Dr. Xiaoli Wu Profile

Dr. Xiaoli Wu

at Univ. of Michigan

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SPIE Journal Paper | 2 January 2024 Open Access

Scaling down the dimensions of a Fabry–Perot polymer film acoustic sensor for photoacoustic endoscopy

Tong Li, Tse-Shao Chang, Ahmad Shirazi, Xiaoli Wu, Wei-Kuan Lin, Ruoliu Zhang, Jay L. Guo, Kenn R. Oldham, Thomas D. Wang

JBO, Vol. 29, Issue S1, S11514, (January 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.29.S1.S11514

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Film thickness, Glasses, Analytic models, Tunable filters, Reflection, Acoustic waves, Acoustics, Polymers, Polymeric sensors

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SignificanceA Fabry–Perot (FP) polymer film sensor can be used to detect acoustic waves in a photoacoustic endoscope (PAE) if the dimensions can be adequately scaled down in size. Current FP sensors have limitations in size, sensitivity, and array configurability.AimWe aim to characterize and demonstrate the imaging performance of a miniature FP sensor to evaluate the effects of reduced size and finite dimensions.ApproachA transfer matrix model was developed to characterize the frequency response of a multilayer miniature FP sensor. An analytical model was derived to describe the effects of a substrate with finite thickness. Finite-element analysis was performed to characterize the temporal response of a sensor with finite dimensions. Miniature 2×2 mm2 FP sensors were designed and fabricated using gold films as reflective mirrors on either side of a parylene C film deposited on a glass wafer. A single-wavelength laser was used to interrogate the sensor using illumination delivered by fiber subprobes. Imaging phantoms were used to verify FP sensor performance, and in vivo images of blood vessels were collected from a live mouse.ResultsThe finite thickness substrate of the FP sensor resulted in echoes in the time domain signal that could be removed by back filtering. The substrate acted as a filter in the frequency domain. The finite lateral sensor dimensions produced side waves that could be eliminated by surface averaging using an interrogation beam with adequate diameter. The fabricated FP sensor produced a noise-equivalent pressure = 0.76 kPa, bandwidth of 16.6 MHz, a spectral full-width at-half-maximum = 0.2886 nm, and quality factor Q=2694. Photoacoustic images were collected from phantoms and blood vessels in a live mouse.ConclusionsA miniature wafer-based FP sensor design has been demonstrated with scaled down form factor for future use in PAE.

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