We have recently developed a low-cost (material cost = $1,500), smartphone-compatible confocal endomicroscope. By using a custom, hyper-chromatic objective lens, the confocal endomicroscope generated cross-sectional confocal images over a depth range of 110 µm. The confocal endomicroscope achieved lateral resolution of 2 µm and axial resolution of 4 µm. The imaging speed was 4 fps. Preliminary results from the pilot study of imaging the human cervix in vivo in Uganda showed that the confocal endomicroscope could visualize distinctive, bright objects with a similar distribution to squamous epithelial cell nuclei.
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