We develop a laser-diode (LD) interferometer for depth profiling. Interference signals are produced by the reflections from the reference
mirror and the distributed objects. Four-step current modulation into the LD produces phase shifts with four steps that have a value
proportional to the distance from the reference mirror image to the reflection cite and the modulation amplitude. The value of phase shift
is gradually increased by changing the amplitude of current modulation. The locations of the reflection cite are measured from the
modulation amplitude when the value of phase shifts is suited to π/2.
A wavelength-shifting interferometer has been constructed by using a wide-tunable Ti:sapphire laser for three-dimensional range measurement. The phase shifts in five steps by wavelength changes can be measured with an Schwider-Hariharan algorithm in conjunction with sub-fringe measurements by PZT movements in four steps. Experimental results for a step object have been shown.
The phase-demodulation scheme by using a discrete Hilbert transform that can change the interferometric phase by π/2 has been investigated. In-quadrature components of a fringe pattern are obtained from one captured interferogram by using a one-dimensional (1-D) discrete Hilbert transform and a 1-D discrete high-pass filtering that are based on a digital signal processing technique. The 1-D discrete Hilbert transform can be extended to two-dimensional calculation with a raster scanning procedure.
A phase-shifting interferometer with fractional-fringe techniques by a wide-tunable Ti:sapphire laser for three-dimensional range measurement has been constructed. The phase shift in four step by wavelength diversity can be measured with Carre technique that corresponds to the integer and the fractional fringe numbers at a center wavelength.
Laser diodes have been applied to a phase-measuring interferometer with conventional mirrors and a phase-conjugate interferometer with cat mirrors through the wavelength tunability of laser diodes by controlling their currents. Features of the combination of phase shifting and heterodyning by laser-diode modulation in the interferometer with cat mirrors are reviewed. The wavelength is scanned by the laser injection current and is stepwise or rampwise changed to introduce a time-varying phase difference between the two beams of an interferometer with unbalanced optical path lengths. Cancellation of phase distortions in the interferometer can be performed with wide measurement range. Experimental results are shown.
The demodulation scheme by using a discrete Hilbert transform that can change the interferometric phase by π/2 has been investigated. In-quadrature components of a fringe pattern are obtained from one captured interferogram by using a one-dimensional (1-D) discrete Hilbert transform and a 1-D discrete high-pass filtering that are based on a digital signal processing technique. The phase distribution in the range of 15π[rad] can be demodulated with the proposed method. The 1-D discrete Hilbert transform can be extended to two-dimensional calculation with a raster sampling procedure.
We have developed a laser-diode (LD) phase-shifting interferometer that can capture frame-rate phase-shifted interferograms on a video tape in the previous paper. The injection-current variation of LD was synchronized with the field pulse of a CCD camera to produce π/2-step phase shifts in a four-step manner. The four successive phase-shifted interferograms were used to calculate a distribution of frozen phase by a phase-extraction algorithm. In this paper we propose a LD phase-shifting interferometer with a high-speed camera that can record sequences of images from 60 to 8000 frames per second. It permits us to measure a much faster phenomena.
Laser diodes (LDs) have been served as light sources of a phase-measuring interferometer through the wavelength tunability of LDs by controlling their currents. Laser-diode interferometers based on a heterodyne technique are reviewed with their practice and application. A two-wavelength laser- diode interferometer is elaborately demonstrated with current control of duel LDs in opposite directions to extend the range of interferometric measurements. The wavelength is controlled by the laser injection current and is stepwise or rampwise changed to introduce a time-varying phase difference between the two beams of an interferometer with unbalanced optical path lengths. A feedback interferometer with electronics is used to lock the interferometer on a preset phase shift to ensure the measurement accuracy. The interferometric techniques with laser diodes have been applied to an optical radar such as a single detection of multiplexed phase objects and to a distance measurement.
Two-wavelength interferometry that is based on a Fourier- transform technique has been investigated. A phase profile at a synthetic wavelength has been obtained by the inverse Fourier transformation of a first-order frequency spectrum for (lambda) 1 wavelength and a minus first-order frequency spectrum for (lambda) 2 wavelength. A power- spectrum of the two-wavelength interferogram can be controlled to eliminate a phase error caused by the difference between modulation intensities at two wavelengths.
A phase-shifting interferometer with a tunable external- cavity laser diode for distance measurement has been constructed. The interference phase is shifted equally in four steps by varying the source wavelength. The distance is obtained by measuring the phase shift with Carre technique from four intensities. The experimental results shows a measurement range from 40 micrometers to 13 mm.
We have developed a laser-diode phase-shifting interferometer that can capture frame-rate phase-shifted interferograms on a video tape with a high capacity of their storage. A number of the video frame is simultaneously recorded on an audio track of the video tape. The injection-current variation of laser diode in a four-step manner is synchronized with the field pulse of a CCD camera to produce (pi) /2-step phase shifts at a frame rate. An intensity distribution of the interferogram on any frame can be obtained from the video tape with a frame memory by utilizing the recorded frame number. The four successive phase-shifted interferograms are used to calculate a distribution of dynamic phase by a phase-extraction algorithm.
Two-wave mixing in a Bi12TiO20(BTO) fiberlike crystal at a laser-diode (LD) wavelength of 685 nm is presented. The energy-exchange effect between two coherent beams is observed in BTO single-crystal optical fiber under external alternating voltage. A laser-diode optical-heterodyne interferometry with a photorefractive two-wave mixing in BTO crystal is performed by using a frequency-ramped LD. The photorefractive grating is averaged with the time constant of a crystal. The experimental result is shown to measure a motion of a minor attached to a piezoelectric transducer.
An image travelling through a FM laser-diode interferometer can be extracted from multiple interferograms by electronic tuning of interference beat signals. The phase of the object detected by an image-dissector camera is measured by the Fourier-transform technique.
A phase-shifting interferometer with a laser diode has been studied that is insensitive to the changes in laser power associated with the current variation. The tested phase is measured from six interferograms by using a newly-developed phase-extraction algorithm. The phase is calculated from a least-squares fit to an interferogram including the intensity variation by the power change. The systematic phase error with the periodicity of 2(pi) rad by the power change of the laser diode has been theoretically investigated as compared with the experimental results for the conventional phase-extraction algorithm. A good agreement between them is shown.
A two-wavelength laser-diode interferometer has been constructed that is based on heterodyne detection with one phase meter. Two laser diodes are frequency-modulated by mutually inverted sawtooth currents on an unbalanced interferometer. The tested phase at a synthetic wavelength can be measured from the sum of interference signals with equal beat frequencies in opposite sign. The experimental results are shown to measure the displacements longer than an optical wavelength with the resolution of a 4.7-micrometers synthetic wavelength. The periodic phase error is theoretically investigated and is experimentally verified.
A two-wavelength laser-diode (LD) interferometer has been constructed that is based on a phase-shifting technique with an electronic calibration. The phases are equally shifted in opposite directions to each other on an unbalanced interferometer using two wavelengths changed stepwise by separately varying the currents in dual LDs. A feedback interferometer is described with electronics to calibrate the phase shifts and to lock the interferometer on a phase-shift condition by controlling the bias and modulation currents of both LDs. The experimental result is shown to measure a diffraction grating with a 4.6 micrometers synthetic wavelength.
A Twyman-Green phase-measuring feedback interferometer is constructed to calibrate a phase shift which affects the measurement accuracy given by a frequency tuning of a laser diode source. PHASE-SHIFTING LASER-DIODE FEEDBACK INTERFEROMETER Laser diodes (LDs) have been proved to be useful light sources in optical interferornetry for a single-mode operation and a frequency tunability. In contrast to using a phase shifter such as a piezoelectric transducer a phase-measuring LD interferometry can be realized by changing the un?alanced optical path length of the interferorneter with the frequency-modulated (FM) LD. The principle of the phase-measuring technique into practical LD interferometer together with the LD operation and the digital fringe data processing is shown in Fig. 1. The problem with the measurement is that the deviations of phase shift from its nominal value due to mode instability of LD violate the assumption of known phase shift in the phaseextracti9n algorithm causing less accuracy. To avoid this difficulty a feedback interfe rometer with TTL electronics is made to stabilize the phase shift using the frequency tuning of LD. The selection of LDs suitable for the interferometric experiment may be followed by the requirement of the singlemode behavior yielding the long coherence length. The light source such as an AlGaAs channeled-substrate planar-type LD operated at 780-nm wavelength is available for the interferometric use. The wavelength is controlled by the current such that the temperature must be kept
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