Phase-measuring deflectometry (PMD) is a crucial technology for measuring the forms of specular surfaces. However, existing stereo-PMD techniques have noticeable weaknesses when it comes to measuring structured specular surfaces. This limitation arises because the optical axis of the imaging system must intersect significantly with the optical axis of the display system, following the law of reflection. In contrast, near optical coaxial phase measuring deflectometry (NCPMD) offers several advantages over conventional PMD techniques. These advantages include a compact configuration, lightweight design, and minimal measurement errors due to the shadows of surface structures. NCPMD achieves this by utilizing a plate beamsplitter. With the assistance of the plate beamsplitter, the optical axis of the display screen can be configured much closer to the optical axis of the imaging system. As a result, the system becomes more compact and significantly reduces volume compared to the conventional PMD configuration. However, the introduction of the plate beamsplitter can impact on the measurement accuracy of the system. Specifically, the refractive effect of the beamsplitter can reduce the measurement accuracy. To address this challenge, a refraction error model is proposed for the NCPMD system. This model considers the influence of the plate beamsplitter’s refraction, allowing for the determination of measurement errors caused by this effect. Additionally, a virtual simulation system is established to analyze the shape reconstruction error resulting from the plate beamsplitter’s refraction. According to the experiments and results, the measurement accuracy can be effectively improved after the refractive error compensation.
Manufacturing is progressing towards the utilisation of smart and autonomous manufacturing processes, facilitated by deeply integrated sensors providing rapid feedback, to enable tighter process control and ‘right first-time’ fabrication methods. Optical components are inherently heavy and bulky and consequently so is current optical instrumentation making it unsuitable to provide the in-situ measurements required to fully realise the vision of future manufacturing. Optical metasurfaces, being able to replicate the function of conventional optical elements, offer a step change in optical instrumentation size and weight. Here, we report on our monolithic metasurface confocal sensor that performs all the necessary optical manipulations to perform as an ultra-compact confocal sensor whilst also being rugged against misalignment. We have subsequently built on this approach to develop a tip-tilt displacement sensor which is achieved by interleaving three lenses into a single metasurface, each acting as a chromatic confocal sensor that is offset from each other.
Here we present a focus variation microscope without moving parts, utilizing the chromatic aberration characteristic of the single-surface metalens. By varying the illumination wavelength filtered through an acousto-optic tuneable filter, scanning of the focal plane can be realised. Imaging is achieved using basic hyperbolic metalens composed of pillars etched from GaN on an Al_2 O_3 substrate. Varying the illumination wavelength from 650 nm to 670 nm shifts the focal plane by 75μm, allowing for capturing the required image stack. Depth information can be extracted by a focus detection algorithm, and the surface topography can be reconstructed. The compact design of this device allows for its use in spaces where traditional instruments cannot fit. We will demonstrate the results from our initial device, including the successful measurement of a stepped artefact, and discuss improvements, such as designing complex multi-element chromatic metalens with enhancing off-axis imaging.
The creation of smart and autonomous manufacturing chains is reliant on the development of suitable sensors to provide the feedback required, improving the quality of the parts made, reducing scrappage and allowing bespoke one-off items to be manufactured right first-time every-time. Optical measurements would seem ideal for just such applications, however the optical instrumentation that is employed to take them is often far too large and heavy for deployment where they would be of most use, and the use of traditional refractive elements limit the size and weight reductions that can be achieved. Here we present our work on using metasurfaces to overcome just such problems, developing a miniaturized chromatic confocal sensor by exploiting the chromatic aberration found with a basic hyperbolic metalens to our advantage. Further we show how the range and resolution of this device can be modified through design, delivering a compact, rapid, and highly practical sensor.
The dispersive interferometry provides an instantaneous surface measurement in a single camera frame, making it resistant to environmental disturbances and ideal for in-process surface metrology. It also benefits from the extended measurement ranges in both depth and lateral directions by incorporating hyperspectral imaging technology and cylindrical beam illumination, respectively. This paper reports on an in-house developed cylindrical lens-based dispersive interferometer for high-accuracy surface inspection, particularly for structured surfaces. The obtained spectral interferogram is analyzed using the fringe order algorithm, in which the phase slope method is used to calculate the initial height to resolve the fringe order ambiguity and eventually an improved height value can be obtained using the exacted phase of a single wavelength. Experiments demonstrate that the measurement noise of the developed interferometry system is less than 1 nm within the measurement range. A brass step sample made by a diamond turning machine was measured and the experimental results closely align with those given by the commercial white light interferometer -Talysurf CCI 3000.
The near optical coaxial phase measuring deflectometry (NCPMD) is one of the phase measuring deflectometry (PDM) techniques which is typically used for specular surface form measurement. The NCPMD utilizing a plate beamsplitter to folding the optical axis of display screen to make it close to the optical axis of the imaging system which makes the system more compact and has significantly reduced volume compared with the traditional PMD configuration. The NCPDM can achieve compact configuration, light weight, and reduce measurement error caused by structure shadows of the off-axis configuration of traditional PDM. However, the plate beamsplitter will lead measurement errors to the NCPMD system due to the beamsplitter will inevitably inherited certain form errors on the two surfaces during manufacturing process. In this paper, a reflection error model of the NCPMD system is proposed, and the measurement error caused by the reflection effect of the plate beamsplitter is determined by considering the influence of the unevenness of the upper and lower surfaces of the plate beamsplitter. Simulation studies show that the proposed reflection model can accurately determine the measurement errors caused by the form errors of the beamsplitter, which can be effectively used for subsequent error compensation.
The vision for the future of high value manufacturing, as embodied in ‘Industrie 4.0’, is one where autonomous ‘smart’ manufacturing processes are able to deliver bespoke products on-demand by deploying ‘right first-time’ fabrication techniques while aiding progression towards targets for waste reduction and carbon neutrality. While the vision is clear enough, the technical challenges associated with the realisation of autonomous manufacturing processes are substantial. Autonomous manufacturing requires measurement systems to be integrated much more closely with the manufacturing process than current sensor technologies allow, in order to generate the process feedback needed to ensure the workpiece being created meets its specification. It is predominantly the size and weight of conventional optical instrumentation that limit the potential for sensor integration either in-situ, on-machine or in-process.
Recent advances in nanophotonics and specifically metasurface technology opens up a new route whereby a step-change reduction in size and weight of optical measurement systems can be achieved. Such systems will revolutionise the way optical measurement is deployed in manufacturing systems and represent a keystone technology upon which future manufacturing will evolve.
We demonstrate the readiness of such metasurfaces to realise next-generation optical sensors through the example of a confocal microscope based on a single metasurface without the need for the additional optical elements found a conventional optical embodiment e.g. beamsplitters. The sensor concept is based on a metasurface consisting of two interlaced lenses, which focus independent off-axis points to a common point on the optical axis. We show how placing a point source and a point detector at these two off-axis points it is possible to realise an ultra-compact confocal sensor apparatus comprising a single optical element. Through this example we discuss the potential for a new generation of sensor technologies based on simplified optical assemblies which have great potential for both miniaturisation and cost-reduction.
Iterative calculation is a necessary step in the calibration of stereo deflectometry. Inaccurate input can result in the iterative process converging in a wrong position or unconvergence. Image distortion is an important factors affecting the accuracy of the input. In order to reduce the influence of image distortion and increase the robustness of the calibration, a method based on a search algorithm is investigated for stereo deflectometry. Because there is few distortion at an image center, a search window with a certain border length is positioned at the image center to obtain a group of data for the iterative process. The size of the window is determined based on an algorithm proposed in this paper. Due to the fact that the centers of distortion and image are not coincident, the window is consecutively relocated within the image. A function is proposed to evaluate the input accuracy. Along with the window moving, the calculated data which makes the proposed function reach the minimum is selected to compute the following iterative process. Experimental results affirm the presented method can significantly enhance the robustness of the calibration accuracy of a stereo deflectometry system. By applying the proposed method, the RMS (root mean square) of calibration error can be increased from 0.31 pixels to 0.05 pixels.
As for chromatic confocal sensor system with limited computational capacity, a fast peak extraction algorithm with considerate accuracy is in urgent demand. However, current peak extraction algorithms such as the centroid algorithm (CA) and nonlinear fitting algorithms can not balance the accuracy and computational efficiency. Thus, we propose an accurate peak extraction algorithm with good computational efficiency called corrected differential fitting algorithm (CDFA). At first, the differential signal derived from the original axial response signal is linearly fitted for initial peak extraction. Then corresponding systematic error of this linear fitting operation is analyzed using a first-order linear nonhomogeneous differential equation. At last, error compensation, that is, the solution to this equation is implemented with an introduction of "sum differences of sampling intensity". The performance of CDFA is compared with two conventional peak extraction algorithms including the CA and Gaussian fitting algorithm (GFA) using Monte Carlo simulations. CDFA is found to have a comparable accuracy performance with GFA while have a much higher computational efficiency.
A single shot RGB Multi-wavelength Polarizing Interferometer (MPI) is proposed for measuring moving precision surfaces with micro/nano-scale structured pattern or defects. The interferometer is combined with four CMOS cameras, each with an integrated Bayer filter, to capture four color phase shifted interferograms at a single exposure time. The phase shifting mechanism is achieved by using thin film linear polarizers and birefringent quarter-wave plates. The 2π phase ambiguity range is extended by using a synthetic wavelength produced from the RGB. Measurement of step height standard samples are also presented and compared to measurement obtained by Coherence Scanning Interferometer (CSI).
The line-scan dispersive interferometry (LSDI) benefits from single-shot measurement in nature and has potential to perform in-line surface metrology. In this technique, the interference beam produced by the two arms of the interferometer is spatially dispersed by a diffraction grating along the rows (or columns) of the CCD pixels. In which case, a two-dimensional spectral interferogram is generated. In this paper, fringe order determination is carried out to retrieve the more accurate phase information along the chromaticity axis of the interferogram and then the height map of the tested profile can be calculated with high resolution. Two standard artefacts have been evaluated using the developed LSDI and the experimental results are compared with that of phase slope method as well as the commercial instrument (Talysurf CCI 3000), which shows that better performance in measurement noise is achieved. Additionally, the measurement repeatability is significantly improved and demonstrated within sub-nanometer range.
The measurement of microstructured components is a challenging task in optical engineering. Digital holographic microscopy has attracted intensive attention due to its remarkable capability of measuring complex surfaces. However, speckles arise in the recorded interferometric holograms, and they will degrade the reconstructed wavefronts. Existing speckle removal methods suffer from the problems of frequency aliasing and phase distortions. A reconstruction method based on the antialiasing shift-invariant contourlet transform (ASCT) is developed. Salient edges and corners have sparse representations in the transform domain of ASCT, and speckles can be recognized and removed effectively. As subsampling in the scale and directional filtering schemes is avoided, the problems of frequency aliasing and phase distortions occurring in the conventional multiscale transforms can be effectively overcome, thereby improving the accuracy of wavefront reconstruction. As a result, the proposed method is promising for the digital holographic measurement of complex structures.
KEYWORDS: 3D imaging metrology, Fringe analysis, 3D metrology, Phase measurement, Deflectometry, 3D displays, Calibration, 3D acquisition, Mathematical modeling, 3D modeling, Visual process modeling, Projection systems
This paper presents a novel Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) method to measure specular objects having discontinuous surfaces. A mathematical model is established to directly relate the absolute phase and depth, instead of the phase and gradient. Based on the model, a hardware measuring system has been set up, which consists of a precise translating stage, a projector, a diffuser and a camera. The stage locates the projector and the diffuser together to a known position during measurement. By using the model-based and machine vision methods, system calibration is accomplished to provide the required parameters and conditions. The verification tests are given to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed system. 3D (Three-Dimensional) shapes of a concave mirror and a monolithic multi-mirror array having multiple specular surfaces have been measured. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain 3D shape of specular objects having discontinuous surfaces effectively
This paper presents a new Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) method to measure specular object having discontinuous surfaces. A mathematical model is established to directly relate absolute phase and depth, instead of phase and gradient. Based on the model, a hardware measuring system has been set up, which consists of a beam splitter to change the optical path, and two LCD screens to display the same sinusoidal fringe patterns. By using model-based and machine vision method, system calibration is accomplished to provide the required parameters and conditions. The verification tests are given to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed system. The 3D shape of an artificial step having multiple specular surfaces and a concave mirror has been measured. Initial experimental results show that the proposed measurement method can obtain 3D shape of specular objects with discontinuous surface effectively.
Lateral chromatic aberration (CA) of color cameras has great effects on the imaging quality. This paper presents a novel method to full-field calibrate lateral CA between color channels by using unwrapped phase data. Closed circle sinusoidal fringe patterns having the optimum three-fringe numbers are generated and displayed on a liquid crystal screen consecutively through red, green and blue channels. These closed fringe patterns are captured by a color camera. The wrapped phase and unwrapped phase of each pixel can be calculated by using four-step phase shifting algorithm and optimum three-fringe number method, respectively. The pixel deviations produced by lateral CA are computed by comparing the obtained absolute phase data between red, blue, and green channels in polar coordinate system and calibration is accomplished in Cartesian coordinate system. Lateral CA between color channels of the color camera can be compensated by using the calibrated data. Simulated and experimental results show the validity of the proposed calibration and compensation method.
Film processing procedures by means of Roll-to-Roll (R2R) for barrier coatings can often result in PV barrier films being manufactured with significant quantities of defects, which results in lower efficiency and a short life span. In order to improve the process yield and product efficiency, it is desirable to develop an inspection system that can detect transparent barrier film defects in the production line during film processing. Off-line detection of defects in transparent PV barrier films is difficult and time consuming. Consequently, implementing an accurate in-situ defects inspection system in the production environment is even more challenging, since the requirements on positioning, fast measurement, long term stability and robustness against environmental disturbance are demanding. This paper reports on the development and deployment of two in-situ PV barrier films defect detection systems, one based on wavelength scanning interferometry (WSI) and the other on White Light Channeled Spectral Interferometry (WLCSI), and the integration into an R2R film processing line at the Centre for Process Innovation (CPI). The paper outlines the environmental vibration strategy for both systems, and the developed auto-focusing methodology for WSI. The systems have been tested and characterised and initial results compared to laboratory-based instrumentation are presented.
This paper presents a 3D small-field imaging system by using the color fringe projection technique to measure the small objects having large slopes and/or discontinuous surface. A stereo microscope is used to generate a small-field projecting field and to capture the deformed fringe patterns on the measured small objects, respectively. Three fringe sets having the optimum fringe numbers are coded into one major color channel to generate color fringe patterns having the maximum fringe contrast of the captured fringe images. Through one channel of the stereo microscope, a DLP (Digital Light Processing) projector projects these generated color fringe pattern images onto the measured objects surface. From another channel, the fringe patterns are deformed with regard to the object surface and captured by a color CCD camera. The absolute phase of each pixel can be calculated from the captured fringe patterns by using the optimum three-fringe numbers selection method. Experimental results on measuring 3D shape of small objects show the accuracy and availability of the developed 3D imaging system.
This paper presents a novel method to accurately calibrate a DLP projector by using an optical coaxial camera to capture
the needed images. A plate beam splitter is used to make imaging axis of the CCD camera and projecting axis of the DLP
projector coaxial, so the DLP projector can be treated as a true inverse camera. A plate having discrete markers on the
surface will be designed and manufactured to calibrate the DLP projector. By projecting vertical and horizontal
sinusoidal fringe patterns on the plate surface from the projector, the absolute phase of each marker’s center can be
obtained. The corresponding projector pixel coordinate of each marker is determined from the obtained absolute phase.
The internal and external parameters of the DLP projector are calibrated by the corresponding point pair between the
projector coordinate and the world coordinate of discrete markers. Experimental results show that the proposed method
accurately obtains the parameters of the DLP projector. One advantage of the method is the calibrated internal and
external parameters have high accuracy because of uncalibrating the camera. The other is the optical coaxes geometry
gives a true inverse camera, so the calibrated parameters are more accurate than that of crossed-optical-axes, especially
the principal points and the radial distortion coefficients of the projector lens.
Deflectometric methods have been studied for more than a decade for slope measurement of specular freeform surfaces
through utilization of the deformation of a sample pattern after reflection from a tested sample surface. Usually, these
approaches require two-directional fringe patterns to be projected on a LCD screen or ground glass and require slope
integration, which leads to some complexity for the whole measuring process.
This paper proposes a new mathematical measurement model for measuring topography information of freeform
specular surfaces, which integrates a virtual reference specular surface into the method of active fringe reflection
photogrammetry and presents a straight-forward relation between height of the tested surface and phase signals. This
method only requires one direction of horizontal or vertical sinusoidal fringe patterns to be projected from a LCD screen,
resulting in a significant reduction in capture time over established methods. Assuming the whole system has been precalibrated
during the measurement process, the fringe patterns are captured separately via the virtual reference and
detected freeform surfaces by a CCD camera. The reference phase can be solved according to the spatial geometric
relation between the LCD screen and the CCD camera. The captured phases can be unwrapped with a heterodyne
technique and optimum frequency selection method. Based on this calculated unwrapped-phase and that proposed
mathematical model, absolute height of the inspected surface can be computed. Simulated and experimental results show
that this methodology can conveniently calculate topography information for freeform and structured specular surfaces
without integration and reconstruction processes.
Embedded metrology is the provision of metrology on the manufacturing platform, enabling measurement without the
removal of the work piece. Providing closer integration of metrology upon the manufacturing platform can lead to the
better control and increased throughput. In this work we present the development of a high precision hybrid optical chip
interferometer metrology device. The complete metrology sensor system is structured into two parts; optical chip and
optical probe. The hybrid optical chip interferometer is based on a silica-on-silicon etched integrated-optic motherboard
containing waveguide structures and evanescent couplers. Upon the motherboard, electro-optic components such as
photodiodes and a semiconductor gain block are mounted and bonded to provide the required functionality. The key
structure in the device is a tunable laser module based upon an external-cavity diode laser (ECDL). Within the cavity is a
multi-layer thin film filter which is rotated to select the longitudinal mode at which the laser operates. An optical probe,
which uses a blazed diffracting grating and collimating objective lens, focuses light of different wavelengths laterally
over the measurand. Incident laser light is then tuned in wavelength time to effectively sweep an ‘optical stylus’ over the
surface. Wavelength scanning and rapid phase shifting can then retrieve the path length change and thus the surface
height. We give an overview of the overall design of the final hybrid photonic chip interferometer, constituent
components, device integration and packaging as well as experimental test results from the current version now under
evaluation.
A comprehensive 3-dimensional measurement and characterization method for grinding tool topography was developed. A stylus instrument (SOMICRONIC, France) was used to measure the surface of a metal-bonded diamond grinding tool. The sampled data was input the software SurfStand developed by Centre for Precision Technology (CPT) for reconstruction and further characterization of the surface. Roughness parameters pertaining to the general surface and specific feature parameters relating to the grinding grits, such as height and angle peak curvature have been calculated. The methodology of measurement has been compared with that using an optical microscope. The comparison shows that the three-dimensional characterization has distinct advantages for grinding tool topography assessment. It is precise, convenient and comprehensive so it is suitable for precision measurement and analysis where an understanding of the grinding tool and its cutting ability are required.
The assessment of surface finish has become increasingly important in the field of precision engineering. Optical
interferometry has been widely used for surface measurement due to the advantages of non-contact and high accuracy
interrogation. In spite of the 2π; phase ambiguity that can limit the measurement scale in monochromatic interferometry,
other optical interferomtry have succeeded to overcome this problem and to measure both rough and smooth surfaces
such as white light interferometry and wavelength scanning interferometry (WSI). The WSI can be used to measure large
discontinuous surface profiles by producing phase shifts without any mechanical scanning process. Where the WSI
produces the phase shifts by altering the wavelength of a broadband light source and capturing the produced
interferograms by a CCD. This paper introduces an optical setup and operation principle of a WSI that used a halogen
white light as a broadband illumination source and an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a wavelength scanning
device. This setup can provide a wide scan range in the visible region. The scanned range is being operated from 682.8
nm to 552.8nm and the number of captured frames is 128. Furthermore, the obtained interferograms from a Linnik
interferometer have been analyzed by two methods, Fast Fourier Transform and Convolution. A mathematical
description of both methods is presented then a comparison in results accuracy is made between them. The Areal
measurement of a standard 4.707μm step height sample shows that FFT and convolution methods could provide a
nanometer measurement resolution for the surface finish inspection.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Global Positioning System, System integration, Standards development, Tolerancing, Data storage, 3D imaging standards, Metrology, Manufacturing, Systems modeling
Geometrical Product Specifications is an international standard system regarding standardization of dimensional,
tolerancing, surface texture and related metrological principles and practices in the charge of ISO/TC213. Integrated
information system is necessary to encapsulate the knowledge in GPS to extend its application in digital manufacturing.
Establishing a suitable data structure for GPS data is one of the main works in building the integrated information system.
This paper is focused on cylindricity and the main points are as follows: proposes the complete verification operator and
the complete drawing indication for cylindricity consistent with GPS standard system; models the inter/intra
relationships between the elements of operations involved in cylindricity and integrates them by category theory; solves
the storage format and closure of query for the categorical data model by the pull-back structure and functor transform in
category theory respectively.
This paper presents the relationship between the functions and five types of three dimensional parameters: height, spatial,
functions and related, miscellaneous and hybrid parameters of surface texture carried out by ISO TC 213. A novel
calculation method of 'zero wear' volume is proposed according to the value change of the function volume parameters
of Vvv, Vvc and Vmp before and after abrasion. In order to check the difference of three dimensional parameters in
engineering surface texture measurement, a surface texture measurement of silicon wafer before and after polish was
carried out.
Measurement system analysis guarantees the reliability of acquired data. Although much research has been performed
regarding variable measurement system and Gage R&R has been comprehensively employed across many companies,
there is relatively little attention that has been paid to binary measurement system, which is considered to be more
practical and efficient. Proportion of agreement is generally utilised to evaluate binary measurement system in the
traditional AIAG method. As a consequence, sample size should be more reasonably determined, in which process the
number of parts, appraisers, and trials are of key importance. However, this critical issue has not been profoundly
investigated as yet. In the present study, the number of parts is determined through the plot of length of confidence
interval, and an alternative method is introduced to choose the number of appraisers and trials based on the majority
voting rule. This is considered to be more sensible than the prevalent rule, in which two appraisers and two trials are
usually chosen and an agreement is made only when the conclusions of both appraisers and trials are the same. In
addition, a data set is analysed using the proposed method, and the results indicate that it is more rational.
Because measurement uncertainty is an important parameter to evaluate the reliability of measurement results, it is
essential to present reliable methods to evaluate the measurement uncertainty especially in precise optical measurement.
Though Monte-Carlo (MC) method has been applied to estimate the measurement uncertainty in recent years, this
method, however, has some shortcomings such as low convergence and unstable results. Therefore its application is
limited. To evaluate the measurement uncertainty in a fast and robust way, Quasi Monte-Carlo (QMC) method is adopted
in this paper. In the estimating process, more homogeneous random numbers (quasi random numbers) are generated
based on Halton's sequence, and then these random numbers are transformed into the desired distribution random
numbers. An experiment of cylinder measurement is given. The results show that the Quasi Monte-Carlo method has
higher convergence rate and more stable evaluation results than that of Monte-Carlo method. Therefore, the quasi
Monte-Carlo method can be applied efficiently to evaluate the measurement uncertainty.
KEYWORDS: Global Positioning System, Manufacturing, Metrology, Standards development, Tolerancing, Fused deposition modeling, Communication engineering, Gaussian filters, System integration, Data acquisition
The next generation GPS (Dimensional and Geometrical Product Specification and Verification) is a very important basic
technique standard system for manufacturing that aims to enrich the GPS specification language to express the functional
requirements of the products, thus to reduce the correlation uncertainty and specification uncertainty, etc. On one facet, it
seems that the indication may be richer, precise, and therefore more verbose, and thus probably to take longer time for
design. And on another facet, the designer can't use the standards effectively even if he has a well comprehension of
them. To resolve the problem, this paper proposes a GPS information system, which will further help to reduce the
development cycle and the cost of the products greatly. Acquisition and representation of knowledge are one of the most difficult steps on successfully developing of the knowledge base of this GPS information system, because it affects the
development efficiency, speed, and maintenance of the system as data structure in ordinary programming. For
knowledge modeling of this GPS information system, a new modeling mechanism based on category theory is put
forward in this paper. The knowledge model based on category theory is called Geometrical Knowledge Model (GKM).
This information system is built up on the category theory due to its formality and high level of abstraction. Finally, the
basic knowledge structure of the next generation GPS roundness specification is given in the paper.
KEYWORDS: Global Positioning System, Data modeling, Fused deposition modeling, System integration, Metrology, Manufacturing, Standards development, Systems engineering, Systems modeling, Data processing
The next generation GPS (Geometrical Product Specification and Verification) is a very important basic technique standard system for manufacturing. It has been developing by ISO/TC 213 since 1996. But it is an intricate and abundant information system for engineering application and causes the problem of popularized usage. An integrated information system of the next generation GPS is proposed in this paper. For data modeling of next generation GPS information system, a new modeling method based on category theory is put forward and called GDM (Geometrical Data Model) in the paper. An important advantage of the method lies in its configurable semantics which can make the structure relationship clearly amongst the meta knowledge of standards issued or revised by the ISO/TC213, and by this method, features such as null values, uncertainty and temporal behavior can be added easily by selecting appropriate instance categories.
Surface texture is generally a significant technique requirement of high-tech products. Surface quality information can usually play an increasing role in achieving interoperability among existing products, create order in markets, simplify production and ensure safety. As the most authoritative standard organizations, ASME and ISO services are used throughout the world, their codes and standards influence global manufacturers and consumers. ASME B46.1 is one of many vital tools to promote surface measurement techniques, while ISO has a set standard system for surface measurement, analysis and evaluation. This paper compares the ASME B46.1 (2002) standard (Surface texture: surface roughness, waviness, and lay) with ISO 3274 (1997) standard on methods of surface profiles filtering. It preformed the present research in order to show the latest developments of the ASME B46.1 (2002) in the regime of contact profiling techniques where the degree of measurement control is highly advanced, and a large range of other techniques that present valid and useful descriptions of surface texture. Also, this paper shows the differences of terms, definitions and surface texture parameters between ASME B46.1 (2002) and ISO 4287 (1998). The different evaluation results have been calculated based on above two standards for the same surface data. Obviously, it is necessary to consider the divergence above to develop China's standards (GB) on surface texture.
Because of measurement errors objectively existing, measurement results always deviate from the "true value" of the measurand. Measurement uncertainty, as a quality index characterizing measurement results, attracts more attention worldwide. Its evaluation and expression will help understand measurement results, and promote international technical and commercial communication. According to the International Organization for Standardization ISO/BIPM "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" - usually referred to as the GUM, this paper deals with the way of evaluation and expression of measurement uncertainties, describes the Procedure for Uncertainty of Measurement MAnagement (PUMA) in the new generation Geometrical Product Specification (GPS). An example of uncertainty evaluation with the PUMA method is given to illustrate the validity of PUMA. Since the concept of uncertainty in the new generation GPS has been expanded beyond just measurement uncertainty, the new way of evaluation and management of uncertainty throughout the whole GPS system remains to be developed.
This paper proposes a novel philosophical approach using Wavelet and Radon Transform for addressing topographical features of surface from a PSI image. In this work, a combined technique using the Wavelet and Radon Transforms has been investigated and developed to achieve the forensic dissection of PSI image data. As a result, the isolated point-like features on a PSI image can be extracted using the wavelet transform with artifact free thresholding method, and the curve-like features on a PSI image can be identified using the Ridgelet Transform (Multi-Wavelet-Radon transform). Case studies are conducted using a series of femoral heads to demonstrate the application of using the new wavelet model in the assessment PSI images of these surfaces.
In this paper a new stylus sensor is introduced which has high accuracy microdisplacement and wide dynamic range. Its resolution is O. OO5m its range of vertical measurement is mm. The sensor''s mechanical characteristics including statical and dynamic mechanical characteristics are discussed. Key words: surface roughness roughness measurement sensor design
In this paper, a new measuring and analysing system for curved surfaces topography is described. The
system working principle is discussed. The photoelectric signal processing,hardware and software designing
and the model of data processing about curved surfaces are also investigated.Finally, experimental results
are given.
In this paper a new grating technology for topography measurement of the curved surface is described. It adopts a laser-grating interferometry sensing system whose standard depends on the RCHD grating constant. The optical principle and system characteristics are discussed in detail. The results of principle experiment are given. Key words: Topography measurement of curved surface laser-grating interferometry sensing system grating interferometry reflective cylindric holographic diffractive (RCHD) grating
In this paper the authors deal emphatically with the problem of deciding the estimating reference of the roughness of an arbitrary curved surface and put forth a method of fitting its estimating reference with the polynomial ya+bx+cx (l By an analysis of a circular spheroid sample it has been proved that calculation using this model is both highly accurate and very convenient.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.