Digital holography can record fully complex-amplitude information in a Fourier-transformed hologram between a reference and multiple-target objects. Complex amplitude of a hologram can be measured by using six-step phase-shifting interferometry with a wavelength-tuned laser diode in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The six-step algorithm is inherently insensitive to a laser-diode power change associated with its current variation. The correlation signal is periodically repeated by the sampled digital hologram and high-order harmonics are mixed up with the peaks corresponding to other orders. The artifact false signals can be diminished when the objects are equally dispersedly placed those separations are equal to the number of multiple objects. The experimental results are shown.
A phase-shifting interferometer with a laser diode (LD) has been applied to a joint-transform correlator. An LD six-stepping interferometer is insensitive to the changes in laser power associated with the current variation. A new method producing a joint-transform phase correlator (JTPC) is presented in which the phase in a joint-power spectrum (JPS) of two inputs is measured by the technique of LD phase-shifting interferometry. A charge-coupled device records the JPS those recording optical layout is an on-axis type by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A single centered correlation is generated by the numerical Fourier transformation of the measured phase. A JTPC exhibits sharper correlation peak than the conventional JTC. The experimental results with a JTPC are shown.
Laser-diode phase-conjugate interferometer with two self-pumped (cat) phase-conjugate mirrors instead of two ordinary mirrors is constructed for distance measurements over extended ranges. The measurement is based on frequency-modulated continuous wave techniques. An external-cavity laser diode (ECLD) is used as a light source in a phase-conjugate wavefront-matched interferometer. The interferometer is insensitive to spatially nonuniform phase distortion, but can only detect the spatially uniform phase change introduced by the displacement of one cat mirror. The error due to the nonlinear frequency chirping of an ECLD can be free from the reference interferometer of fixed arms with a known optical path difference.
A wavelength-shifting interferometer has been constructed by using a wide-tunable Ti:sapphire laser for three-dimensional range measurement. The phase shifts in five steps by wavelength changes can be measured with an Schwider-Hariharan algorithm in conjunction with sub-fringe measurements by PZT movements in four steps. Experimental results for a step object have been shown.
Enhanced spectra of an object in high-frequency components by a photorefractive BaTiO3 two-wave mixing are imaged on a phase-only filter of a reference object displayed by a liquid-crystal spatial phase modulator. Beam propagation inside a crystal includes to show an actual process in two-wave mixing. The experiments with the correlation performance are shown.
A phase-shifting interferometer with fractional-fringe techniques by a wide-tunable Ti:sapphire laser for three-dimensional range measurement has been constructed. The phase shift in four step by wavelength diversity can be measured with Carre technique that corresponds to the integer and the fractional fringe numbers at a center wavelength.
Enhanced spectra of an object in high-frequency components by a photorefractive BaTiO3 two-wave mixing are image on a phase-only filter of a reference object displayed by a liquid-crystal spatial phase modulator. Enhanced preprocessing of an object with phase-only filtering can be achieved a good discrimination ability. The experiments with the system are shown.
Laser diodes have been applied to a phase-measuring interferometer with conventional mirrors and a phase-conjugate interferometer with cat mirrors through the wavelength tunability of laser diodes by controlling their currents. Features of the combination of phase shifting and heterodyning by laser-diode modulation in the interferometer with cat mirrors are reviewed. The wavelength is scanned by the laser injection current and is stepwise or rampwise changed to introduce a time-varying phase difference between the two beams of an interferometer with unbalanced optical path lengths. Cancellation of phase distortions in the interferometer can be performed with wide measurement range. Experimental results are shown.
A joint-transform phase correlator is presented for processing multiple-pattern recognition that uses the six-step phaseshifting interferometer with a wavelength-shifted laser diode. The correlation peaks are obtained by the numerical Fourier transformation of a measured phase in an on-axis joint power spectrum. Multiple-pattern phase correlation can be performed to demonstrate high discrimination without the intermodulation owing to zero optical path differences between multiple targets in the interferometer. The experimental results are shown.
A new method for joint-transform correlator (JTC) is presented in which complex amplitudes of joint power spectrum (JPS) of two inputs are measured by the six-step phase-shifting interferometry with a wavelength-shifted laser diode (LD). A phase calculation is immune to the changes in LD power. A joint-transform phase correlator JTPC) is demonstrated with a single centered correlation by the numerical Fourier transformation of a measured phase in an on-axis JPS. Multiple-object recognition by a JTPC is performed to eliminate the correlation between input targets. The experimental results with a JTPC are shown, exhibiting sharp correlation peak.
Laser-diode phase-conjugate interferometry with self-pumped phase-conjugate mirrors (SPPCMs) is presented by using a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) technique. The phase is shifted to produce a spatially uniform phase change uncancelled by a phase conjugator between two beams of an unbalanced interferometer. The phase-modulated conjugate wave with the frequency-ramped laser diode (LD) is stable since the frequency-modulated LD can decrease the grating contrast due to the average action of moving gratings inside a crystal. A wavefront-matched interferometer has been constructed with two BaTiO3, SPPCMs instead of usual two mirrors. The wavefront-matched unbalanced interferometer does not depend on the distortion of input wave, but can only detect the spatially uniform phase change introduced by the displacement of one cat mirror in two phase-conjugate mirrors. The FMCW technique can be applied to a tunable-LD wavefront-matched interferometer for distance measurement that is not significantly dependent on the phase distortion. The distance introduced by the displacement of one cat mirror in the interferometer can be measured by detecting the carrier beat frequencies with an rf spectrum analyzer.
A phase-shifting interferometer with a tunable external- cavity laser diode for distance measurement has been constructed. The interference phase is shifted equally in four steps by varying the source wavelength. The distance is obtained by measuring the phase shift with Carre technique from four intensities. The experimental results shows a measurement range from 40 micrometers to 13 mm.
A real-time spectrum-enhanced correlator has been constructed to improve the correlation performance. The system in a photorefractive BaTiO3 two-wave mixing plays a role to enhance the optical spectrum of an input object at a Fourier domain by changing the pump beam intensity. Coherent enhancement together with a phase-only filter can be achieved a good correlation performance. The character-recognition experiments with the system are shown.
A real-time optical processing system with dual liquid-crystal spatial light modulators is presented that have been used as an amplitude input and a multilevel phase-only filter, respectively. Numerical calculations are performed for a gray-level and binarized amplitude- phase correlations. An improvement of performance criteria such as discrimination capability, light efficiency, and signal-to-noise ratio has been made for an amplitude in a binary mode to phase correlator. The higher the threshold level of binarized objects is, the better performance criteria produce. Optical experimental results supporting with calculations are described.
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