This paper proposes a novel message-embedded halftoning scheme that is based on orientation modulation (OM) encoding. To achieve high image quality, we employ a human visual system (HVS)-based error metric between the continuous-tone image and a data-embedded halftone, and integrate a modified direct binary search (DBS) framework into the proposed message-embedded halftoning method. The modified DBS framework ensures that the resulting data-embedded halftones have optimal image quality from the viewpoint of the HVS.
Embedding data in hard copy is in widespread use for applications that include pointing the reader to on-line
content by means of a URL, tracing the source of a document, labeling, and packaging. Most solutions involve
placing overt marks on the page. The most common are 1D, 2D, and 3D (color) barcodes. However, while
barcodes are a popular means for encoding information for printed matter, they add unsightly overt content.
In order to avoid such overt content, Stegatones are clustered-dot halftones that encode a data payload by
single-pixel shifts of selected dot-clusters. In a Stegatone, we can embed information in images or graphics –
not in the image file, as is done in traditional watermarking, but in the halftone on the printed page. However,
the recovery performance of stegatones is not well understood across a wide variety of printing technologies,
models, and resolutions, along with variations of scanning resolution. It would thus be very useful to have a
tool to quantify stegatone performance under these variables. The results would then be used to better calibrate
the encoding system. We develop and conduct a test procedure to characterize Stegatone performance. The
experimental results characterize Stegatone performance for a number of printers, scanners, and resolutions.
Periodic clustered-dot screens are widely used for electrophotographic printers due to their print stability. However,
moir´e is a ubiquitous problem that arises in color printing due to the beating together of the clustered-dot,
periodic halftone patterns that are used to represent different colorants. This beating or interference phenomenon
introduces spurious low frequency (large period) patterns in the printed output that are very objectionable to
the viewer. The traditional solution in the graphic arts and printing industry is to rotate identical square screens
to angles that are maximally separated from each other. For example, the classic three-color screen set rotates
three identical square screens to the angles 15°, 45°, and 75°, respectively. However, the effectiveness of this
approach is limited when printing with more than four colorants, i.e. N-color printing, where N >4. Moreover,
accurately achieving the angles that have maximum angular separation requires a very high resolution plate
writer, as is used in commercial offset printing.
In this paper, we propose a systematic way to design color screen sets for periodic, clustered-dot screens
that offers more explicit control of the moir´e properties of the resulting screens when used in color printing. We
find a general concept for moir´e-free screen design that is called lattice-based screen design. The basic concept
behind our approach is the creation of the screen set on a 2-dimensional lattice in the frequency domain and
then picking each fundamental frequency vector of the individual colorant planes in the created spectral lattice
according to the desired properties. The halftone geometry of a screen set is the set of angles and frequencies
in units of lines per inch (LPI) of each screen plane. The lattice-based screen design offers more flexibility in
designing N-color screen sets with different halftone geometries, and all of them are guaranteed to be all-orders
moir´e-free. For example, by creating a square lattice in the frequency domain, square N-color moir´e-free screen
sets that consist of N rotated square screens can be achieved. The proposed approach maintains the advantage
of square clustered-dot screen design and is based on low addressability of digital printing. We also propose
several symmetry measures, and use them to compare the proposed 4-color square screen set and the screen
sets based on a previous moir´e-free N-color non-orthogonal approach. The proposed screen set is shown to have
better symmetry properties.
For electrophotographic printers, periodic clustered screens are preferable due to their homogeneous halftone
texture and their robustness to dot gain. In traditional periodic clustered-dot color halftoning, each color plane
is independently rendered with a different screen at a different angle. However, depending on the screen angle
and screen frequency, the final halftone may have strong visible moiré due to the interaction of the periodic
structures, associated with the different color planes.
This paper addresses issues on finding optimal color screen sets which produce the minimal visible moiré and
homogeneous halftone texture. To achieve these goals, we propose new features including halftone microtexture
spectrum analysis, common periodicity, and twist factor. The halftone microtexture spectrum is shown to predict
the visible moiré more accurately than the conventional moiré-free conditions. Common periodicity and twist
factor are used to determine whether the halftone texture is homogeneous. Our results demonstrate significant
improvements to clustered-dot screens in minimizing visible moiré and having smooth halftone texture.
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