Few optoelectronic integrated instruments are available with efficient image characteristics. It is essential to provide a robust optoelectronic instrument for image processing purposes. Image processing based on a graphene optoelectronic instrument is the core of this paper. A graphene layer photodetector with a light-emitting diode (GLPD-LED) is investigated as an optoelectronic device to resolve the difficulties of optoelectronic quantum photodetectors. The resultant image is improved owing to explicit analysis of the devices’ characteristics, such as image modulation, image resolution, and image conversion efficiency. The optimum responses of the considered devices are achieved via parameter optimization of this instrument. The elementary device parameters are the number of graphene layers, thickness of the graphene, and length of GL. The image characteristics of GLPD-LED are evaluated through comparison with an integrated quantum dot photodetector with a light-emitting diode (QDIP-LED). It is noticed that the image resolution of GLPD-LED is higher than that of QDIP-LED due to the lower dark current of GLPD devices. Hence, the estimated images with GLPD-LED have a higher signal-to-noise ratio. Image conversion with proficient brightness can be accomplished by the GLPD-LED instrument. Finally, the zero energy spectrum of the two-dimensional GL diminishes the number of trapped photons. Thus, photon recycling is avoided within graphene-based instruments compared with quantum photodetector-based optoelectronic instruments. In this regard, the image smearing issue is handled with high precision through image processing based on graphene optoelectronic integration. Finally, the GLPD-LED is proved to be a robust optoelectronic instrument for radiation conversion from lower energy to higher ionizing energy.
Optimum compression ratio (OCR) of neutron and x-ray radiography images with minimum decomposition distortion is the main target of this paper. Artificial bee colony (ABC) and firefly optimal algorithms are applied for achieving this goal. These algorithms are applied in conjunction with proposed image encoding/decoding and decomposition/decompression algorithms. The encoding/decoding algorithms depend on binary image, Huffman, and hierarchical trees. In addition, the decompression algorithms use real dual-tree transform, Hilbert transform, real a trou transform, and Gaussian pyramidal transform. A fitness function (FF) that correlates to compression ratio and image quality is conducted. The OCR with the best radiography image quality is the purpose of the suggested FF. A comparison between the optimized compressed ratio of x-ray and neutron radiography images for both optimization techniques is demonstrated. The proposed algorithms are validated. For the ABC algorithm, optimum values of 80.3610% and 80.3610% are fulfilled for x-ray and neutron images via hierarchical trees with Hilbert transforms. An optimum value of 85.333333% is attained by the Huffman algorithm with discrete cosine transform for both images. For the firefly optimization algorithm (FOA), the hierarchical trees with Hilbert transform achieve an optimum value of 97.0499% for both images. The binary image encoding with pyramidal transform gives optimum values of 68.8055% and 77.4566% for x-ray and neutron images, respectively. The FOA is noted to accomplish more advanced results over the ABC algorithm for compressed radiography images. Additionally, the binary image algorithm with a trou decompression provides an optimum value of 76.77% for neutron radiography images. The achieved optimum values of neutron images are better than of x-ray images due to the absorption of more energy by neutron radiation. Robustness and the significant task of the supposed FF are clarified. This confirms the applicability of image compression optimization algorithms with neutron and x-ray radiography images.
This paper presents a theoretical analysis for the characteristics of quantum well infrared phototransistors (QWIPTs). A mathematical model describing this device is introduced under nonuniformity distribution of quantum wells (QWs). MATLAB environment is used to devise this model. Furthermore, block diagram models through the VisSim environment were used to describe the device characteristics. The developed models are used to investigate the behavior of the device with different values of performance parameters such as bias voltage, spacing between QWs, and temperature. These parameters are tuned to enhance the performance of these quantum phototransistors through the presented modeling. Moreover, the resultant performance characteristics and comparison between both QWIPTs and quantum wire infrared phototransistors are investigated. Also, the obtained results are validated against experimental published work and full agreements are obtained.
The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs). The tools that we are used are the VisSim environment, along with the block diagram programming procedures. The benefits of using this modeling language are the simplicity of carrying out the performance's measurement through computer simulation instead of setting up a practical procedure which becomes expensive, as well as the difficulty of its management. The roles that the parameters of fabrication can play in the characteristics of QDIPs are discussed through developed models implemented by VisSim environment. VisSim can be a powerful supplement to model the Poisson equation. MAPLE software is used to devise this model. The theoretical result confirms that implicit solution of QDIPs governed by dynamic equations provides exact handling of the device performance. As an example, dark current, photocurrent, and detectivity are investigated. In order to confirm our models and their validity on the practical applications, we make a comparison between the results obtained by MAPLE, VisSim, and that experimentally published, and full agreement is observed. The implemented models can help designers and scientists optimize their devices to meet their requirements.
In imaging of turbid biological samples using optical techniques, optical clearing methods can compensate for the lack of
light penetration due to strong attenuation. The addition of optical clearing agents into scattering media increases the
optical homogeneity of the sample and reduces its turbidity, allowing for the increased light penetration. In this study we
investigated the extent of optical clearing in porcine skin by utilizing various concentrations of glucose solution. A goldplated
mirror was fixed beneath the tissue and percentage clearing was determined by measuring the change in intensity
of optical coherence tomography light returning from the mirror over time. A ratio of percentage clearing per tissue
thickness for 10%, 30%, and 50% glucose was determined to be to be (4.7 ± 1.6%) mm-1 (n = 6), (10.6 ± 2.0%) mm-1 (n
= 7), and (21.8 ± 2.2%) mm-1 (n = 5), respectively. Although the extent of optical clearing in porcine skin was more
significant for 50% glucose, the osmotic stress on the sample can cause considerable morphology change, thus a suitable
concentration must be chosen for particular circumstances.
We study the performance of quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) in the case of infrared irradiation. This type of photodetector is interesting from the point of view that QWIPs have numerous advantages over photodetectors based on HgCdTe in terms of large array size, high uniformity, high yield, radiation hardness and lower cost of the systems. Therefore, it is important to evaluate their characteristics theoretically. We develop a simple modeling for this interesting type of photodetector. This model describes a nontrivial evaluation of the most important characteristics. The potential distribution of the developed model is obtained by self-consistently solving the Poisson equation. On the other hand, it is used to calculate the dark current, responsivity and detectivity as a function of the structural parameters. These parameters are the spacing between the wells, the number of quantum wells and the operating temperature. Also, the optimization of the characteristics of QWIPs is of primary concern. The effect of uniformity of the dopant density in the QWIP is studied theoretically. We find that the uniformity of the dopant distribution in the plane of QW decreases the dark current.
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