which is similar in construction to the demonstrator but without the major antenna telescope. The system has the aperture
diameter of about 1mm and the target distance of 3.2m.
The design of an optical birefringent 90° hybrid for coherent receiver in free-space optical communication system is
presented. The bulk optical design of 2×4 90° hybrid is a six-port device with two inputs and four outputs. For the
balanced receiver configuration two pairs of 180° phase shifted outputs are obtained and one pair has a phase shift of 90°
with respect to the other. The optical birefringent 90° hybrid includes two pairs of birefringent plates, an analyser plate
and a λ/8 wave plate. The scheme of phase compensation is also presented.
For testing the large-aperture and the diffraction-limited wavefront, we have proposed a revised Mach-Zehnder
double-shearing interferometer with an aperture of 500 millimeters. This interferometer is composed of six same size
plates. One plate is used as the beam splitter. Another one plate is acted as the beam combiner. Other plates are used as
reflectors and one of them is cut to two parts. In this interferometer, two reflectors can be moved as a whole to change
the shearing amount. The reflector cut to two parts is positioned to form the double shearing and it can be move to make
the interferometer become an equal optical path system. In fitting process of this interferometer, the six plates are placed
in the correct positions and directions by adjusting of the mechanical structure. The mechanical structures is also
demanded to maintain the shape and position of the six plates in the application process. Thus the mechanical design of
the interferometer is very important. The mechanical design is described in detail in this paper. The beam splitter and the
beam combiner are mounted in one plate frame using strap-style support. A reference plane is generated on the lateral
surface of the frame to act as a reference for the adjustment of all plates. The mounting structure of the reflectors is
similar to the one of the beam splitter and their difference is the addition of the direction adjustment. With the
mechanical design, this interferometer can meet the request of the wavefront testing.
There is transmitting optics of 250mm aperture with about 8 microradians in SILEX system. This is
often large aperture and diffraction-limited laser beam in the laser communications. Large-Optics white
light interferometer using double-shearing structure has been submitted to analysis the laser wavefront
before. Six optical plates of 490 millimeters apertures are manufactured now one of which is also
aperture-divided so that the precision of measured wave front is higher than the full aperture design. It
is suitable for measurement of minimum diffraction-limited laser wave front and any wavelength. The
interference is happened between equal optical path of the reflection and the other. The plates are the
basic structures which are precisely parallel or perpendicular needed for either two plates. There are
several tools equipped with the interferometer including white light test source and collimators and so
on to confirm the precision of several seconds angle. The apparatus and application is explained in
detail in this paper. The adjustment is important for the realization of white light test.
Nearly diffraction-limited laser beam in the laser communications is often to be evaluated by the
interferometers. A series of wave fronts sensors are manufactured which are designed as over 500
millimeters apertures and three kinds of thickness of 50, 100 and 200 millimeters according to different
need of shearing amount. They are suitable for measurement of diffraction-limited laser wave front or
the larger aberrations. The plate and the wedge are the basic structures for the sensors which are
shearing interference between the forward surface reflection and the backward. These simple plates
will make the mechanical design and adjustment easier. The wedge of aperture-divided is so designed
that the precision of measured wave front is higher than the full aperture design for that the error comes
from the material and optical manufacture is reduced through compare the up part and the down part
each other. The method is explained in detail in this paper. Some experiment interferograms are
analyzed and the wave heights are deduced.
In the inter-satellite laser communication, the laser wavefront reaches the diffraction limit. For the test of the
diffraction-limited wavefront, we have developed a Jamin double-shearing interferometer of which the detectable
wave-front height is in the order of 0.1 wavelengths. Based on this interferometer, a polarization phase-shifting
double-shearing interferometer is proposed to improve the performance. The existing Jamin double-shearing
interferometer is consists of two Jamin plates to form lateral shearing and four wedge plates to divide the aperture. The
polarization phase shifter is composed of three polarizers, a quarter-wave plate and an analyzer. The first polarizer is
placed in front of the first Jamin plate. The second and third polarizers are placed behind the wedge plates and their
transmission axes are parallel and perpendicular to the incident plane of the Jamin plates, respectively. The fast axis of
the quarter-wave plate has an angle of 45 degrees to the transmission axis of the second and third polarizers. By rotating
the analyzer, the phase-shift interferogram is obtained. In the interferometer, the polarization phase shifter is simple to be
inserted and the phase shifting is easy to realize. The interferometer is kept as an equal optical path system and still suits
wavefront testing of the low coherent light. In experiments, phase-shifting interferograms are obtained and the usefulness
of the interferometer is verified.
It is necessary, on the ground in a laboratory, to test the technical parameters and to verify the working performance for
the optical pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) of an inter-satellite lasercom terminal. In this paper, we report a
completed PAT test-bed for this aim. The test-bed works in a fully physical way and is an integration of a 2D optical
scanner of two rotating prisms, a 2D fine beam deflector of two tilting optical wedges and a double-focus laser
collimator, the overall aperture is about Φ440mm.
The optical scanner is designed to scan the beam in the range of 30° with an accuracy of 100μrad and used to simulate
the mutual movement between two satellites. The fine beam deflector has the maximum beam deviation of about 1mrad
with a step of 0.5μrad and is used to measure the tracking error of a terminal. The collimator has the double focal
lengths, respectively, of 1.5m and 10m, the former provides a wide view of field for the use in the acquisition process of
the terminal and the latter a narrow view of field for the use in the tracking process. In this paper, the design and
fabrication considerations of the PAT test-bed as well as the main specifications of the completed integrated test-bad are given.
Recent successful demonstrations of laser communications have demonstrated the feasibility of some of the key aspects
of this technology. The demonstrations can not success without the full-up ground test and validation. So an integrate
test-bed was build in build to test the technical parameters and to verify the working performance for the optical
pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) of various inter-satellite lasercom terminals.
In this paper, we detail the test technical scheme (TTS) and the corresponding experiments. The integrate test-bed is a
high quality optical system that will measure the key characteristics of lasercom terminals, such as point error, tracking
error, acquisition possibility etc.. The test-bed can operate over the relative wavelength range.
Through quantitative tests, the terminal could be optimized base on the test results.
A laser collimator is necessary for the testing and verification of the PAT performance of inter-satellite laser communication terminals. However, the terminals mostly have a large field of view for the acquisition and a high angular accuracy for the fine tracking needed to be examined. A single collimator has the conflict to reach at both a large field of view and a fine resolution. To compromise, a double-focus laser collimator is proposed. The collimator is mainly composed of a primary lens, a beam splitter, a secondary lens and some reflectors. The primary lens with a 9.9m focal length directly forms the long focal length arm of the collimator. The combination of the primary lens and the secondary lens has a new focal length of 1.3m and constructs the short focal length arm of the collimator. With two CMOS imaging sensors, the collimator can realize a 1.1mrad field of view with a <1μrad resolution in the focal plane of the long focal length arm and a 8.3mrad field of view with a 8.2μrad resolution in the focal plane of the short focal length arm. In combination with a coarse beam scanner (±15°) and a fine beam scanner (1mrad) to simulate the mutual angular movement between two satellites, the united system is capable to test the full PAT performance of inter-satellite laser communication terminals. The optical layouts of the collimator and two detecting units are illustrated. The optical design of the collimator is detailed. The mechanical design of the collimator is given.
KEYWORDS: Acquisition tracking and pointing, Receivers, Satellites, Laser communications, Collimators, Near field optics, Transmitters, Optical scanning, Optical simulations, Near field diffraction
The propagation of laser beam in inter-satellite laser communications belongs to the far-field diffraction, but in the optical test and verification of pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) function on the laboratory the beam from a terminal propagates within the near-field. In this paper, in terms of the Fresnel diffraction theory the inherent difference is found that in the far-field diffraction the optical tracking position error is resulted from both the mutual movement between two laser communication terminals and the tilting of the receiver terminal, but the tilting of the transmitter has no effect on the error position; and that in the near-field diffraction the position error is caused by the tilting of the transmitter or the receiver, but the mutual movement has no effect. It is furthermore found that the use of a beam scanner in the test in the near-field can simulate exactly the mutual movement of satellites in the far-field, and the trajectory formula for the beam scanning is deduced that is the same as the mutual angular trajectory from one satellite to another. Therefore a practical PAT test bed of a double-focus laser collimator, a beam scanner and a fine beam steering device is developed by us to test and verify the PAT function of inter-satellite laser communication terminals. The optical aperture is about φ440mm for this use. And a test bed for concurrent test and verification of both PAT function and communication performance is also demonstrated. The test bed consists of a conventional laser collimator, an optical scanner and a far-field beam transmission simulator, which is a combination of a Fourier-transform lens an a followed multiple-stage imaging amplifier. The details of configurations are given. It is clear that these test beds can be also used to test and verify the functions of laser radar, passive optical tracker, and so on.
The scanner of orthogonally tilting double prisms is researched for testing the performance of tracking performance in inter-satellite laser communications for the first time. With the reduction ratio of more than a hundred times from the change rate of deviation angle of beam to that of tilting angle of each prism, the scanner can reach the scanning accuracy of sub-microradian order but facilitates the mechanical structure design. The theoretical analysis performed, as well as the validation experiment, indicates the scanner can meet the requirements of the scanning accuracy superior to 0.5 μrad with the scanning range greater than 500 μrad.
In this paper two-beam interference experiments are performed to investigate the diffraction characteristics of volume gratings in Fe:LiNbO3 crystals (0.15wt% Fe2O3), the results show that the dependence of the diffraction characteristics on the oxidization-reduction state and the oscillatory diffraction can be found in the reduced crystals. The theoretical analysis shows that the strongest space charge field can be formed in the reduced crystals, which induce the strong refractive index change, and because of the sin2 relation between refractive index change and diffraction efficiency, the oscillatory diffraction can be found in the reduced crystals. In application for high diffraction efficiency the oxidized treatment should be performed for Fe:LiNbO3 crystals so that the depth integral of saturated refractive index change is equal to π/2.
The 90-degree recording geometry in photorefractive often suffers low diffraction efficiency and small sensitivity. For the low diffraction efficiency, previous researches considered it mainly come from larger K-vector. But in experiments the diffraction efficiency in 90-degree geometry is so low that the large K-vector can't explain the origin of low diffraction efficiency. We think the main reason of low diffraction efficiency in 90-degree geometry comes from the coupling between the incident light and diffraction light. The volume grating formatted in 90-degree geometry must be volume grating with finite size and follow the diffraction characteristic of crossed-beam volume gratings. When the refractive index change Δn>1×10-4, the diffractive efficiency in 90-degree recording geometry would be comparable with that in transmission geometry. However narrow grating space in 90-degree recording geometry makes it is more sensitive to ambient disturbs and leads to low effective modulation depth. That is why we can't obtain high diffraction efficiency for 90-degree geometry in experiments. For obtaining high diffraction efficiency in 90-degree geometry experimentally an active stabilization system is necessary.
Based on jointly solving the two-center material equations with nonzero external electric field and the coupled-wave equations, we have numerically calculated the variations of the depth of refractive-index change and the spatial phase shift (between the grating and the light interference pattern) in the steady state versus various external electric fields. Different effects are found in the recording and the fixing phases of the nonvolatile holographic recording, and consequently, external electric fields applied in the positive direction along c axis (or large one in the negative direction of c axis) in the recording phase and that applied in the negative direction of c axis in the fixing phase are proved to benefit strong photorefractive performance. Experimental verifications are given with small external electric field.
A scanning system of a high accuracy double-wedge is presented, which allows us to perform very small angle deviation of a passing beam in a simple way. The first wedge's principal section is perpendicular to the horizontal axis, and the second is to the vertical axis correspondingly. They respectively rotate around the horizontal axis and the vertical axis as they work. So different small rotation angles of two wedges determine the corresponding orientation and position of the passing beam, and then high accuracy and very small-angle beam deviation can be performed. According to the design result: when the wedge angle is 5°, the refraction light beam will change about 1μrad if the wedge is rotated 1arcmin; the scanning range of light beam in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction can be not less than 600μrad, and the scanning precision of the device can be superior to 0.2 micro μrad
For on-ground performances testing and verification for intersatellite laser communication systems, a compact and multi-function optical testbed and a 2-D sub-micro-radian beamsteerer were designed. The testbed consists mainly of an optical simulator for long-distance propagation of laser beams, two CCD detectors, an autocollimation system, an interferometer, and a noise light source, for the uses is to measure far-field beam characteristics, transmitting powers, the wavefront errors and to evaluate the communication performances of any lasercom terminals with a aperture less than 280 mm in link level. The range of beam propagation distance of the optical simulator is from 2.8km to 3,5000km. An angular deviation yielded by the beamsteerer is to simulate the pointing error caused by all error sources. And a light source is to provide the noise-like illumination of changeable levels. Combined the testbed with the beamsteerer, it can measure the pointing errors and the tracking errors of the lasercom terminals, and estimates dynamic communication performances in the presence of random angular jitter. So the testbed has the potential to become all-purpose and tests the optical, communication and track performances for intersatellite lasercom terminals (ISLTs).
In this paper, a prototype of intersatellite laser communication terminal for a principle demonstration is reported, and the corresponding ground support equipments are described, too. The terminal has two main subsystems, the first is one for the laser communication and the second for the pointing, acquisition and tracking. Laser diodes are used for the communication link, and with the average laser power of more than 200mW and the data-rate up to 600Mbps. The PAT unit consists of a fine pointing mechanism and a coarse pointing assemble, which reaches a tracking accuracy of ~5μrad. The on-ground test equipments are included in a communication test bed with a long-distance beam propagation simulator, a PAT test bed with an optical satellite trajectory simulator, and a wavefront test bed with deferent lateral-shearing interferometers.
Tunable interleaver filters are very important in DWDM applications. To be effective, it is required that the filters must possess wide passband (or stopband) width, high isolation, small channel spacing, high tuning speed an so on simultaneously. Whereas, for the small birefringence of all the natural crystals and synthesized crystals, it is quite difficult for the available birefringent interleavers to have the channel spacing smaller than 50GHz and other properties mentioned above simultaneously. This paper proposes a novel electro-optically tunable birefringent interleaver filter, which solves the problem successfully. It is based on cascaded analog birefringent structures. The filter of this configuration can achieve small channel spacing (≤50GHz), wide passband and stopband width (>1/5 period) and high isolation (<-30dB). When voltage is applied on electro-optical crystal plates in analog birefringent structures, the filter also possesses the function of high-speed (submicrosecond) center-frequency tunability simultaneously. A most efficient electro-optic configuration, which needs the lowest operating voltage and has not walk-off effect of extraordinary ray in the crystals, is proposed and analyzed. A prototypical experiment verifies the electro-optic tunability of this filter as well.
Vectorial Kukhtarev equations modified for nonvolatile holographic recording in doubly doped crystals are analyzed, in which the bulk photovoltaic effect and external electrical field are both considered. On the basis of the small modulation approximation, both the analytic solution to space-charge field with time in recording phase and the steady-state solution in readout phase are deduced. Because bulk photovoltaic current is determined by polarized state of incident light, and refractive index change depends on not only the modulus of space-charge field but also its direction, the optimum design parameters for maximizing space-charge field are different from those for maximizing refractive index change. Therefore a trade-off exists between them. Based on the vectorial analyses of band transport model for nonvolatile holographic recording in doubly doped crystals, an optimal recording direction is given for maximizing refractive index change in doubly doped LiNbO3 :Fe:Mn crystals.
In this paper, a subsystem of coupling semiconductor laser diode to the single-mode fiber and producing the diffraction-limited beam is described in detail, and beam wavefront is measured by a double shearing-interferometer experimentally. As a result, the divergence of the collimated beam is only 65.84μrad, which indicates that the transmitted beam achieves the diffraction-limited, and this optical subsystem is coincident very well with our design.
This paper presents the development of an ultra precision optical satellite relative-trajectory simulator. It is commonly known that by combining two prisms of equal apex angle in near contact and by independently rotating them about an axis parallel to the normals of their adjacent faces, a ray can be steered in any direction within a limited cone. Due to the request of high precision, we use the table-looking method rather than the conventional approximately formula to transform the angle between the azimuth and elevation angle of the relative-trajectory and the angle of the servo-motor. To achieve a stable and accurate control of the system, a Proportional-Integral-derivative (PID) controller is used and the controller was optimized use the Genetic Algorithm. Furthermore, we simulated the system with Matlab program under different bandwidth. The results demonstrate that the proposed position control system achieves a good control performance. The simulation indicates that PID controller performed well on the satellite relative-trajectory simulation.
It is required for the laser communication that laser beam transmitted from the optical terminal must be highly parallel. Optical diffraction limit angle is the minimum divergence the beam can obtain while limited by the definite aperture under ideal conditions, here wavefront still has an error of 0.3 wave. This paper introduces a new method for wavefront analysis. In this method a circular aperture diaphragm used to sample the tested wavefront, a focusing lens, a microscope objective and a fiber optic probe are arranged coaxial. Axial intensity profile behind the focusing lens is plotted by registering the positions of the microscope objective on the axis and the readings of the radiometer. The sampled wavefront height is estimated from the distance between two symmetrical positions along the axis where the intensity is zero. The tested wavefront height is calculated from the sampled wavefront height. The theory and the simulation results are given. It can be applied in coarse measurement of any wavelength laser wavefront. Due to simplicity of the method and its low cost, it is a promising method for checking the collimation of a laser beam.
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