Direct detection of singlet-state oxygen ([1O2]) constitutes the holy grail dosimetric method for type II PDT, a goal that can be quantified using multispectral singlet oxygen dosimetry (MSOLD). However, the short lifetime and extremely weak nature of the singlet oxygen signal produced has given rise to a need to improve MSOLD signal-to-noise ratio. This study examines methods for optimizing MSOLD signal acquisition, specifically employing an orthogonal arrangement between detection and PDT treatment light, consisting of two fiber optics - connected to a 632-nm laser and an InGaAs detector respectively. Light collected by the InGaAs detector is then passed through a filter wheel, where spectral emission measurements are taken at 1200 nm, 1240 nm, 1250 nm, 1270 nm, and 1300 nm. The data, after fitting to the fluorescence background and a gaussian-fit for the singlet oxygen peak, is established for the background-subtracted singlet oxygen emission signal. The MSOLD signal is then compared with the singlet oxygen explicit dosimetry (SOED) results, based on direct measurements of in-vivo light fluence (rate), in-vivo Photofrin concentration, and tissue oxygenation concentration. This study focuses on validating the sensitivity and minimum detectability of MSOLD signal in various in-vitro conditions. Finally, the MSOLD device will be tested in Photofrin-mediated PDT for mice bearing Radiation- Induced Fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established modality for cancer treatment, and reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry (ROSED), based on direct measurements of in-vivo light fluence (rate), in-vivo photofrin concentration, and tissue oxygenation concentration, has been proved to provide the best dosimetric quantity which can be used to predict non-fractionated PDT outcome. This study performed ROSED for Photofrin-mediated PDT for mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosacorma (RIF) tumor. As demonstrated by our previous study, fractionated PDT with a 2-hour time interval can significantly improve the long-term cure rate (from 15% to 65% at 90 days), and it tends to increase as the light dose for the first light fraction gets larger. This study focused on further improving the long-term cure rate without introducing apparent toxicity using combinations of different first light fraction lengths and total light fluences. Photofrin was injected through the mouse tail vein at a concentration of 5 mg/kg. After 18~24 hours, treatment was delivered with a collimated laser beam of 1 cm diameter at 630 nm. Mice were treated using two fractions of light fluences with a 2-hour dark interval. Different dose metrics were quantified, including light fluence, PDT dose, and [ROS]rx. In addition, the total reacted [ROS]rx and treatment outcomes were evaluated and compared to identify the optimal light fraction length and total light fluence.
The measurement of human skin temperature provides vital physiological information about human health status. In this paper, an application of digital holography has been demonstrated to measure human hand skin temperature. A volume phase holographic grating based digital holographic interferometric system has been used in a lens-less Fourier transform configuration to measure the temperature of human hand skin. The presented system is non-contact, non-invasive, fast, compact, robust, requires lesser number of optical components, simple to align, and is easy to use.
KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Digital holography, Holographic interferometry, Diffusion, Holography, Volume holography, Signal to noise ratio, Interferometry, Holographic interferometers, Speckle
Optical measurement techniques are of immense importance for research in engineering, industrial production and biomedical applications. In this paper, an experimental study to measure temperature, temperature distribution, and temperature fluctuations in diffusion flames has been conducted using a volume phase holographic grating (VPHG) based digital holographic interferometric (DHI) system. VPHG made on Dichromated gelatin provides high diffraction efficiency and minimizes stray light and coherent speckle noise. The results obtained from VPHG based DHI system show a good agreement with temperature measured by thermocouple. The proposed system is compact, robust, requires lesser number of optical components, simple to align and easy to implementation.
Holo-shear lens-based interferometer is demonstrated to study the influence of gradient magnetic fields (i.e., upward decreasing and upward increasing) and uniform magnetic field on the temperature and temperature profile of a wick stabilized micro diffusion flame created from the candle. Sheared interferograms in the absence and presence of microflame are captured using CCD camera. Fourier fringe analysis method is used to extract the phase-gradient information of ambient air without flame and heated air of microflame separately. The phase difference map of microflame and ambient air is used for the extraction of refractive index difference and temperature distribution inside the microflame. The experimental investigations reveal that temperature and temperature stability of the microflame increase in the upward decreasing and uniform magnetic field, while the temperature and temperature stability inside the microflame decrease in upward increasing magnetic field in comparison to temperature inside the microflame in the absence of magnetic field. Increment in the temperature of the microflame in uniform magnetic field is contrary to macro diffusion flame, where there is a negligible influence on the temperature in uniform magnetic field. Holo-shear lens-based interferometer is simple, lightweight, easy to implement, less vibration-sensitive, and can cover microflame to macroflame under investigation.
In this paper, holo-shear lens based interferometer is experimentally demonstrated for the measurement of temperature distribution, and temperature fluctuations inside the wick stabilized micro diffusion flame created from the candle. Holoshear lens based interferometer is a common path interferometer, which is simple, compact, light weight and less vibration sensitive to environmental perturbation. Also, holo-shear lens based interferometer is capable of measuring the temperature profile of a micro sized flame to macro sized flame.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a round-shaped, aggressive human pathogen that can grow either by fermentation or by utilizing an elective terminal electron acceptor without oxygen. These bacteria can spread from an infected person to others, and it can enter into the body via the bloodstream and can infect body parts and organs. To avoid spreading infections and life-threatening diseases, a rapid, non-invasive, non-contact expeditious detection system is required. In this paper, a holographic optical element based digital holographic interferometric (DHI) system has been demonstrated for the label-free imaging of S. aureus bacteria. A comparison has been made in the proposed holographic optical element based DHI system and the conventional off-axis Mach–Zehnder configuration based DHI system. The proposed DHI system is an economical, efficient and easy-to-operate interferometric system, and significantly improves the signalto- noise ratio of recorded digital holograms without any spatial filtering.
Urine analysis (urinalysis) is a critical component to diagnose urinary tract disease. Microscopic evaluation of the urine provides an insight into potential underlying urinary tract disease, which is used for identification and characterization of both common and much less common formed elements in the urine sample. In this paper, the microscopic urinalysis is presented by using single beam digital holographic microscopy (DHM). This is a common path set up wherein both beams (reference and sample) travel through a similar path providing higher temporal stability. In this paper, phasecontrast three - dimensional imaging of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), squamous and nonsquamous epithelial cells, casts and various crystals present in the urine samples, have been demonstrated. The proposed imaging modality for the diagnosis of urinary tract disease is simple, non-contact, non-invasive, and provides higher temporal stability due to its common-path geometry.
Micro-flame is a flame having the size of several millimeter (approx. 2-3 mm). Micro flames are used in micro devices such as microsatellite and micro aerial vehicles etc. An understanding of combustion characteristics of micro flame is required for design a burner or combustion system to create micro flame. In this paper, digital holographic interferometry (DHI) is used for the measurement of temperature, temperature profile and temperature fluctuations of a wick stabilized micro diffusion candle flame. By measuring the change in temperature/ temperature fluctuations and radical concentration, we can also measure the quenching in micro flame.
Escherichia coli (E. coli), a micro size, hazardous bacteria which is responsible for various life-threatening diseases in animals and humans. Generally, E. coli bacteria can be found naturally in the animals and human intestinal tracts which provide necessary synthesis of vitamins. However, E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most dangerous pathogenic strain which produces toxins. E. coli contaminate in number of drinks and food products. Hence early identification and treatment of E. coli O157:H7 is very necessary in order to prevent various diseases. In this work, Digital Holographic Interferometric Microscopy (DHIM) system is used for non-destructive, in-vitro imaging of E. coli bacteria. The major advantage of using the DHIM over the conventional microscopy is that in DHIM both amplitude and phase coming from the specimen can be reconstructed from recorded hologram. It provides three dimensional information of the specimen under test. In DHIM system distortions due to the aberrations are minimized by the interferometric comparison of reconstructed phase with and without the object. The phase reconstruction of recorded object and reference wavefront is calculated by Fourier Transform method. DHIM system is non-invasive, non-contact type and has the potential for fast detection of E. coli.
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