Detecting the faint emission of a secondary source in the proximity of the much brighter one has been the most severe obstacle for using direct imaging in searching for exoplanets. Estimating the angular separation between two incoherent thermal sources is a also challenging task for direct imaging. Here, we experimentally demonstrate two tasks for super-resolution imaging based on hypothesis testing, quantum state discrimination and quantum imaging techniques. We show that one can significantly reduce the probability of error for detecting the presence of a weak secondary source (e.g. a planet), especially when the two sources have small angular separations. We reduce the experimental complexity down to a single two-input interferometer: we show that (1) this simple set-up is sufficient for the state discrimination task, and (2) if the two sources are of equal brightness, then this measurement can super-resolve their angular separation, saturating the quantum Cramér-Rao bound. By using a collection baseline of 5.3 mm, we resolve the angular separation of two sources that are placed 15 m apart at a distance of 1.0 μm with an accuracy of 1:7% { this is between 2 to 3 orders of magnitudes more accurate than shot-noise limited direct imaging.
This paper introduces the field of metamaterials, details various optical uses of metasurfaces and demonstrates their suitability for imaging with single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector arrays as an integrated optical component. A design for a metasurface-based color filter array (CFA) is presented, the fabrication methodology detailed, and a sample is integrated with a SPAD array. Examples of imaging applications using the integrated assembly are demonstrated, including passive and fluorescence imaging microscopy. The limitations of current metasurface color filtering techniques are highlighted and directions for future advances and applications discussed.
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