Iron oxide nanoparticles, including magnetite, maghemite and hematite, are promising electrode active materials for lithium ion batteries due to their low cost, high capacity and environmental friendliness. Though the electrochemical properties of each kind of iron oxide nanoparticles have been intensively studied, systematic comparison of the three kinds of iron oxides is hardly reported. This paper reports the study and comparison of the electrochemical properties of magnetite, maghemite and hematite nanoparticles with the same shape and size. In this work, hematite and maghemite nanoparticles were obtained from commercial magnetite nanoparticles by thermal treatments at different conditions. Their crystalline structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), their magnetic properties were measured by a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), and their particle morphologies were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composite electrodes were made from iron oxide nanoparticles with carbon black as the conducting material and PVDF as the binding material (iron oxide : carbon black : PVDF = 70 : 15 : 15). Prototype lithium ion batteries (CR2032 button cells) were assembled with iron oxide composite electrodes as cathodes, metal lithium as anodes, and Celgard 2400 porous membrane as separators. The impedance and discharge-charge behaviors were characterized by a Solartron electrochemical workstation and an Arbin battery tester, respectively. It was found that at the same shape and size, hematite nanoparticles has higher specific discharge and charge capacities than magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles.
Spinel lithium manganese oxides (LiMn2O4) are favorable cathode materials for secondary lithium ion batteries mainly due to their low cost and excellent environmental suitability. Further, because of their high electrochemical
potentials, spinel lithium manganese oxides are a type of promising cathode materials for high-power lithium ion
batteries, such as the batteries for electric vehicles. However, the electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 are strongly influenced by the synthesis methods and conditions. In this paper, the electrochemical properties of spinel LiMn2O4 synthesized by solid state reaction and sol-gel method were compared and analyzed. The effects of particle sizes on the electrochemical properties of spinel LiMn2O4 were discussed.
Power consumption appears to be the biggest technical issue and performance bottleneck in the development of mobile wearable health monitoring systems. One promising approach for addressing this challenge is to harvest the body heat energy using flexible thermoelectric generators, and printing is a low-cost technique for large-scale fabrication of flexible circuits and systems. This paper discusses the development of thermoelectric inks that can be used in the fabrication of thermoelectric generators, which can be used as sustainable power sources for mobile wearable health monitoring systems. The operation mechanism of thermoelectric generators for body heat harvesting is discussed, followed by the requirements on the properties of thermoelectric inks for the fabrication of printable thermoelectric generators. To achieve high thermoelectric figure of merit, we synthesized nano-structured thermoelectric materials with high Seebeck coefficient and low thermal conductivity, and developed surface functionalized carbon nanotubes that can be used as conducting agents for improving the electrical conductivity of thermoelectric inks.
Remote point-of-care is expected to revolutionize the modern medical practice, and many efforts have been made for the development of wireless health monitoring systems for continuously detecting the physiological signals of patients. To make the remote point-of-care generally accepted and widely used, it is necessary to develop cost-effective and durable wireless health monitoring systems. Printing technique will be helpful for the fabrication of high-quality and low-cost medical devices and systems because it allows high-resolution and high-speed fabrication, low material consumption and nano-sized patterning on both flexible and rigid substrates. Furthermore, application of thermoelectric generators can replace conventional batteries as the power sources for wireless health monitoring systems because thermoelectric generators can convert the wasted heat or the heat from nature into electricity which is required for the operation of the wireless health monitoring systems. In this research, we propose the concept of printable thermoelectric devices and conductive patterns for the realization of more portable and cost-effective medical devices. To print thermoelectric generators and conductive patterns on substrates, printing inks with special characteristics should be developed. For the development of thermoelectric inks, nano-structured thermoelectric materials are synthesized and characterized; and for the development of conductive inks, two kinds of surface treated carbon nanotubes are used as active materials.
This paper reports the synthesis of three types of iron oxide nanotubes, including hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4), and their applications in neuroscience and drug delivery. Two methods, template-assisted thermal decomposition method and hydrothermal method, were used for synthesizing hematite nanotubes, and maghemite nanotubes were obtained from hematite nanotubes by thermal treatment. Template-assisted filtering method was used for synthesizing magnetite nanotubes from ferrofluid. The crystalline, morphology and magnetic properties of the synthesized iron oxide nanotubes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The biocompatibility of the synthesized hematite nanotubes was confirmed by the survival and differentiation of PC12 cells in the presence of the hematite nanotubes coupled to nerve growth factor (NGF). The capacity of hematite nanotubes for coupling and leasing NGF was confirmed by cultivating PC12 cells in the presence of NGF-loaded hematite nanotubes. The drug loading and release capabilities of hematite nanotubes were tested by using ibuprofen sodium salt (ISS) as a drug model. Based on the experimental results presented in this paper, it can be concluded that iron oxide nanotubes have good biocompatibility with neurons, could be used in guding neurite growth, and are promising candidates for drug delivery.
Olivine-structured lithium iron phosphates are promising cathode materials in the development of high power
lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles. However, the low electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity of lithium iron
phosphates hinder their commercialization pace. This work aims to verify the approaches for improving the
electrochemical properties of lithium iron phosphates. In this work, sol-gel method was used to synthesize carbon coated
lithium iron phosphates and nickel doped lithium iron phosphates, and their particle sizes were controlled in the
nanometer to sub-micrometer range. The crystalline structures of the synthesized lithium iron phosphates were
characterized by X-ray diffraction, and their morphologies were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. To study
their electrochemical properties, prototype lithium ion batteries were assembled with the synthesized lithium iron
phosphates as cathode active materials, and with lithium metal discs as the anodes, and the discharge / charge properties
and cycling behaviors of the prototype batteries were tested at different rates. The synthesized lithium iron phosphate
materials exhibited high capacity and high cycling stability. It was confirmed that particle size reduction, carbon coating
and metal doping are three effective approaches for increasing the conductivity of lithium iron phosphates, and thus
improving their electrochemical properties. Experimental results show that by combing the three approaches for
improving the electrochemical properties, lithium iron phosphate composites with characteristics favorable for their
applications in lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles can be developed, including high specific capacity, high rate
capacity, flat discharge voltage plateau and high retention ratio.
Hematite nanoparticles are a type of promising electrode active materials for lithium ion batteries due to their low
cost and high specific capacity. However, the cycling performances of hematite nanoparticles are not as good as those of
the conventional electrode active materials for lithium ion batteries. This paper reports the study on the relationship
between the electrochemical properties and the particle sizes and shapes, aiming to optimize the electrochemical
properties of hematite nanoparticles for their applications in lithium ion batteries. Three types of hematite nanoparticles
were compared, including hematite nanospheres with an average diameter of 200 nm, hematite nanoflakes with an
average maximum dimension of 200 nm, and hematite nanospheres with an average diameter of 30 nm. Their crystalline
structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and their particle morphologies were analyzed by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). Composite electrode materials were made from hematite nanoparticles with carbon black as
the conducting material and PVDF as the binding material (hematite : carbon black : PVDF = 70 : 15 : 15). Prototype
lithium ion batteries (CR2032 button cells) were assembled with the composite electrodes as cathodes, metal lithium as
anodes, and Celgard 2400 porous membrane as separators. It was found that in the first few cycles, the specific discharge
capacity of hematite nanospheres with an average diameter of 30 nm is higher than those of the other two, while after
first seven cycles, the specific discharge capacity of hematite nanospheres with an average diameter of 30 nm is lower
than those of the other two. Possible approaches for improving the cycling performance and rate capacity of hematite
nanoparticles are discussed at the end of this paper.
This report discusses our work on synthesis of hematite and maghemite nanotubes, analysis of their biocompatibility
with pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells), and study of their applications in the culture of dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
neurons and the delivery of ibuprofen sodium salt (ISS) drug model. Two methods, template-assisted thermal
decomposition method and hydrothermal method, were used for synthesizing hematite nanotubes, and maghemite
nanotubes were obtained from the synthesized hematite nanotubes by thermal treatment. The crystalline, morphology
and magnetic properties of the hematite and maghemite nanotubes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
scanning electron microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The biocompatibility of
the synthesized hematite nanotubes was confirmed by the survival and differentiation of PC12 cells in the presence of
the hematite nanotubes coupled to nerve growth factor (NGF). To study the combined effects of the presence of
magnetic nanotubes and external magnetic fields on neurite growth, laminin was coupled to hematite and maghemite
nanotubes, and DRG neurons were cultured in the presence of the treated nanotubes with the application of external
magnetic fields. It was found that neurons can better tolerate external magnetic fields when magnetic nanotubes were
present. Close contacts between nanotubes and filopodia that were observed under SEM showed that the nanotubes and
the growing neurites interacted readily. The drug loading and release capabilities of hematite nanotubes synthesized by
hydrothermal method were tested by using ibuprofen sodium salt (ISS) as a drug model. Our experimental results
indicate that hematite and maghemite nanotubes have good biocompatibility with neurons, could be used in regulating
neurite growth, and are promising vehicles for drug delivery.
Improving soldier portable power systems is very important for saving soldiers' lives and having a strategic
advantage in a war. This paper reports our work on synthesizing lithium vanadium oxides (Li1+xV3O8) and developing
their applications as the cathode (positive) materials in lithium-ion batteries for soldier portable power systems. Two
synthesizing methods, solid-state reaction method and sol-gel method, are used in synthesizing lithium vanadium oxides,
and the chemical reaction conditions are determined mainly based on thermogravimetric and differential
thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis. The synthesized lithium vanadium oxides are used as the active positive
materials in the cathodes of prototype lithium-ion batteries. By using the new solid-state reaction technique proposed in
this paper, lithium vanadium oxides can be synthesized at a lower temperature and in a shorter time, and the synthesized
lithium vanadium oxide powders exhibit good crystal structures and good electrochemical properties. In the sol-gel
method, different lithium source materials are used, and it is found that lithium nitrate (LiNO3) is better than lithium
carbonate (Li2CO3) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH). The lithium vanadium oxides synthesized in this work have high
specific charge and discharge capacities, which are helpful for reducing the sizes and weights, or increasing the power
capacities, of soldier portable power systems.
We describe the fabrication and analysis of a giant magneto resistance (GMR) sensing device with multilayered magnetic nanowires containing alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers on a silicon substrate. Multilayered nanowires with Co and Cu layers were vertically grown using pulsed electrochemical deposition to control the periodic structure of nanolayers in a nanopore template. Lithography-assisted template bonding (LATB) was applied to attach a polymer nanopore membrane and grow nanowires on silicon and polyimide substrates. For magnetic field sensing, the multilayered nanowires were electrically connected to top and bottom electrodes by overgrowing nanowires, and low contact resistance values of GMR sensing devices were achieved. The GMR effect was measured with magnetic field changes perpendicular and parallel to the axis of the nanowires. This simple fabrication process is highly favorable for the development of nanoscale electronics with magnetic nanowires at low cost and would offer large design flexibility.
Magnetic nanomaterials, especially nanoparticles and nanotubes, are among the most widely used nanomaterials for
biomedical applications, and they are also the most promising nanomaterials for clinical treatments. This paper starts
with the fundamentals for nanomedicine and magnetic nanomedicine. After discussing the basic requirements for the
biomedical applications, the properties and the biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles and nanotubes are
discussed. Our results indicate that, with suitable functionalization, iron oxide nanomaterials are non-toxic to biological
systems, and they are ideal drug carriers which can be remotely controlled by external magnetic fields. At the final part
of this paper, the challenges and our approach for targeted drug delivery with controlled release are discussed.
Tubular nanomaterials possess hollow structures as well as high aspect ratios. In addition to their unique physical and
chemical properties induced by their nanoscale dimensions, their inner voids and outer surfaces make them ideal
candidates for a number of biomedical applications. In this work, three types of tubular nanomaterials including carbon
nanotubes, hematite nanotubes, and maghemite nanotubes, were synthesized by different chemical techniques. Their
structural and crystalline properties were characterized. For potential bioapplications of tubular nanomaterials,
experimental investigations were carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of using carbon nanotubes, hematite
nanotubes, and maghemite nanotubes in glucose sensing, neuronal growth, and drug delivery, respectively. Preliminary
results show the promise of tubular nanomaterials in future biomedical applications.
The emerging field of nanotechnology offers the development of new materials and methods for crucial neuroscience
applications namely (a) promoting survival and growth of the neurons, and (b) monitoring physiological signals
generated in the nervous system such as excitation, synaptic transmission, release of neurotransmitter molecules and
cell-to-cell communication. Such bio-devices will have several novel applications in basic science, laboratory
analysis and therapeutic treatments. Our goals in this field of research include (a) development of new biocompatible
substrates to guide and promote neuronal growth along specific pathways; (b) designing a neuron-friendly,
bio-molecule delivery system for neuroprotection; (c) monitoring of electrical activity from neuron and also from
neuronal networks; (d) determining the diffusion and intracellular localization of nanomaterial interacting with
neurons at high resolution; and (e) detection of release of neurotransmitter molecules by means of newly designed
nanosensors. Here we describe the fabrication and use of magnetic nanotubes and nanowire electrode arrays in studies
using a cell culture model of neuronally differentiating rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells. The magnetic nanotubes
were fabricated by a template method yielding hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanotubes. These nanotubes were coupled with
nerve growth factor (NGF). Vertically aligned nanowires were fabricated on glass substrates using the
lithography-assisted template bonding (LATB) method. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were cultured on these
nanotubes and polylysine coated nanowire electrodes. Our results showed that magnetic nanotube bound NGF was
available to PC12 cells as they showed significant differentiation into neurons. PC12 cells growing on nanowires in
the presence of NGF differentiated into neurons capable of synthesis and release of dopamine upon stimulation. The
neurons grew healthy neurites appearing to form synapses with other neurons in the dish. These results show that the
magnetic nanotubes were capable of delivering neurotrophic molecules and the nanowire electrodes are
neuron-friendly, promote cell to cell communication and can be used as bio-sensors in the nervous system.
The paper describes the synthesis of vertically aligned CNTs and the development of magnetic nanotube
substrates for biological applications. The vertical alignment of the CNTs on a silicon substrate for the use in biological
sensor systems has been explored. The preliminary experiments to determine the binding and growth of biological
samples with CNTs have been described. The potential to use the CNTs as electrode for elctrical stimulation is explored.
The growth of magnetic nanotubes and the possibility of utilizing them as scaffold for cellular growth is demonstrated.
The paper also described the sythesis and development of the magnetic carbon nanotubes, combining the salient features
of the CNTs and MNTs. All the nanotubes are optically charaterizd using SEM and TEM techniques. The magentization
of the nanotubes are evaluated using the VSM. Cellular binding is determined using SEM and flourescent microscopy
images.
This report discusses the effects of magnetic nanotubes on the differentiation and growth of neurons. The magnetic
nanotubes used in this study are hematite nanotubes synthesized using template method, and their structural and
magnetic properties have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). PC-12 cells are differentiated into neurons in the presence of
magnetic nanotubes to confirm the biocompatibility and cytotoxic effects of magnetic nanotubes during the processes of
neuron differentiation and neuronal growth. The morphological changes and synapse formation of neurons are
investigated, and the contact effects of magnetic nanotubes on neurite (axon and dendrites) outgrowth are explored. This
research allows us to understand the interaction between magnetic nanomaterials and neurons, and pave the way towards
developing potential treatments using the magnetic nano tubes for neurodegenerative disorders and injuries to the
nervous system in the future.
This paper presents our study on the synthesis and properties of magnetic nanotubes and their potential in neuroscience
applications. Magnetic nanotubes were prepared by solution filtration through a template followed by thermal annealing
and reduction. SEM and TEM were performed to characterize the as-prepared materials. To explore the potential use of
magnetic nanotubes in neuroscience applications, we cultured neurons on iron oxide nanotube mats, and tested the
effects of magnetic nanotubes on the growth of neurons. Based on our preliminary result, three original approaches for
investigating and modulating neuron activities using magnetic nanotubes are proposed. The progress in this area of
investigation could help to find better treatment for diseases in nervous systems in the future.
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