Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) is an emerging technology designed to enable advanced high data rate applications, such as environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, and secure communication for military and defense purposes. Accordingly, a high-capacity UOWC system utilizing dual-polarization states and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing is proposed. The system leverages a single laser diode operating at 532 nm to generate orthogonally polarized signals that are transmitted along the X and Y polarization axes, achieving an independent data rate of 40 Gbps per polarization state with a total capacity of 80 Gbps. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated through the bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and constellation diagrams for 10 distinct waterbodies. The findings demonstrate that water types with lower attenuation, such as pure water, Jerlov I, clear ocean, and Jerlov IA, enable longer transmission distances of 13.93, 13, 10, and 10 m, respectively, at a BER below the threshold limit (3.8×10−3) and an EVM of less than 16%. Conversely, higher attenuation in Harbor I and Jerlov III waters leads to shorter achievable ranges of 3 m at the same BER and EVM values.
In this paper, we propose and evaluate a wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) architecture with a centralized light source (CLS). The use of only one 10 GHz band reject filter at the remote node (RN) allows WDM-PON to have a minimal value of the optical interferometric noise, which is induced by Rayleigh backscattering (RB), in the main lobe of each downstream (DS) optical signal. Utilizing this filter achieves an optical interferometric noise reduction in the upstream (US) direction and the simulation results indicate an enhancement in the performance of a bit error rate (BER) to be 10-11 and in the Q-factor to be above 6.0. Owning to the US signal modulation without extra light source, this architecture successes in power saving and efficient utilization of the wavelength.
In this paper, a dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (DWDM-PON) using cross seeding system is designed and evaluated. This system utilizes 16 channels with low channel spacing of 12.5 GHz. Upstream (US) capacity is enhanced to 2.5 Gb/s over 25 km single mode fiber (SMF) transmission. This optical network has a downstream (DS) capacity of 10 Gb/s. A noteworthy average bit error rate (BER) of 10-13 is achieved during system evaluation process. A successful mitigation for Rayleigh backscattering (RB) is achieved comparing to conventional bidirectional wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON).
The accuracy of the visible light positioning (VLP) system is improved by using regression-based and interpolation-based approaches. These approaches are mixed with the received signal strength in both linear and nonlinear least squares techniques. The simplicity of the model is the key point, where a highly accurate VLP system with only one equation “interpolation” is used instead of many complex equations. Gaussian noise and reflections up to three bounces with high reflectivity are the source of noise. In addition, the strength of the methods is studied by changing some affecting parameters. In a previous work, we introduced the regression-based approach in VLP-based systems with one reflection. Here, we extend the work with three reflections, leading to an increase in noise to examine system robustness. The approaches are compared to the traditional ones, and show a remarkable enhancement, e.g., the average error has been improved by 67%.
Turbulence plays an important role in investigating the irradiance scintillation index (SI) for a free-space optical wave propagating through atmospheric turbulence. The Hufnagel–Valley model is used in most studies, where the SI of the slant path is obtained using numerical analysis. A polynomial is proposed for the refractive index structure parameter, on which a closed form is derived for the irradiance SI of a spherical optical wave propagating through a slant atmospheric turbulence. This is used to study signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rate for system performance evaluation. The obtained results demonstrate the simplicity of using the derived closed form of SI compared to statistical methods. The derived expression takes less computational time for SI, which reflects positively on the system performance, which is an essential issue in vehicular mobile applications, in particular.
All-optical logic gates are designed to extend the existing design to a higher number of bits, to use the same gate in multifunctions, and to add new gate designs. This type of gate is based on semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) nonlinearities, since the SOA can provide a strong change of the refractive index together with high gain. The SOA is used with a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) forming an SOA-MZI structure which is used to perform the logic gates XOR, NOR, OR, and XNOR. Two binary input data signals are used with different number of bits (4, 6, 8, and 16 bit) at 10 Gbps. This work includes the study of the effect of the number of bits on the received power, minimum bit error rate, and maximum Q-factor.
We analyze the effect of diffuse reflection on indoor localization systems based on visible light communication. The target position is estimated using a received signal strength indication technique. Two lighting systems are considered: distinct and uniform lighting systems. Each utilizes commercially available light-emitting diodes and photodiodes with an illumination level conforming to standards. We introduce a comparative study between the two lighting systems through different transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) essential parameters. The results show that the uniform lighting system achieves less localization error (≤20.43 cm) than a distinct lighting system (≤45.9 cm). The uniform lighting system is well adapted to low-Rx field of view (FOV) and narrow radiation angle (error=1 mm when semiradiation angle=5 deg). In the case of a distinct lighting system, low-Rx FOV is also required, while the Tx semiradiation angle needs to be determined carefully (error≤3.08 cm when semiradiation angle=20 deg). Finally, the uniform lighting system shows flexibility in the process of Tx and Rx designs. A uniform lighting system can utilize Rxs with narrow FOVs (≥8.6 deg), while a distinct lighting system is limited to Rx with a wide FOV (≥53.96 deg).
Many techniques using polarizers, differential detectors, and electrical filters are used to overcome the penalty induced by artificial light interference and are analyzed. These techniques are used to reduce noise current or remove it by using an electrical filter or a polarizer or both of them together. We are going to display the effect of noise voltage, flicker voltage of a tungsten lamp, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the systems by changing each parameter to reach the best solution for reducing the effect of noise on free space optics. This paper will show that the best SNR is obtained with the differential detector with a two orthogonal polarizer system and that the worst one is with the system of a single photodetector.
Visible light communications (VLC) is a valuable addition to future generations of networks, utilizing light for
illumination for the purposes of advanced service provisioning at high speed. Low energy consumption, license free and
RF interference free operation are compelling advantages. VLC systems are affected by sunlight limiting connection
availability and reliability. The paper presents an analysis of the performance of VLC systems at different locations
around the world over the cycle of a year; the evaluation considers the impact of sunlight as a function of location, time
and for different surfaces over the four seasons of the year.
A proposed new design of optical cross add drop multiplexer (OXADM) is presented. It reduces the number of required
circulators and total insertion losses compared with other circulator and FBG based designs. This enhances the isolation
and crosstalk levels. In the new design, the homodyne crosstalk is eliminated in the drop signal. Also, the homodyne
crosstalk in the output signal is reduced by more than 30 dB.
A new device, optical cross add drop multiplexer (OXADM), is proposed and analyzed. It uses the combination concept
of optical add drop multiplexer (OADM) and optical cross connect (OXC). It enables a wavelength switch while
implementing add and drop functions simultaneously. So, it expands the applications in fiber to the home (FTTH) and
optical core networks. A very high isolation crosstalk level (~ 60 dB) is achieved. Also, a bidirectional OXADM and
N×N OXADM are proposed. Finally, a multistage OXADM is presented making some sort of wavelength buffering. To
make these devices operate more efficient, tunable fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) switches are used to control the
operation mechanism.
A Bragg grating fast tunable filter prototype working over a tuning range of 62 nm has been realized. The tunable fiber
Bragg grating TFBG system is achieved by varying an input current to a solenoid, resulting in an electromagnetic force,
used as a strain (tension and compression) on the FBG. However, during compression, the FBG may be subject to
buckling especially when the amount of compression is large. The challenge for the FBG device is therefore to design
guiding system for the FBG in order to prevent the buckling. This paper presents the design of such a guiding system.
These novel TFBG devices with a guiding system can have a variety of applications in optical fiber communication
systems; such as programmable optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), dispersion compensators and tunable lasers.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Transmitters, Receivers, Distortion, Free space optics, Sensors, Solar concentrators, Reflectivity, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation
This work aims to study the improvement that has been achieved when replacing the traditional single-element (SE)
receivers by imaging (IMG) receivers in line of sight (LOS) links, which can reduce the received ambient light noise,
multipath distortion and co-channel interference. Also in non-directed non-LOS, the replacement of diffuse (DIF)
transmitters by multi-beam (quasi-diffuse) (QDIF) transmitters has been studied; such replacement leads to reduction in
the path loss. This study first based on making validation to a previous approximate and exact analysis to LOS and non-
LOS links, and then a parametric study to some parameters has been made to check their effect on the link performance.
We quantify the performance of the LOS and NLOS links using two main parameters; the reduction in the required
transmitter power and high improvement in the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
We demonstrate a silica-based tunable fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) filter with a wavelength tuning range over 60 nm. A
magnetically TFBG package is employed to obtain a wide wavelength tuning range from 1540 to 1602 nm which covers
the entire C band and most of the L-band. TFBG is achieved by varying an input current to a solenoid, resulting in an
electromagnetic force, used as a strain (tension and compression) on the FBG. This approach is fast, has a broad band of
tuning wavelengths and achieves a power reduction as no continuous supply of power is needed to maintain the set shift,
due to the latch system used. This novel TFBG device can have a variety of applications in optical fiber communication
systems such as programmable optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), dispersion compensators and tunable lasers.
In this paper, the dispersion compensation in transmission is modeled and investigated using apodized fiber Bragg
grating (AFBG). The two-beam interferometer is used in AFBG manufacture. The effect of different interferometer
parameters is studied for large bandwidth transmission at a zero eye closure penalty with linearly chirped gratings. The
parameters under investigation for only one arm of the interferometer are d (arm length), the angle θ (beam angle) and λ
(the writing wavelength). Eight different apodization profiles are studied including their effects on the performance of
the compensator.
This paper demonstrates a tunable optical buffer with widely variable time delays using an array of fiber Bragg gratings
(FBGs) filter and tunable wavelength converters (WCs). The flexibility of the proposed system gives an exact required delay
and, consequently, better output port utilization. This system is designed to be compatible with 10 to 40 Gbps RZ
communication systems.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Signal to noise ratio, Rubidium, Standards development, Local area networks, Mathematical modeling, Infrared radiation, Telecommunications, Wireless communications, Radio optics
Error rate performance of pulse position modulation (PPM) schemes for indoor wireless optical communication
(WOC) applications is investigated. These schemes include traditional PPM and multiple PPM (MPPM). Study is
unique in presenting and evaluating symbol error behaviour under wide range of design parameters such symbol
length (L), number of chips per symbol (n), number of chips forms optical pulse (w). Effect of signal to noise ratio
levels and operating bitrates on symbol error performance is also discussed. A comparison between studying
modulation schemes is done. Relation with IrDA and IEEE 802.11 indoor WOC standardization is also
investigated. Results indicate that PPM achieve great symbol error performance at reasonable signal to noise ratio
and high bitrates with large symbol length.
A triangular lattice GaAs photonic crystal structure was proposed in a previous work [1] for optical storage in a dynamic
modulation process. This work presents a defect optimization of this tunable coupled resonator array. Preserving
translational invariance and adiabaticity, this structure exhibits an optical analogue to electromagnetic induced
transparency. This triangular lattice structure shows an advantage over the previously proposed square one [2, 3] in
compressing higher bandwidth pulses. The main problem of this structure is the introduction of higher group-velocity
dispersion. In the present work, the structure is redesigned so as to change the operating range of frequency for the
propagating pulse. In this way, the group-velocity dispersion is eliminated to values close to that of the square lattice
structure. The final design, therefore, combines both higher compressible bandwidth and lower group-velocity dispersion
in addition to a fabrication advantage.
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