Conventional continuous-variable quantum key distribution systems typically rely on discrete optical components, which have limited integration, are bulky and expensive. To overcome these drawbacks, photonic integrated circuit technology is a viable alternative that promises to increase the system integration. However, variable optical attenuators compatible with established photonic integration processes have stability difficulties that limit the performance of the system. This work provides a chip-based variable optical attenuator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure. By using an unbalanced interferometer arm, the sensitivity of the optical attenuation coefficient to environmental fluctuations can be reduced, ensuring the high-precision control required for continuous-variable quantum key distribution systems. Our scheme will facilitate the implementation of a reliable and highly stable chip-based continuous-variable quantum key distribution system.
We experimentally realized a chip-based source-independent QRNG. The source-independent scheme provides a solution for the balance between the practical and device-independent QRNGs, which closes the security loopholes from the source, and can be easily realized with respect to the device-independent scheme based on loophole-free Bell test. For the measurement part, the imperfections of the detector are modeled and the practical loopholes in receiver side are thus closed. For the producibility, we use the Silicon-On-Illustrator (SOI) platform to integrate the optical path and detectors on chip. In this way, except for the local oscillator source, all the devices required by our QRNG scheme are integrated on a chip, which significantly promotes the miniaturization and scaling capabilities. The final generation rate is 15.6 Gbps, and the final random numbers well pass all the test items of NIST statistical tests, which demonstrates the practicability of a QRNG with source loophole-free, complete practical receiver modeling and chip-based devices.
We study a relatively excellent BHD(Balanced Homodyne Detector)with large bandwidth and low noise pre-amplification, which is different from the specific BHD implementation scheme and can better adapt to the subsequent cascade scheme, thereby achieving the implementation of BHD with specific needs. Specifically, we optimize our BHD performance by compromising various parameters of BHD, focusing on optimizing and increasing BHD bandwidth, and choosing a more reasonable BHD implementation solution. Judging from the test results, the produced BHD has good performance in extracting effective signals. The bandwidth reaches about 2GHz, which meets the requirements of detection applications. It has a high signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB and a common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of 20 dB near the 2 GHz frequency point.
A single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) narrow-linewidth Brillouin erbium-doped fiber laser (BEFL) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The erbium-doped fiber (EDF) is employed to act as both the linear gain and Brillouin gain medium, which makes it easy to excite the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the EDF by cooperating with the ring cavity structure. In order to realize stable SLM and narrow-linewidth laser output, the fiber saturable absorber (SA) and the self-injection feedback structure are added to BEFL for the first time, which can suppress the multimode phenomenon effectively and obtain a stable SLM status. The wavelength stability is less than 1.32 pm over 45 minutes and the linewidth is as narrow as 283 Hz.
An quantum access network, connecting multiple end users and a backbone network in a scalable and cost-effective way with tree or star structures, is suitable to combine with continuous-variable quantum key distribution for network security. Under the realistic condition, in a passive optical network in optical distribution network achieved by a practical passive beam splitter, it is hard to divide the signal into 1/n parts evenly. To well quantify the impact of the imperfection, we modify the formula for secret key rate calculation with the imperfection effect and conduct numerical simulations. The results indicate that if the communication parties neglect this imperfection, Eve can attack the entire network and attain information without the parties’ awareness.
We propose and demonstrate a figure-nine polarization-maintaining fiber laser with a nonlinear amplifying optical loop mirror (NALM) as a fast saturable absorber. The oscillator includes a non reciprocal phase shifter, which can achieve low mode locking threshold and excellent self starting performance. The repetition frequency of the laser reaches 101.8 MHz. The signal-to-noise ratio of a single frequency is approximately 70 dB. The pulse duration of the laser is 80 fs. By employing cut-back techniques to accurately compensate for intracavity dispersion, we are able to achieve a flat and broad spectral output with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of better than 62.5 nm at the center wavelength of 1584.4 nm. Thisrepresentsthe broad FWHM spectrum observed in all polarization-maintaining fiber NALM lasers.
A phase compensation method (PCM) based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed for improving the short-term stability of fiber-optic radio frequency (RF) transfer systems. The proposed LSTM-PCM can predict the phase fluctuation within the next propagation delay and realize the precompensation of the system. For verifying the feasibility of the proposed method, we transmitted the 2.4 GHz RF signal over the optical fiber links from 200 to 1000 km. The phase fluctuations obtained from the experiment were used to construct an LSTM network. We simulated the frequency stability of the LSTM-PCM, and the findings demonstrate that the short-term stability of the system is improved more significantly with the increase of the transmission distance. With a transmission distance of 1000 km, the classical PCM achieves an overlapping Allan deviation (OADEV) of 1.02 × 10 − 12 at 1 s, whereas the proposed method can reduce the OADEV to 6.60 × 10 − 13 at 1 s. The LSTM-PCM can effectively suppress the residual delay phase fluctuations and has the potential for application in long-haul fiber-optic RF transfer systems.
A single longitudinal mode (SLM) polarization maintaining (PM) erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with a crossed-double- ring passive subring resonator (CPSR) is put forward and experimentally investigated. The designed CPSR consists of two dual-coupler fiber rings, productively inhibiting large number of longitudinal modes oscillation and featuring narrow filtering bandwidth to achieve the SLM output. The configuration of all PM decreases the insertion losses of the polarization adjustment devices used in non-PM EDFL for the optimal SLM output. The experimental consequences illustrate that the linewidth of the put forward EDFL is approximately 278 Hz and the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) is about 70 dB, potential for the applications of requirements for narrow linewidth and high OSNR.
We demonstrate a reliable network to disseminate high-precision RF frequency by optical frequency comb via fiber link. Dense wavelength division multiplexing and MEMS optical switches are used in this network, which realize protection switching. In this network, high-precision frequency is transferred to multi-nodes. The fiber link is monitored in real time and the synchronized signal can be automatically recovered immediately. We propose a phase noise compensation technique that the fractional frequency instability was measured to be at 9.2 X 10-17/102s on 20 km optical fiber link. This work paves the way for ultra-stable frequency transmission and distribution networks.
An L-band single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to exhibit an ultranarrow linewidth and a high optical signal-to-noise ratio. A multistage filter, which is composed of a thin film filter, a fiber Bragg grating, and a saturation absorption, is utilized as an effective mode-selecting filter to achieve an SLM EDFL. The SLM EDFL with an ultranarrow linewidth of 205 Hz is obtained at the measurement resolution bandwidth of 100 Hz. In addition, the stability performance of the EDFL is measured during 30 min. The maximum fluctuations of the center wavelength and the output power of the proposed EDFL are 0.04 nm and 0.01 dB.
A stable S-band single longitudinal mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with narrow linewidth based on passive multiple-subring resonator (PMSR) has been proposed and experimentally verified. The designed structure of PMSR can effectively expand the equivalent free spectral range and eliminate dense longitudinal modes. In addition, the dual-coupled fiber ring contained therein can form a narrow-band comb filter with good mode selection performance. Incorporating a section of saturable absorber can effectively suppress mode hopping and maintain stable SLM laser oscillation. The proposed S-band EDFL demonstrates that the linewidth is as narrow as 763.427 Hz. An optical signal-to-noise ratio of about 70 dB centered at 1499.770 nm and a wavelength stability of 0.04 nm have been obtained, respectively. This S-band EDFL is promising for the future S-band applications.
We report a method to improve the performance of unidimensional continuous-variable quantum key distribution with imperfect detector by adding a parameter-adjustable optical amplifier, where the optimal performance can approach the scenario with a perfect detector.
A configuration of single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped-fiber (EDF) ring laser with high stability and narrow linewidth is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The device is composed of a dual-coupler fiber ring (DCFR) and an unpumped EDF-based saturable absorber (SA); the DCFR serves as the mode filter and facilitates the selection of the SLM while the SA produces the ultranarrow band autotracking filter effect and guarantees the SLM out. This scheme possesses the merits of being easy to fabricate, good performance, and high stability. It is easy to manufacture without strict limitations in the length of the DCFR. The output of the SLM EDF laser presents excellent performance with a linewidth of 1.52 kHz and the optical signal-to-noise ratio of 54 dB. Moreover, the proposed EDF laser exhibits remarkably good stability: the SLM operation is observed to have been stable for 3 h; the output power fluctuation and the central wavelength variation of the laser are 0.011 dB and 0.02 nm in 1 h, respectively.
A gourd-shaped subring resonator (GSR)-based single longitudinal mode erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The GSR can effectively expand the free spectral range of the fiber laser due to the Vernier effect and eliminate the dense longitudinal modes greatly. At the same time, an unpumped erbium-doped fiber serves as a saturable absorber to suppress mode hopping and stabilize frequency effectively. The experimental results show that the linewidth of the produced EDFL is ∼1.84 kHz and the output stability of power variation is nearly 0.02 dB. It can be seen that the EDFL could be exploited in applications where narrow linewidth and high power stability are both required.
A stable radio frequency passive stabilization method is proposed over the optical fiber. Different from the traditional schemes, a higher-frequency precompensated signal of 4f is retransmitted. This method can avoid the distortion of second harmonics resulting from modulation and mixing. Therefore, the stability of the system is enhanced. In the simulation scheme, instabilities of the recovered signal at remote station (50 km) are 7.1 × 10 − 14 / s and 2.0 × 10 − 18 / 104 s.
The shot-noise unit (SNU) is a crucial factor for the practical security of a continuous-variable quantum key distribution system. In the most widely used experimental scheme, the SNU should be calibrated first and used as a constant during key distribution. Because the measurement result of quadrature is normalized with the calibration SNU but scaled with practical SNU, which could open loopholes for the eavesdropper to intercept the secret key. In this paper, we report a quantum hacking method to control the practical SNU by using the limited compensation rate for polarization drift. Since the polarization of local oscillator pulses is partially measured, the attack is implemented by manipulating the polarization of the local oscillator pulses without measurement when the system is running. The simulation and experiment results indicate that the practical SNU can be manipulated by the eavesdropper. By making the difference between the calibration and the practical SNU, the excess noise estimated by Alice and Bob could always be lower than the practice which is introduced by the eavesdropper and the distributed keys are not secure.
We experimentally demonstrate an optical quantum random number generator with real-time randomness extraction to directly output Gaussian distributed random numbers by measuring the vacuum fluctuation of quantum state. A tight randomness estimation and a Gaussian extractor are proposed to eliminate the influence of side information introduced by the imperfect devices in practical system. The generation of Gaussian distributed quantum random numbers can simply the procedure and reduce the calculation error by optimizing the procedure that transforms uniform distributed random numbers into Gaussian distributed random numbers. And the calculated Gaussian distributed random numbers can be utilized to transformed into random numbers with unique distributions.
Clock synchronization is crucial for a practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution system to precisely get the measurement result. Three different synchronization schemes for continuous-variable quantum key distribution system are presented to demonstrate the optimal scheme. The performance of synchronization scheme is evaluated by measuring the excess noise which is the critical parameter for the continuous-variable quantum key distribution system. The experiment results show that distilling the synchronization signal from the local oscillator has the simplest physical implemention and superior effect of synchronization, but a stronger local oscillator is required. Transmitting synchronization signal and quantum signal in the same fiber by wave-length division multiplex is also a fine way to provide stable clock when we take no account of the phsical device and wave-length source.
A method is proposed to achieve multichannel mode conversion and multiplexing by dividing a single spatial light modulator into several blocks with the mode conversion pattern and blazed grating loaded on each block. The conversion patterns realize the precise excitation of higher order modes using combined amplitude and phase modulation. The blazed gratings bring together incident beams, so these beams can be coupled into few-mode fiber (FMF). In the experiment, four higher order modes are precisely excited and converge with a tilt angle. Through the simulation method, these beams can be coupled into FMF with small tilt angles (0.0344 deg for LP11 mode).
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