The calibration of IR sensors, thermal imagers, instrumentation for remote earth sensing, signature recognition, and low background spacebome radiom-eters requires development of low- and near-ambient-temperature reference standard sources capable of operating in vacuum at low or medium background conditions. The paper contains the characteristics of blackbodies (BB), developed at the All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements (VNIIOFI). A novel Medium Background Facility (MBF) intended for calibrating IR sources has been developed at VNIIOFI. The MBF used for the calibration under vacuum conditions (10-3 Pa) and medium background temperatures includes a Ga Fixed-Point Blackbody (29.76 °C), Variable Temperature Blackbody (-60 °C ~ +80 °C) and Filter Radiometer. A brief description of the operating principles and specifications of the MBF is presented. The results of a comparison of the Variable Temperature Blackbody and Ga Fixed Point Blackbody in the Medium Background Facility are given. The measurement uncertainties radiance temperature associated with spectral bandwidth are discussed.
The paper contains the state-of-the-art of the precision radiometry principles based on using high temperature blackbody sources, as well as the characteristics of blackbodies (BB), developed at the All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements (VNIIOFI). A novel Medium Background Facility (MBF) intended for calibrating both IR sources and sensors has been developed at VNIIOFI. The MBF used for the calibration under vacuum conditions (10-3 Pa) and medium background temperatures includes a Ga Fixed-Point Blackbody (29.76 degree(s)C), Variable Temperature Blackbody (-60 degree(s)C ~ +80 degree(s)C) and Filter Radiometer. Both blackbody spectral radiometric calibration and effective emissivity measurement are performed in the spectral range from 2.5 micrometers to 14 micrometers for a blackbody temperature from -60 degree(s)C up to +80 degree(s)C. A brief description of the operating principles and specifications of the MBF is presented.
By the order of Moscow Region archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Science (RAS), GPR inspection of an ancient settlement excavation (D'yakovsky period, early iron age, 4-3 centuries BC) was carried out. This ancient settlement is located near village Myachikovo in Kolomna district of the Moscow Region. The inspection of the excavation was carried out by the georadar GROT (design of the device has been reported at the 6th GPR Conference in Sendai, Japan). The research problem consisted in the mapping of buried earthen fortification structures of the ancient settlement. According to the data of aerial photography, sectors of two concentric strips, distinguishable due to more saturated color of vegetation, were well visible in the territory surrounding the excavation. According to the archaeologists version, the vegetation indicated the borders of the interred fortification structures. The GPR inspection of the territory around the settlement showed, at the depths of 1.5 to 2 meters, some structures similar to a buried ditch. The 'ditch' width was about 5 - 6 meters; radius from the settlement center was 20 meters for the internal, and 30 meters for the external ditch. Georadar cross sections superimposed on the excavation map allowed us to understand the scheme of ditch arrangement in fortification structures of an early iron century settlement.
This work summarizes the progress in the development and testing of the telescope for a space imaging spectrometer 'OMEGA' of a new stereo-spectral-imaging system ARGUS developed in the frame of the International project for MARS 94/96 missions. The results of the telescope aberration calculation are given. Brief description of the facility for the main optical characteristics measurements are described. The telescope was tested at a special vacuum chamber at the temperature range from 180K to 300K. The results of the telescope investigation are given.
A new low-cost absolute cryogenic radiometer of the electrical substitution (ES) type optimized for performing black-body models calibration is described. Nitrogen is used as a cryogenic liquid for cooling of a radiometer receiving cavity up to temperature 80 K. This absolute ESR has been developed for measuring the irradiance in the range of 10-3 divided by 10-6 W/cm2 with the uncertainty of 0.1% for the upper level of irradiance range. The receiving cavity having 16 mm aperture, is fabricated from copper foil with thickness of 30 micrometers . A substitution winding of the receiving cavity is made of manganin wires. Measured heat conduction of the receiving cavity is 1.1 X 10-3 W/K. A single time constant of the receiving cavity is 80 sec. Brief description of the design, operating principles, and measurements results of the new cryogenic radiometer at nitrogen temperature are given.
A diffuse target illuminated by the sun radiation is used for on-board calibration of a new stereo-spectral-imaging system ARGUS developed in the frame of the International project for MARS 94/96 missions. The target manufacturing technique is described. The experimental procedure used for getting the spectral and angular responses of target reflectivity is presented. The diffuse target was tested for the spectral properties at angle illumination -70 degree(s) (relative to the normal of the target) and angle of viewing +20 degree(s). A brief description of the setup for measurements of the spectral and angular responses of the target reflectivity is given. Results of the diffuse target calibration in the spectral range from 320 nm to 5200 nm are presented.
The method for on board calibration of the space imaging instruments using a diffusing target illuminated by the sun radiation is gaining acceptance. This raises a problem of measurements of the spectral and angular response of the target reflectivity in illumination conditions similar to the actual one on-board. This work summarizes the progress in the development and testing of the target for on-board radiometric calibration of the space video-spectrometers in stereo- spectral imaging system ARGUS. The spectral and angular response of the target reflectivity and the experimental procedure used for getting these characteristics are described. The target manufacturing technique is described. This target was tested for the spectral properties from 0.3 micrometers to 5.2 micrometers at angle of illumination -70 degree(s) (relative to the normal of the target) and angle of viewing +20 degree(s). The angular response was measured with three incident angles 70 degree(s), 75 degree(s) and 80 degree(s) (relative to the normal) for angles of viewing varying between 0 degree(s) and 60 degree(s) (relative to the normal). Brief description of the setup for measurements of the spectral and angular response of the target reflectivity are presented. The values of angular and spectral response of the reflectivity have been determined with the accuracy of 2 - 5% depending on the wavelength.
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