This paper presents a novel optical angiography system, and introduces its medical applications. We developed the
optical enhanced imaging system which can observe the blood and lymphatic vessels as the Indocyanine green (ICG)
fluorescence image. The imaging system consists of 760nm light emitted diode (LED) as excite light, CCD camera as a
detector, a high-pass optical filter in front of the CCD and video processing system. The advantage of ICG fluorescence
method is safe (radiation free), high sensitive, real time monitoring of blood and/or lymphatic flow, small size, easy to
operate and cost effective compared to conventional X-ray angiography or scintigraphy. We have applied this method to
several clinical applications such as breast cancer sentinel lymph node (SLN) navigation, lymph edema diagnostic and
identification of liver segmentation. In each application, ICG fluorescence method shows useful result. It's indicated
that this method is promising technique as optical angiography.
We report a full-field, phase-shifting microscope with precise control of the optical path difference (OPD) and show
topographic phase images of living cells. Our system is based on a Linnik interference microscope with Kohler
illumination of a halogen lamp for the imaging lightsource. Phase-sensitive active-stabilization of the OPD is employed
with an infrared laser whose optical path is the same as that of halogen light. We previously reported the results of
cultured cell topography with this stabilization scheme; however the phase stability and the image quality were
insufficient. We have improved the noise-cancellation system and achieved control of the OPD with stability down to
0.7 nm in the bandwidth of 500 Hz. Quarter wavelength phase-shifting was carried out with sub-nanometer accuracy,
and clear topographic phase images of cultured single-layer cells were obtained. The Kohler illumination with the
halogen lamp, whose coherence length is 2 &mgr;m, enables homogenous illumination and suppression of artifact signals
arising from optical components not associated with the surface of interest.
We have developed a phase and intensity-modulated spectroscopy system (PMS) using a newly developed algorithm based on the microscopic Beer-Lambert law. Experiments with phantoms and the human body demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the system as well as the new algorithm. Our goal is to develop compact, cost-effective, highly reliable, and user-friendly medical equipment for the quantitative monitoring of oxygen metabolism, and so on. The PMS system consists of three time-shared wavelength laser diodes with a 70MHz modulation frequency as sources and a 3mm diameter silicon PIN photodiode as a detector with an in-phase quadrature demodulator (IQD) for AC amplitude and phase detection. The PIN photodiode is operated at a low voltage and is durable against strong extraneous light. In addition, a specially designed low-noise amplifier is achieve a high S/N and reliable measurement. Our algorithm is independent of boundary conditions, exterior shape, scattering properties of the medium, and optode separation for measurement. We can therefore quantify the absolute concentration for oxy- deoxy-hemoglobin and hemoglobin saturation in living tissue of various shapes precisely.
KEYWORDS: Near infrared, Blood, Tissue optics, Time resolved spectroscopy, In vitro testing, Tissues, Oxygen, In vivo imaging, Scattering, Statistical analysis
We propose a new algorithm for optical computed tomography (CT) to quantify the absorptive substances in highly scattering media such as human tissues. Our algorithm uses the uniform medium in which scattering and absorption coefficients are equivalent to the average coefficients of the actual object to be measured. In other words, we use an imaginary reference. When the weight function and re-emissions are measurable or can be calculated for the imaginary reference, we can describe the inside structure of the non-uniform object using the deviation of the absorption coefficient from the average value. Since it is difficult to prepare a phantom of which exterior shape and inside structure are identical to that of the real objects, conventional methods cannot be free from the significant errors. The averages of the absorption and scattering coefficients are obtained by measurements such as time-resolved spectroscopy. The weight function and re- missions can be calculated using the average values by a Monte Carlo simulation or a finite difference method. The absolute absorption coefficient is obtained as the sum of the average and the deviation. The validity of our algorithm was confirmed by measuring a tissue-like phantom which contains three different absorbers. We evaluated reconstructed images and confirmed that the new method gives better accuracy in the quantitation of the concentration of absorbing substance and a smaller image distortion. Our results have significant implications for optical CT which quantifies the concentration of absorbing substances accurately without measuring the reference phantom.
Near IR time resolved spectroscopy has been studied for quantitative determination of absorbance in highly scattering medium such as tissue. When a very narrow optical pulse is incedent into a scattering medium, the detected pulse through the medium broadens and the temporal profile is closely related to the optical property of the scattering medium. The photon migration in highly scattering medium can be described with the diffusion theory. Thus the optical property of the scattering medium can be determined by analyzing the shape of the detected tamporal profile with the diffusion equation. We have developed the time resolved spectroscopy (TRS) system based on a time correlated single photon counting technique for data acquisition and diffusion theory for data analysis. Pulsed laser diodes with two different wavelengths are used as light sources in the system. The system size is compact and it can be moved around a laboratory or hospital easily. We demonstrated its use in vivo experiments. As a result, we were able to accurately determine absorber concentrations in a highly scattering medium and the result of these in vivo experiments indicate possible use of the system for quantitative clinical studies.
An OTDR system has been developed with dead zone and distance resolution in the millimeter range. This system combines streak camera technology in a sampling streak tube with a fast pulsed laser diode system. The OTDR configuration combines these two instruments into a Fresnel reflection system which precisely locates the back reflection from fiber discontinuities and interconnections.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.