KEYWORDS: Scattering, 3D modeling, Deblurring, Turbidity, Point spread functions, Deep learning, Image deconvolution, Deconvolution, Education and training, Data modeling
Significance: Transillumination imaging is crucial in diverse applications, from biometrics and medical diagnostics to material characterization. The challenge of scattering-induced blurring has fueled continuous research in the development of effective deblurring techniques. This study contributes to the field by introducing and evaluating a scattering deblurring model rooted in deep learning principles, addressing the intricacies of light-absorbing structures within turbid media.
Aim: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the precision and robustness of the proposed scattering deblurring model in reconstructing three-dimensional complex structures within the scattering medium. Adopting a multidimensional approach, the study integrates deep learning principles to surpass the traditional deblurring method with point-spread function deconvolution, establishing a framework for achieving high-fidelity 3D reconstruction structure combined with the commonly filtered-back projection method.
Approach: Leveraging a diverse dataset of simulation images to expose the model to various scattering structures, the proposed scattering deblurring technique is based on the Fully Convolutional Network, Attention Res-Unet. The evaluation of the model’s performance incorporates critical metrics such as the intersection over union (IoU) and the contrast improvement ratio (CIR).
Results: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed scattering-deblurring model in mitigating scattering blur. Evaluation metrics, including a maximum IoU of 0.9737 and a CIR of 7, 166, underscore the superior performance of the proposed method compared to the deconvolution method in the entire angular range.
Conclusions: In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of adaptive imaging techniques that address the diverse and complex geometries encountered in biomedical optics. The proposed scattering-deblurring model, anchored in deep learning principles, presents promising results in enhancing the visualization of light-absorbing structures within turbid media.
KEYWORDS: Scattering, Point spread functions, Light scattering, 3D image processing, 3D image reconstruction, 3D modeling, Visualization, Kidney, Light sources, Stereoscopy
To realize three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging of the internal structure of animal body, we have developed a new technique to reconstruct CT images from two-dimensional (2D) transillumination images. In transillumination imaging, the image is blurred due to the strong scattering in the tissue. We had developed a scattering suppression technique using the point spread function (PSF) for a fluorescent light source in the body. In this study, we have newly proposed a technique to apply this PSF for a light source to the image of unknown light-absorbing structure. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was examined in the experiments with a model phantom and a mouse. In the phantom experiment, the absorbers were placed in the tissue-equivalent medium to simulate the light-absorbing organs in mouse body. Near-infrared light was illuminated from one side of the phantom and the image was recorded with CMOS camera from another side. Using the proposed techniques, the scattering effect was efficiently suppressed and the absorbing structure can be visualized in the 2D transillumination image. Using the 2D images obtained in many different orientations, we could reconstruct the 3D image. In the mouse experiment, an anesthetized mouse was held in an acrylic cylindrical holder. We can visualize the internal organs such as kidneys through mouse’s abdomen using the proposed technique. The 3D image of the kidneys and a part of the liver were reconstructed. Through these experimental studies, the feasibility of practical 3D imaging of the internal light-absorbing structure of a small animal was verified.
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