High-precision spectrographs play a key role in exoplanet searches using the radial velocity technique. But at the
accuracy level of 1 m.s-1, required for super-Earth characterization, stability of fiber-fed spectrograph performance is
crucial considering variable observing conditions such as seeing, guiding and centering errors and, telescope vignetting.
In fiber-fed spectrographs such as HARPS or SOPHIE, the fiber link scrambling properties are one of the main issues.
Both the stability of the fiber near-field uniformity at the spectrograph entrance and of the far-field illumination on the
echelle grating (pupil) are critical for high-precision radial velocity measurements due to the spectrograph geometrical
field and aperture aberrations. We conducted tests on the SOPHIE spectrograph at the 1.93-m OHP telescope to measure
the instrument sensitivity to the fiber link light feeding conditions: star decentering, telescope vignetting by the dome,and
defocussing.
To significantly improve on current precision, we designed a fiber link modification considering the spectrograph
operational constraints. We have developed a new link which includes a piece of octagonal-section fiber, having good
scrambling properties, lying inside the former circular-section fiber, and we tested the concept on a bench to characterize
near-field and far-field scrambling properties.
This modification has been implemented in spring 2011 on the SOPHIE spectrograph fibers and tested for the first time
directly on the sky to demonstrate the gain compared to the previous fiber link. Scientific validation for exoplanet search
and characterization has been conducted by observing standard stars.
The 8-m class telescopes are now in full operation, while 100-m
baseline interferometers (VLTI, KeckI) are starting routine
operation too. A working group from the French high angular
resolution community tried to identify what could be our
post-VLT/VLTI instruments after 2010. Possible future instruments,
ground or space-based, can be split into three main categories:
Extremely large filled aperture telescopes, diluted
interferometric arrays for direct imaging, and diluted
interferometric arrays for aperture synthesis imaging. These
concepts are compared in terms of observing capabilities and
performances (spatial resolution, field of view, imaging
capability, sensitivity, photometric dynamical range, etc.),
technological issues (adaptive optics, phasing, instrument mount,
etc.) and R&D priorities.
Only in the recent years did it become realized that multi-aperture interferometric arrays could provide direct snapshot images and coronagraphic images in a non-Fizeau mode. Whereas homothetic mapping of entrance pupil to exit pupil is useless when the aperture is higly diluted, a "densified-pupil" or "hypertelescope" imaging mode can concentrate most light into a high-resolution Airy peak. In addition to the luminosity gain, there is a contrast gain particularly valuable for stellar coronagraphy and exoplanets finding. The current VLTI is able to combine light from two telescopes coherently. In subsequent phases, a combiner is planned for applying closure phase with up to eight telescopes (UT and AT). The small number of apertures currently considered at the VLTI, does not take full advantage of hypertelescope imaging, but still performs significantly better than other observing modes (+3.8mag gain in comparison with Fizeau mode). We propose some possible optical scheme for a densified-pupil combiner for the VLTI. Beyond its science value, the proposed instrument can serve as a precursor for many-element post-VLTI hypertelescopes.
The VIRMOS consortium of French and Italian Institutes is manufacturing 2 wide field imaging multi-object spectrographs for the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope, with emphasis on the ability to carry over spectroscopic surveys of large numbers of sources. The Visible Multi-Object Spectrograph, VIMOS, is covering the 0.37 to 1 micron wavelength domain, with a full field of view of 4 by 7 by 8 arcmin2 in imaging and MOS mode. The Near IR Multi-Object Spectrograph, NIRMOS, is covering the 0.9 to 1.8 microns wavelength range, with afield of view 4 by 6 by 8 arcmin2 in MOS mode. The spectral resolution for both instrument scan reach up to R equals 5000 for a 0.5 arcsec wide slit. Multi-slit masks are produced by a dedicated Mask Manufacturing Machine cutting through thin Invar sheets and capable of producing 4 slit masks approximately 300 by 300 mm each with approximately slits 5.7 mm long in less than one hour. Integral field spectroscopy is made possible in VIMOS by switching in the beam specially build masks fed by 6400 fibers coming form a 54 by 54 arcsec2 integral field head with a 80 by 80 array of silica micro-lenses. NIRMOS has a similar IFS unit with a field of 30 by 30 arcmin2. These instruments are designed to offer very large multiplexing capabilities. In MOS mode, about 1000 objects can be observed simultaneously with VIMOS, with a S/N equals 10 obtained on galaxies with I equals 24 in one hour, and approximately 200 objects can be observed simultaneously with NIRMOS, with a S/N equals 10 obtained don galaxies with J equals 22, H equals 20.6 in 1h at Req equals 200. We present here the status of VIMOS, currently under final integration, with expected first light in the summer 2000, together with the final design of NIRMOS presented at the Final Design Review. The VLT-VIRMOS deep redshift survey of more with the final design of NIRMOS presented at the Final Design Review. The VLT-VIRMOS deep redshift survey of more than 150000 galaxies over the redshift range 0 < z < 5 will be undertaken based on 120 guaranteed nights awarded to the project.
The Optical Very Large Array (OVLA) project consists in a kilometric-size optical interference of 27 mobile 1.5 m telescopes designed to provide high-resolution IR and visible snap-shot images. An OVLA prototype telescope has been developed at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence. It features a 1.5 m meniscus-shaped f/1.7 primary mirror weighting 200 kg including its active cell with 32 actuators. The mirror blank made of 24 mm-thick ordinary window glass is very cheap but extremely sensitive to temperature variations because of its large CTE (3 times larger than Pyrex). Indeed, the mirror shows a Z11 equals 3150 nm rms wavefront error due to a 0.5 degree(s)C thermal gradient generated between its front and back side by an unbalanced heat dissipation towards the night sky and the ground. This spherical aberration, too large to be corrected by the actuators, is compensated by an uniform electrical current generated through the aluminum coating by 42 peripheral electrodes. We also describe the electrodes control hardware and present some results obtained during the first light of the telescope. Lastly, we propose a possible upgraded surface heating system to adjust thermally other optical aberrations.
The OVLA will be a kilometric-size interferometric array of N equals 27 or more 1.5 m telescopes. It is expected to provide visible to infra-red snap-shot images, containing in densified pupil mode N2 10-4 arc-second wide resolved elements in yellow light. The prototype telescope is under construction at Observatoire de Haute Provence and will be connected in 2000 to the GI2T, Grand Interferometre a 2 Telescopes, thus upgraded to a GI3T. The prototype telescope has a spherical mount, well suited for multi- aperture interferometric work, and a thin active 1.5 m f/1.7 mirror weighting only 180 kg with the active cell. This meniscus-shaped mirror, made of low-cost ordinary window glass, is only 24 mm thick and supported by 32 actuators. We describe the telescope optical concept with emphasis on opto-mechanical aspects and the test results of the active optics system. We also discuss the application of this mirror concept to large mosaic mirrors of moderate cost.
We present the current design of the VIsible Multi-Object Spectrograph (VIMOS) and the Near InfraRed Multi-Object Spectrograph (NIRMOS) for the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope. The basic scientific requirement is to conduct very deep redshift surveys of large quantities of objects, in a minimum number of nights. The technical specifications are to allow for a large multiplex gain over a wide field, and a high efficiency of the optical train, over the 0.37 to 1.8 micrometer domain. The baseline technical concept is built around 4 channels, covering 4 X 7 X 8 arcmin2 for VIMOS and 4 X 7 X 7 arcmin2 for NIRMOS. Each channel is an imaging spectrograph with a large field adaptation lens, a collimator, grisms or filters, and a F/1.8 camera, coupled to a 2048 X 4096 pixels CCD for VIMOS, and a 20482 HgCdTe Rockwell array for NIRMOS. The unique multiplex gain allows to obtain spectra of up to 840 object simultaneously with VIMOS, and up to 170 with NIRMOS (10 arcsec slits). An integral field spectroscopy mode with more than 6400 fibers coupled to micro-lenses will be available for VIMOS, covering a 1 X 1 arcmin2 field. The VLT-VIRMOS survey of more than 150,000 galaxies is planned down to magnitudes IAB equals 24, coupled to an ultra deep probe to IAB equals 26.
A prototype telescope for the optical very large array (OVLA) project is under construction at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), France. The OVLA will b a long- baseline optical interferometer of 27 mobile 1.5m- telescopes. In 2000, the functioning of the OVLA prototype will be tested outdoors alongsite the two other telescopes of the GI2T to form a 3-telescope interferometer. Firstly, we briefly present the design of this telescope highlighting its unusual characteristics, which include a spherical mount and a thin active primary mirror. We had to study a specific control system for driving mount and for the active mirror cell. Hardware and software design of these two systems are also presented, as well as some test results. Lastly, we propose a complete electronic architecture for the fully equipped OVLA prototype telescope. The telescope system is partitioned into elementary distinct subsystems each controlled by a small embedded calculator linked to each other by an addressable serial bus. With this kind of architecture, the telescope is fully autonomous. Thus the future installation of the OVLA prototype telescope at the GI2T site should be easier, as well as the installation of a large interferometer such as OVLA where 27 telescopes are expected.
Thin and highly flexible telescope mirrors need to be supported carefully to avoid undesirable elastic deformations and a reduction of their optical quality. In this study, a wide variety of support topologies are examined to provide a basic set of optimized point supports for these telescope mirrors. This is carried out for mirrors without a central hole, with circular and annular entrance pupils. Efficient topologies introducing a small amount of zenith-angle-dependent defocusing are also proposed. The number of supporting points ranges between 3 and 36. Optimal forces and locations of point supports are calculated using thin-plate bending theory. Numerical methods include a linear least-squares method for determining the best forces, and a downhill simplex algorithm to optimize the support locations. The robustness of the proposed solutions is tested by simulated annealing. Scaling laws are briefly reviewed, and support efficiencies are given for each optimized topology. Results show that taking into account the central obscuration ratio (annular pupil) and tolerating a homologous (paraboloidal) deformation of the mirror allows an improvement of efficiency of up to 50% over the case of an unobscured pupil where defocus is not permitted. This work includes a study of support efficiencies versus the Poisson's ratio of the mirror material. Wavefront errors are also estimated in the case of a defective cell, to specify tolerances on forces and support locations.
This article first deals with general aspects of optimizing mirror supports. A wide variety of support topologies have been optimized by Nelson et al for unobscured entrance pupils. Optical forces and locations of point supports have been calculated here for annular pupils. Efficient topologies introducing a small amount of defocusing are also proposed for unobscured and annular pupils. Support efficiencies are given for each topology. Wavefront errors are estimated in the case of a defective cell, in order to specify tolerances on forces and geometries. The OVLA active optics is then discussed. The very thin, meniscus-shaped primary will be actively supported by 29 actuators and 3 fixed points. Actuator locations and forces have been calculated to minimize the mirror deflection under its own weight but also to allow a good control of astigmatism. We finally present a study of a concave adaptive secondary for the OVLA telescopes. As an initial result, we propose a defocus adaptive corrector with a variable thickness distribution. Conditions of use are defined, and performances are evaluated.
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