This paper demonstrate an intracavity Raman laser at 2291 nm by using YVO4 crystal as Raman crystal to achieve efficient Raman conversion in a compact diode-end-pumped actively Q-switched Tm:YLF (Tm3+-doped lithium yttrium fluoride) laser with an L-shaped cavity. With a pump source of fiber-coupled continuous-wave diode laser operating at 793 nm, the Tm:YLF crystal served as gain material in the Raman laser. We made experimental research on the characteristics of first-Stokes Raman laser output the different pulse repetition rates (PRFs). The maximum average output power, pulse width and the corresponding peak power were 175.2 mW, 21.41 ns and 1.63 kW respectively at a pluse repetition frequency of 5 kHz and an incident pump power of 21W.
The thermo-optic coefficient of standard single mode fiber (SMF) is researched in the temperature range from 20 to 1000 °C by using a fiber-optic intrinsic Fabry-Pérot interferometer. Polynomial fit of the interference fringe shift indicates that the thermo-optic coefficient increases with temperature, and is estimated to reach its peak at ~1144 °C. The error of the temperature measurements is also analyzed when taking the thermo-optic coefficient value as a constant.
A modified fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer with a stable π/2 phase bias is demonstrated for the demodulation of diaphragm-based acoustic sensors. The phase bias is obtained by introducing a nonreciprocal frequency shift between the counter-propagating waves. The system is passive and without complicated servo-control for phase stabilization. Interrogated by the proposed demodulation system, a 100 nm-thick graphite diaphragm-based acoustic sensor demonstrated a minimum detectable pressure level of ~ 450 μPa/Hz1/2 at the frequency of 5 kHz and the output signal stability is less than 0.35 dB over an 8-hour period.
A novel and compact fiber-probe pressure sensor was demonstrated based on micro Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI). The device was fabricated by splicing both ends of a short section simplified hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (SHCPCF) with single mode fibers (SMFs), and then a micro channel was drilled by femtosecond laser micromachining in the SHC-PCF to significantly enhance the pressure sensitivity. The pressure sensing characteristics based on micro-FPI have been investigated by measuring the signals through the demodulation of phase since the external signal imposing on the interferometer will induce the phase change of interference signal. Then a FBG was cascaded to demodulate the signal. A micro FPI demonstrates a maximum pressure sensitivity of 32 dB/MPa, while a low temperature cross-sensitivity of 0.27 KPa/°C. Hence it may have potential for pressure applications in harsh environment.
The subway is a representative form of the rail transit, and its catenary suspension system is a very important aspect to
the safety of the whole system. The safety monitoring of the subway catenary suspension system is studied in this paper.
A demonstrate model is set up in the laboratory, and some fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors including strain sensors
and displacement sensors were utilized in the demonstrate system. It is shown that the used sensors could indicate the
safety information of the system effectively. Especially, the designed displacement sensor that is packaged by athermal
technique can abandon the influence of the environment temperature in a certain degree. Its engineering applicability is
greatly improved.
We demonstrate a saturable absorber (SA) based on cladding-filled graphene in a specially designed and manufactured photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for the first time. The saturation absorption property is achieved through the evanescent coupling between the guided light and the cladding-filled graphene layers. To boost the mutual interaction, the PCF is designed to contain five large air holes in the cladding and small-core region. Employing this graphene-PCF SA device, we construct an erbium-doped all-fiber laser oscillator and achieve mode-locked operation. This device can pave the way for high power and all-fiber applications of photonics with graphene with some unique advantages, such as single-mode operation, nonlinearity enhancement, high-power tolerance, environmental robustness, all-fiber configuration, and easy fabrication.
Long period fiber grating (LPFG) upon all-solid photonic bandgap fiber with a bandgap at 1.068 to 1.180 μm is fabricated by high-frequency CO 2 laser pulse irradiation. The resonance wavelength is 1335.76 nm with a modulation depth of 15 dB and a 3-dB bandwidth of 2.6 nm. Bending response of the LPFG is dependent on the axial orientations and the input polarization states. The maximum bending sensitivity is achieved at 52 nm/m . The temperature response is weakly dependent on the polarization state, and is achieved around 20.47 pm/°C at a 0-deg polarization azimuth. The bending measurement error resulting from temperature can be negligible within the range of 0.4 to 0.82 m −1 . It is be beneficial to avoiding cross-sensitivity of temperature in bending measurements.
We propose an ultrasensitive temperature sensor based on an in-line liquid-filled photonic crystal fiber (PCF) Mach-
Zehnder interferometer. It consists of a small piece of index-guiding PCF fully infiltrated by fluid and two standard
single-mode fibers offset spliced with the PCF. Two core modes of LP01 mode and LP11 mode are conveniently utilized
as optical arms to form an in-line Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer. Experimental and theoretical investigation of its
response to temperature confirms that and a high temperature sensitivity up to -0.244nm/(oC-mm) could be realized by
such a compact inline liquid-filled PCF Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
We investigate on a multi-wavelength operation erbium-doped fiber laser Q-switched by a graphene-based saturable absorber. Stable pulses were generated with the widths from 6.9 to 1.5 μs, energies from 40.4 to 130.2 nJ and repetition rates from 68.32 to 132.9 kHz, when the pump power increased from 142.32 to 441.86 mW. A fiber Bragg grating with five reflective peaks was inserted into the fiber ring through an optical circulator, resulting in a stable output of five-lasing-wavelength output. The laser can perform as a low-cost and easy-built all fiber light source, and has potential applications in the fields where pulses at multi-wavelength operation are needed, i.e., temperature or strain fiber sensors.
Long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) with different periods in the standard single mode fiber were
fabricated, using laser direct writing method, by femtosecond laser pulses with pulse width of 200 fs
and the repetition rate of 250 kHz at a center wavelength of 800 nm in air. Comparative with bare
LPFG in temperature sensor, LPFG had been encapsulated using large coefficient of thermal
expansion of epoxy polymer and Aluminum to enhance the temperature sensitivity. The results
showed that the temperature sensitivity of encapsulated LPFG was 2 times than that of bare LPFG.
In addition, we also researched the relationship between resonant wavelength and surrounding
refractive index (SRI) when LPFG immersed in refractive index of solution of different index at
20 degree Celsius.
In this paper, we present a novel optical fiber fluorescent temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber(PCF) and its
theory of forward stimulated fluorescence emission in PCF. It is realized by liquid filling in hollow-core PCF, the liquid
is of higher temperature coefficient of refractive index than that of silicon, and is mixed with fluorescent material.
Stimulating light and fluorescence propagating in the fiber are in the same direction. Because the band gaps of PCF are
modulated by temperature, besides the sensitivity of fluorescence, the stimulating light passing through the photonic
crystal fiber is also sensitive to temperature. Experiment results and theory modulation show that when PCF length is
shorter than an optimum length, stimulating light in fiber will increase and fluorescence will decline gradually with the
increase of temperature.
In this letter, LPFGs in standard telecommunication fibers without hydrogen loading were fabricated in air using laser
direct writing method, by femtosecond laser pulses with pulse duration of 200 fs and output wavelength of 800 nm. The
loss peak of 1430 nm, the transmission loss of 22.86 dB and the FWHM of 6.6 nm were obtained. Temperature
dependence of wavelength shift in air was measured by placing the LPFG in a temperature chamber that is temperature
controlled in the range of 70 -150 °C. The temperature sensitivities (▵λ/▵T) are estimated by using linearly regression
fits, which was 43.2 pm/°C. The linearity of the temperature sensitivities is high and the R-squared values for ▵λ /▵T is larger than 0.9979.
Two kinds of supercontinuum (SC) sources are successfully generated by propagating 200-fs unamplified and amplified
pulses through a 0.85-m long nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF), respectively. The spectra bandwidth of
amplified-femtosecond-pumped SC is about 870 nm spanning 480 nm to 1350 nm, which is flat to 1.2dB over 100 nm
spreading from 550nm to 650 nm. With the same PCF, SC spectra pumped by unamplified-femtosecond-pulses are
narrower and unevener. A detailed simulation is carried out to help us understand the mechanism of supercontinuum
evolution. For pump wavelength located at the zero dispersion wavelength of the PCF, spectra are broadened by the
interaction between SPM and higher-order dispersion at early stage. With increasing the pump power, the spectra are
broadened by fission of higher solitons and parametric four-wave mixing (FWM). When the peak power is up to
mega-watt, FWM plays a notable role in flattening and further broadening the supercontinuum spectra in short
wavelength side. An effective way to generate a flat SC laser source pumped by femtosecond pulses is also
demonstrated.
Femtosecond laser pulses with ultrashort time duration and ultrahigh peak power can cause the refractive index change
in transparent materials and micron scale machining precision. Long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) with different grating
lengths in the standard single mode fiber are fabricated. Using laser direct writing method, Femtosecond laser pulses
with pulse width of 200 fs at a center wavelength of 800 nm in air is applied as laser source. The transmission spectra are
studied in the range of 1510 nm to 1610 nm. The loss peak of 1552 nm, the transmission loss of 16 dB and the FWHM of
20 nm are obtained with the period of LPFG of 400 μm. According to the theory of mode field coupling for long period
grating, transmission spectra of LPFGs are numerically simulated depending on the grating length.
Microchip-laser-pumped supercontinuum (SC) is successfully generated through a 30-m long photonic crystal fiber
(PCF). The spectra bandwidth of SC is 850 nm spanning from 550 nm to 1300 nm. The -15dB-flat bandwidth is 400 nm
spanning from 600 nm to 1000 nm. It is easy to achieve a much more flat SC with the sacrifice of spectra bandwidth. A
detailed simulation is carried out to help us understand more about the supercontinuum generation process. The primary
mechanism of spectral broadening is identified as parametric four-wave mixing (FWM) combined with stimulated
Raman scattering (SRS). These findings also demonstrate an effective way to generate a flat supercontinuum laser source.
Femtosecond laser micromachining of solid materials such as Si, GaAs, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and Fused
Silica has been performed in air. Femtosecond (fs) laser pulses with pulse duration of 180 fs and output wavelength of
800 nm is applied for a light source. The relationship between pulse energy and sub-micron scale crater on the surface of
Si, GaAs, PMMA and Fused Silica induced by fs laser pulses has been figured out. The sub-micron void can be
produced in the focal point of fs laser beam. Two kinds of gratings have been fabricated on the surface of Fused Silica by
femtosecond laser machining (FLM). The parameters of one grating such as the length of 20 mm, the width of 1.5 mm
and the period of 2 μm have been obtained. A 20-mm-long and 0.45-mm-wide grating with period of 11 μm has been
also fabricated. The diffraction efficiency of each order has been measured. An elliptical cross section waveguide has
been obtained inside the bulk of Fused Silica. The distance beneath the surface was measured to be 2 mm. The
diffraction rings can be observed in the far field image of the light output from the waveguide.
Temporal coherence property of supercontinuum (SC) generated in a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber
(PM-PCF) pumped by Ti:sapphire fs laser was experimentally studied by using a modified Michelson interferometer.
The coherence length of supercontinuum light was measured to characterize the temporal coherence property. The
coherence lengths of supercontinuum and pump laser were measured to be 6.5 μm and 59.14 μm, respectively. The
shortened coherence length of supercontinuum output from the PM-PCF was due to the broadened spectrum. Moreover,
the interferogram evolution versus the supercontinuum spectra was also investigated. It was indicated that the flatter the
supercontinuum was, the better the interferogram was.
To our best knowledge, the most supercontinuum sources generated by use of cw pump lasers were obtained with fiber
interaction lengths of the order of 100 m to a few kilometers to enhance the optical nonlinearity. However, the material
loss was accumulated and the price cost was boosted in the long fibers. In this paper, CW supercontinuum generation by
use of a 1480-nm fiber-Raman laser (FRL) in a 100-m high-nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF) together with a 76-km
single mode fiber (SMF) was demonstrated. The broadband supercontinuum was obtained with 10-dB bandwidth of 124
nm spanning from 1476 to 1600 nm. It was shown that the principal mechanism of the broadening could be assigned to
stimulated Raman scattering, four-wave mixing (FWM) and modulation instability (MI).
With an acousto-optical Q-switch and Co:LaMgAl11O19(Co:LMA) crystal as the saturable absorber, diode-end-pumped actively and passively Q-switched Nd:GdVO4 lasers at 1.34 μm were demonstrated, respectively. For acousto-optical Q-switched operation, the maximum average output power, the highest pulse energy, the shortest pulse width and the highest peak power were obtained to be 4.54 W, 223 μJ, 19 ns and 11.75 kW, respectively. For passively Q-switched operation with a 0.3-mm-long Co:LMA crystal as the saturable absorber, the maximum average output power, the highest pulse energy, the shortest pulse width and the highest peak power were obtained to be 1.43 W, 112 μJ, 55 ns and 1.95 kW, respectively.
Supercontinuum was generated in a polarization-maintaining (PM) PCF. The main advantage with the PM-PCF is the preservation of the state of polarization of the field propagating. For several applications, it is essential that the output has a well-defined polarization. In addition, the preserved polarization enhances the nonlinear interactions so that less power is required to generate the SC. The field patterns, birefringence and nonlinearity in the PM-PCF were simulated using a full-vector finite element method. Spectral broadening was achieved pumped by the optical parameter amplifier system (OPA). It was concluded that the SC generation was depended on the pump wavelength, and the difference group velocities in the two sides of the zero dispersive wavelength of the PCF and the OH absorption at about 1.4μm in the PCF affected the flatness of the generated supercontinuum. When the pump wavelength lied further away from the zero dispersive wavelength, the flatness was reduced, even in the visible region the blue-shift peaks were separated and didn't come into being supercontinuum. Supercontinuum with a broad bandwidth of 300 nm to 1350 nm was generated when the pump wavelength of 1200 nm, and the generated spectral bandwidth was beyond two octaves.
We report a high-power diode-single-end-pumped continuous-wave and Q-switched Nd:GdVO4 red laser through intracavity frequency-doubling with a type-I critical phase-matched LBO crystal. The maximum CW output power at 671 nm was measured to be 2.1 W at the incident pump power of 30 W, with the corresponding optical conversion efficiency of 7%. At the repetition frequency of 47 kHz, the maximum average output power of quasi-CW red light was obtained to be 6 W, with the corresponding optical conversion efficiency of 12.8% and the pulse width of about 97 ns. At the average output power around 5 W, the power stability was better than 5.8% for one hour. The M2 factor increased from 1.33 to 2.47 when the output power was increased from 1 W to 6 W. At the repetition rate of 25 kHz, the maximum pulse energy of 212 μJ was obtained with the corresponding peak power of 3.98 kW.
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