The use of optical fibers in low earth orbiting (LEO) satellites is a source of concern due to the radiation environment in which these satellites operate and the reliability of devices based on these fibers. Although radiation induced damage in optical fibers cannot be avoided, it can certainly be minimized by intelligent engineering. Qualifying fibers for use in space is both time consuming and expensive, and manufacturers of satellites and their payloads have started to ask for radiation performance data from optical fiber vendors. Over time, Nufern has developed fiber designs, compositions and processes to make radiation hard fibers. Radiation performance data of a variety of fibers that find application in space radiation environment are presented.
Being the new frontier of science and technology, as the near earth space begins to attract attention, low cost and rapidly
deployable earth observation satellites are becoming more important. Among other things these satellites are expected
to carry out missions in the general areas of science and technology, remote sensing, national defense and
telecommunications. Except for critical missions, constraints of time and money practically mandate the use of
commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components as the only viable option. The near earth space environment (~50-50000
miles) is relatively hostile and among other things components/devices/systems are exposed to ionizing radiation.
Photonic devices/systems are and will continue to be an integral part of satellites and their payloads. The ability of such
devices/systems to withstand ionizing radiation is of extreme importance. Qualification of such devices/systems is time
consuming and very expensive. As a result, manufacturers of satellites and their payloads have started to ask for
radiation performance data on components from the individual vendors. As an independent manufacturer of both
passive and active specialty silica optical fibers, Nufern is beginning to address this issue. Over the years, Nufern has
developed fiber designs, compositions and processes to make radiation hard fibers. Radiation performance data (both
gamma and proton) of a variety of singlemode (SM), multimode (MM), polarization maintaining (PM) and rare-earth
doped (RED) fibers that find applications in space environment are presented.
In this paper we present advances made in the development and fabrication of highly efficient, large-mode area fibers for eye-safe wavelengths (1.55 μm, 2.0 μm). LMA Er/Yb co-doped and Tm doped fibers have been successfully fabricated, with 25 μm core and 250 to 300 μm clad diameters, that are suitable for nanosecond pulsed amplification in LIDAR applications as well as high power CW amplification. Manufacturing challenges for these novel fibers are discussed. Measured and modeled data, for both types of fibers, are presented. The development of non-PM and PM-LMA fibers for eye-safe applications is expected to spur rapid progress in power scaling at these wavelengths, similar to that witnessed by the industry at 1.06 μm.
We report our recent progress in designing and manufacturing new, completely monolithic, linearly polarized, continuous wave (CW) fiber lasers that provide more than 300W of output power in a near diffraction limited, single transverse mode, spectrally stabilized output beam having a narrow line-width. The demonstrated design is simple and practical: the monolithic laser cavity may consist of only a coil of polarization maintaining (PM), large mode area (LMA) active fiber having a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) at one end and a fiber cleave at the other end. Proper selection of the coil diameter enables gain in only one polarization mode so as to provide the linearly polarized output. Fiber lasers built using this novel technique do not require any external polarizing components or the use of polarizing fiber. Such compact and robust fiber lasers are suitable for a variety of applications, such as multi-kW power scaling through coherent beam combining, nonlinear wavelength conversion processes using a variety of nonlinear materials, etc.
In this paper we review the damage mechanisms that need to be considered when building high power fibre lasers. More specifically we look at thermal issues, optically induced coating damage, bulk and surface damage thresholds of the host glass. We also discuss the reliability of tapered fibre bundles and Bragg gratings at these power densities.
Fiber lasers have a number of distinct advantages over their more conventional solid state laser alternatives. These advantages include size, reliability, wavelength selectivity, heat dissipation, wall plug efficiency and operational cost. Furthermore they can be operated without the need for active cooling or optical alignment. Consequently the market for these more traditional laser sources are beginning to be eroded by the emergence of fiber lasers. In 1999 high power fiber lasers became a reality, with the world's first single-mode fiber laser exhibiting in excess of 100W cw output. However it was soon recognized that conventional small core, high NA fiber designs were not appropriate to applications requiring further scaling of the output power. More specifically it was found that the maximum achievable output power in such fibers were restricted by a fundamental susceptibility to optical nonlinearities, including stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and self-phase modulation. In order to overcome the limitations imposed by these parasitic nonlinear processes, it has been necessary to develop fibers with high rare-earth dopant concentrations in relatively large core, low numerical aperture fibers. These so-called large mode area (LMA) fibers are directly responsible for the recent explosion in demonstrated diffraction-limited beam quality output powers, now approaching the kW-level from a single fiber. To further scale the output power it is necessary to combine the output of several fiber lasers. Indeed, for a number of industrial and military applications it is desirable to scale the total output power to between several and hundreds of kW's. It is therefore advantageous to be able to coherently combine the beams from multiple fibers and this it turns makes it desirable for the fiber to also be polarization maintaining. This provides yet another layer of complexity to the fiber design but such fibers are now a commercial reality. In this paper we review the recent and ongoing advantages in fiber design that is facilitating the development and production of lasers and amplifiers with ever increasing output powers.
Although fiber amplifiers have been employed in communications systems for many years, until very recently the fiber laser was little more than a scientific curiosity. However the fiber laser format has a number of intrinsic advantages over lamp and diode pumped YAG lasers including size, reliability, wavelength selectivity, heat dissipation, wallplug efficiency and operational cost; and with kiloWatt output powers now possible fiber lasers are beginning to replace lamp and diode pumped YAG lasers in many industrial applications. In this paper we review the recent and ongoing advances in fiber design that have facilitated this revolution.
The advent of double clad fiber technology has made high power lasers and amplifiers possible. However, the scalability of output powers can be limited by amplified spontaneous emission and nonlinear processes such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). These limitations can be overcome by using low numerical apertures (NAs), large-mode areas (LMAs), novel index profiles and high dopant concentrations. This paper discusses advances made in design and fabrication of highly efficient, large-mode area double clad fibers. Experimental and modeling results pertaining to changes in mode area, resultant power density and nonlinear threshold with changing core size are discussed. In addition, the mechanical reliability of the LMA fibers is discussed.
Fibers for high-power laser and amplifier applications require large claddings with high numerical apertures for efficiently coupling pump energy. In addition, such fibers should have high rare-earth dopant concentrations in relatively large cores, with low numerical apertures, to reduce non-linearities. Furthermore, polarization maintaining double-clad fibers (PM-DCF) are needed for coherently combining the outputs of several lasers/amplifiers to achieve output powers in excess of 100 kW for military and industrial laser applications. In this paper, we report the progress made towards fabricating PM double-clad fibers, with a variety of fiber characteristics, to facilitate development and production of high-power lasers and amplifiers. In particular, a Panda-type PM-DCF with a 0.06 NA, 30 micron diameter, Yb-doped core is reported. We also discuss various criteria that are critical for designing these PM double clad fibers.
A new fiber optic sensor for monitoring pH made by doping of fluorescent dyes in a sol-gel matrix is demonstrated. The indicator, 5-(and6)-carboxy-2'7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDCF), has a lower average pKa than fluorescein due to a chloride functional modification. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the immobilized dye at various pH levels show that the indicator is sensitive over a wide pH range. Porous sol-gel coatings are used to make the probes, which are incorporated into a bifurcated fiber optic sensor. The entire absorption and fluorescence spectra are continuously monitored using a miniature fiber optic spectrophotometer. The most responsive area of the fluorescence spectrum is selected and is referenced to a point which is insensitive to pH, so that any changes due to environmental effects and fluctuations in the light source are taken into account. Two approaches for referencing are shown, one involving the back-reflected light from the excitation source, and another utilizing the co-doping of the sol-gel with a second fluorescent dye with the same absorption characteristic as CDCF but which is insensitive to pH and fluoresces at a different wavelength.
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