Mechanics enabled by photon absorption generates work from materials and is perhaps one of the most important applications of light active matter, which mediates an intensity-to-stress transduction and moves in intensity gradients. Photomechanics can be put at work in surface structuring of materials, which has applications in several areas of science and engineering including photonics and biology and medicine. We demonstrate that photosensitive materials can be unexpectedly micro- nano- textured by a single step irradiation with weakly absorbed low power red light. We report highly efficient surface structuring induced by interference patterns of two coherent non-resonant red (wavelength 632.8 nm), less than 5 mW, laser beams operating in the near-zero absorption tail of azo-polymer fims with optical densities in the 0.02-0.09 range; i.e. 80-95% light transmission. The heights of the observed structures are comparable to those obtained by resonant absorption; a feature which is counter intuitive, and thus never reported to date. Low and high energies n-π^* and π-π^*excitations of the azo dye, are equally efficient in inducing isomerization and mass motion of polymers. Our work is
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) optical sensors have attracted considerable attention, finding diverse applications, particularly in the fields of biomedicine and chemistry. While single metal layer based SPR sensors are commonly used, their resolution is limited by broad resonances. Consequently, researchers have dedicated efforts to achieve sharper resonances and heightened sensitivity. In this study, we investigate the use of multilayer structures for bulk sensing and elucidate how they contribute to improving sensor sensitivity. Additionally, we explore thin film sensing, conducting a thorough comparative analysis of monolayer and multilayer structures. Our findings reveal that thin film sensing based on monolayer structures outperforms multilayer stacks. This superiority is linked to the reduced sensitivity observed in the latter, stemming from the compromised coupling between Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) modes within the multilayer structure upon the application of the sensing layer. This research not only advances our understanding of SPR sensors but also highlights the potential of tailored multilayer structures in optimizing sensor performance.
Molecular motion in polymers is frozen below the glass transition temperature T-g and changes of viscoelastic functions are most spectacular near T-g. Exceptional enhancement of molecular mobility and a decrease of polymer viscosity, by several orders of magnitude, down to the viscous flow regime, are observed way below T-g by light absorption. Relaxation processes, which take decades to centuries in some high-T-g polymers, are reduced to minute timescales by sub-T-g light absorption. Here we develop a model for this intriguing albeit spectacular action of light on glass forming materials and we propose experiments to relate light absorption to materials properties. The model provides a solution to a long-lasting problem of how molecular mobility is enhanced in solid polymers by photoisomerization and provides a tool for a better understanding of the relationship between light absorption and material properties and developing photosensitive polymers for light to mechanical energy transduction.
Optical sensors based on a plasmonic multilayer stack, such as metal-insulator-metal (MIM), have attracted considerable attention over the past decades owing to their high resolution and high performance compared to conventional surface plasmon resonance (CSPR) sensors for bulk sensing (BS) applications. In this paper we show that CSPR is better than MIM sensors for thin film sensing, i.e. when a dielectric sensing layer (SL) is deposited on the outermost metal layer of the structure. We demonstrate that the deposition of a thin film SL on the top of the outermost-layer of an optimized multilayer structure, i.e. MIM, strongly decreases the evanescent electric field and the field enhancement at metal-SL interface and decreases the sensor’s sensitivity for MIM versus CSPR. By considering the theoretical and experimental results we demonstrated that CSPR is more suitable than MIM for thin films sensing applications.
In this presentation, we discuss enhancement of photo-orientation of azo-dye in films of polymer by surface enhanced visible absorption (SEVA) of the dye in the vicinity of Gold nanoantennas. The dye undergoes shape and orientation change; i.e. isomerization and reorientation, upon polarized light absorption; and the observation of enhanced photo-orientation by SEVA is done by photo-induced birefringence (PIB) experiments, since the signal detected from PIB experiments is directly proportional to the extinction coefficient of the dye. Both the dye’s absorption and photoorientation are enhanced by the presence of the plasmonic nanoantennas.
The inverted organic solar cell devices (iOSCs) were fabricated with different weight ratios 1:0.6, 1:0.8, and 1:1 of P3HT and PCBM, respectively. The photo-physical properties of these devices with varying weight ratios are investigated. We find that the absorption spectra revealed a decrease in the intensities with increasing the fullerene ratio and the peaks were blue shifted. Thin films morphology is evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The PL quenching suggests that the transfer of photo-induced electrons from P3HT to PCBM increases hugely with an increase in the amount of PCBM. Raman spectroscopy for devices shows a strong reduction in the crystallinity by increasing the ratio of fullerene within the blend. The J-V measurements for all devices were performed under the illumination of simulated AM 1.5 sunlight at 100 mW/cm2. External quantum efficiency (EQE) and Internal quantum efficiency (IQE) measurements are also performed for the best device. The best performance was recorded for the device with 1:1 weight ratio of P3HT and PCBM give Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of 3.67%, in contrast to 3.36% for (1:0.8) and 2.51% for 1:0.6 devices.
I will show that, in concept, particles should move when they are photochemically activated in a gradient of light intensity, and the motion occurs in the direction of the vector of the intensity gradient, and its efficiency depends on the respective orientations of the vectors of light polarization and intensity gradient. The theory describes well experimental observations, and it opens important perspectives for the manipulation of matter by light.
We use the concept of vectorial photochemical tweezing to rationalize experimental observations of surface relief gratings in azo-polymers, e.g., the photochemically induced motion of the polymer in a one-dimensional intensity gradient produced by two-laser beams interference. Vectorial motion of matter occurs when photochemically active, polarization sensitive, molecules are photo-selected in a gradient of light intensity. Directional motion is imposed parallel to the gradient vector with an efficiency that depends on the respective orientations of the vectors of light polarization and intensity gradient. Different combinations of polarizations of the interfering beams leading to differing efficiencies of matter motion are revisited and discussed. We show that the magnitude of photoisomerization force dictates the efficiency of the observed matter motion. We also show that the spatial distribution of the photo-moved matter is Gaussian. Future prospects in the field are discussed.
Direct laser writing based on two-photon polymerization is one of the most advanced techniques to fabricate multifunctionally advanced micro- devices. The voxel is considered as a feature key to control the resolution of the fabricated microstructures. The fabricated voxel can be much smaller than the cube of the laser wavelength, λ3 . To achieve a high resolution, it is known from a long literature that low laser intensity is needed. Oppositely, we introduce a new approach to control the spatial resolution by combining high laser intensity and fast writing speed. By using this approach, a resolution of ~36 𝑛𝑚, e.g. ~1/21 λ, is achieved. In this paper, we investigate on the improvement of the spatial resolution by using a systematic nanofabrication process which we developed. We discuss the factors influencing the resolution, including the laser intensity, the exposure time and the scanning speed by fabricating polymerized- voxels, nanolines and suspended nanofibers connecting two voxels. Lastly, we have fabricated stable 3D microstructures with a sub-diffraction-limit accuracy.
Azobenzene-containing polymers have attracted much attention as photo-responsive materials owing to potential applications in optical data storage and holographic recording. In holography, azobenzene compounds doped in a polymer matrix (guest- host polymer film) or chemically attached to the polymer (co-polymer) are among the most widely used materials. Azo-polymers exhibit differing behaviors when exposed to a pattern resulting from the interference of two coherent beams. In the guest-host system, the recorded grating corresponds to a contrast of refractive index between the dark and bright areas of the film, and in the co-polymer, interference patterns lead to surface height modulation; i.e. surface relief gratings (SRGs). The latter is due to photo-induced mass movement of the polymer from bright to the dark area of the interference pattern in the direction of the intensity gradient, and the photoisomerization force is at the origin of the formation of the gratings. In this paper, we give an overview of our experiments on holographic recording in both guest host and co-polymers systems; e.g. doped and covalently attached polymers, and based on the theory of photo-induced vectorial mobility of matter, we discuss the results obtained for the co-polymer system.
The investigation of light-matter interaction has had growing interest in the field of photonics. In particular, metalinsulator-metal (MIM) sensors are of interest owing to their high sensitivity compared to conventional sensor made by a single metal layer. The high resolution and low concentrations detection is a result of the sharp resonance of the surface plasmon polariton waveguide hybrid mode at the Au/water interface supported by MIM structures. In this context, we have implemented experiments and theoretical simulations to estimate the enhancement of the sensitivity of metal-insulatormetal sensors. By changing the refractive index of an aqueous solution of glucose, we found that the use of a metalinsulator-metal stack improves the figure of merit of the sensor 7.5 times compared to that of a conventional surface plasmon resonance sensor.
Over the past two decades, surface relief gratings have attracted much interest owing to their potential applications in optical data storage and optical communication and holography. Azobenzene-containing polymer films show an interesting behavior under irradiation with light interference patterns. The inhomogeneous irradiation; e.g. due to the interference pattern, of the azo-polymer film causes mass movement of the polymer from bright to dark area, and the mechanism underlying the formation of SRG finds its origin in the photoisomerization force. The latter is due to an inhomogeneous light irradiation which causes photoisomerization and increases the polymer mobility in the bright area, and owing to the intensity gradient, due to light interference, the photoisomerization force moves the polymer from the bright area into the dark. In this paper we discuss our experiments of holographic recording in films of Poly (Disperse Red 1 methacrylate); e.g. azo-polymer films, and the recorded surface relief gratings were investigated by using atomic force microscopy. The dependence of the polarization state and intensity of the writing beams was studied, and the diffraction efficiency was monitored in real time during the process of inscription. A brief description of the photoisomerization force is given.
Two photon polymerization, based on two-photon absorption, is a powerful and potential technique to fabricate 3D micro/nanostructures with submicrometric resolution. We use a photopolymerizable resin based on methyl methacrylate monomers as a photosensitive medium, in which the polymerization is triggered by the nonlinear optical effect. Nonlinear effect photoreaction occurs only in a submicrometric volume, voxel, much smaller than the cube of the wavelength, λ3. By using a femtosecond laser, 780 nm wavelength, we investigate the effect of different parameters on the resolution of our custom made micro/nanofabrication set up. The fabrication accuracy and the resolution of 3D micro/nanostructures depend on the accuracy of the focal spot position in z-direction, in the glass substrate-resin interface. We control the focal spot position by using ascending scan process meaning the focus spot level. Employing the proposed process, the lateral resolution of individual voxels, is improved almost to 94 nm. The resolution of two photon absorption polymerized voxels is studied as a function of focus spot level, laser power and single-shot irradiation time. Finally, we show 3D microstructures and a micro-device, which present great potential for future applications.
Materials which can be actuated by light have potential to lead to light fueled robots and machines. Such materials deform and move by the action of photo-active molecules; e.g. molecular machines. Azobenzene derivatives are such a molecules, and they undergo a high rate of light-induced cyclic molecular shape change from an elongated, trans form, to a more globular, cis form; a feature which imparts macroscopic motion into materials in the presence of intensity gradients. That is photoisomerization leads to matter motion in inhomogeneous irradiation light fields. In viscoelastic materials, matter motion, in concept, is due to competing forces, including viscous and photoisomerization forces, and possible radiation pressure and elastic forces, as well as random forces due to thermal fluctuations. In solid films of azopolymers, the photoisomerization force overcomes other forces due to softening and decrease of viscosity of the material by photoisomerization. In this paper, we give a brief overview of the theoretical concept of matter motion induced by photoisomerization; e.g. photochemical tweezing, and we show that light absorption provides the energy needed by the system for isomerization and matter motion.
Photoisomerization induced molecular motion in azo polymers is an area of research that witnessed intensive studies owing to its potential in optical manipulation. In this paper, we give an overview of the theory of matter motion induced by photoisomerization. We show that besides photoisomerization, a gradient of light intensity is necessary to generate motion; e.g. generate a photoisomerization force to move matter. In concept, matter motion is due to competing forces, including viscous and photoisomerization forces, and possible radiation pressure and elastic forces, as well as a random force due to thermal fluctuations. In solid films of azo-polymers, the photoisomerization force overcomes other forces due to softening and decrease of viscosity of the material by photoisomerization.
Optical tweezing;by photochemistry is a novel concept in the field of optical manipulation. I discuss it in azo-polymer films through theory and experiments. I will show that optical tweezing can be obseved by a photochemical force, e.g. photoisomerization force which leads to a spring type motion. This force is derived from a harmonic light potential that moves the azo-polymer, and it is parenting to optical tweezers since it occurs in the presence of a gradient of light intensity, but it is quite different in the sense that it requires photoisomerization to occur. The azo-polymer’s motion is governed by four competing forces: the photoisomerization force, and the restoring optical gradient and elastic forces, as well as the random forces due to spontaneous diffusion.
We present experimental evidence of the generation of narrow Fano line shapes in planar multilayer
structures. The Fano line shape originates from coupling between a high loss surface plasmon
polariton mode with a low loss planar waveguide mode. The line shape is shown to depend strongly
on the structural parameters that govern the position of the waveguide mode and the coupling
strength, and to be in good agreement with results of electromagnetic calculations.
Photomigration in azo polymers is an area of research that witnessed intensive studies owing to its potential in optical manipulation; e.g. optical tweezing; the physical mechanism of which remains unsolved since its discovery about two decades ago. In this presentation, a detailed theoretical study that reproduces the phenomena associated with photomigration is presented, including the physical models and the associated master equations. I discuss polarization effects and I give the analytical solutions describing the steady-state and the dynamics of photomigration.
KEYWORDS: Polymers, Polarization, Polymer thin films, Atomic force microscopy, Near field, Near field optics, Diffraction, Absorption, Optical lithography, Glasses
We review our work on nanopatterning in azo-polymer films by single, two- and multi-phopton driven
molecular motion in solid bulk polymer. It is now known that light induced molecular movement occurs
below the polymer glass transition temperature by chromophores photoisomerization via either linear or
nonlinear absorption, and in this paper we will show that nanoscale polymer movement is induced by a
tightly focused laser beam in an azo-polymer film just at the diffraction limit of light. The deformation
pattern which is produced by photoisomerization of the azo dye is strongly dependent on the incident laser
polarization and the longitudinal focus position of the laser beam along the optical axis. The anisotropic
nanofluidity of the polymer film and the optical gradient force played important roles in the light induced
polymer movement. We explored the limits of the size of the photo-induced deformation, and we found that
the deformation depends on the laser intensity and the exposure time. The smallest deformation size
achieved was 200 nm in full width of half maximum; a value which is nearly equal to the size of the
diffraction limited laser spot. Furthermore, a nano protrusion was optically induced on the surface of the
films, beyond the limit of light diffraction, by metal tip enhanced near-filed illumination. A silver coated tip
was located inside the diffraction limited spot of a focused laser beam (460 nm), and an enhanced near-field,
with 30 nm light spot, was generated in the vicinity of the tip due to localized surface plasmons. The
incident light intensity was carefully regulated to induce surface nanodeformation by such a near-field spot.
A nano protrusion with 47 nm full width of half maximum and 7 nm height was induced. The protrusion
occurs because the film is attracted towards the tip end during irradiation. At the top of the protrusion, an
anisotropic nanomovement of the polymer occurs in a direction nearly parallel to the polarization of the
incident light, and suggests the existence at the tip end of not only a longitudinal, i.e., along the tip long axis,
but also a lateral component of the electric field of light. The azo-polymer film helps map the electric field
in the close vicinity of the tip. We also report on two-photon patterning of the films. Exposure of azo
polymer films, which absorb in the visible range
(λmax = 480 nm), to intense 920 nm irradiation leads to
polarization dependent patterning which are associated with polymer nanomovement caused by
photoselective two-photon cis ↔ trans isomerization, while irradiation at 780 nm induces multi-photon
bleaching of the azo chromophore. These wavelengths hit bleaching and isomerization pathways in the
chromophore, respectively.
We present evidence that, when laser light was tightly focused into aqueous suspension of
mono-dispersed single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), density of nanotubes was locally
increased at the focus spot of light. We prepared mono-dispersed HiPco SWCNTs in an aqueous
surfactant solution by sonication and following ultracentrifugation. We built a confocal Raman
microscope system equipped with a 633 nm He-Ne laser, and launched the laser light into SWCNTs
suspension filled in a glass micro-cell by a high numerical aperture objective lens (N.A.=1.35).
We monitored temporal change in Raman spectrum of SWCNTs excited by the laser light. We
clearly observed significant intensity increase of a particular radial breathing mode, however the
increase of the Raman signal did not last permanently, rather showed transient response. This
result implies that SWCNTs with particular chirality were selectively accumulated by optical
gradient force of Raman-probing laser light. We discuss the independent behavior of the radial
breathing modes, with respect to the wavelength of the laser light and the chirality of corresponding
SWCNTs.
We demonstrate that two-photon induced molecular orientation of diarylethene (DE) in thin films of poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and multi-photon induced anisotropic bleaching of disperse red one (DR1). We confirmed that two-photon absorption was induced in DE by measuring the quadratic dependence of isomerization rate on excitation light power, and we observed two-photon photo-orientation of DE in dichroic absorbance. Disperse red one (DR1) was orientationally bleached in PMMA by polarized multi-photon excitation. Anisotropic refractive index changes result from the nonlinear photobleaching of DR1 was detected by a polarization confocal microscope, and bit-oriented data storage was demonstrated.
We introduce the analytical theory of couples photoisomerization and photo-orientation both for individualizable and spectrally overlapping isomers, and we use it to quantify the photo-orientation movement of chromophores in polymers including photoisomerization quantum yields. We study photo-orientation processes in A - B photoisomerizable systems where B is unknown. We contrast systems where the isomers are individualizable and without thermal A implied by B isomerization, namely diarylethene and spiropyran-type chromophores in films of poly-methyl- methacrylate, respectively, and systems of nondistinguishable isomers, namely push-pull azobenzenes attached to polyurethane polymers. When diarylethene and spiropyrans are oriented by polarized excitation, the apparent optical orientation changes sign for the ultra- violet versus the visible photochemical transitions: a feature which is due to perpendicular transition dipoles of the B isomer of these chromophores. Photo-orientation reveals the symmetry nature of photoisomerization transitions. We also report on the observation of near-pure photo-orientation by photoisomerization of azo dye in polymers; an observation which is attributed to both the particular molecular structure of the polymer studied and to appropriate photoisomerization quantum yields as well as as fast trans implied by cis thermal isomerization, and is rationalized by the study of photo-orientation of a series of azo-polyurethanes each with distinct differences in the molecular structure of the unit building blocks.
KEYWORDS: Near field scanning optical microscopy, Luminescence, Raman scattering, Near field, Light scattering, Stray light, Photons, Near field optics, Objectives, Rhodamine
We have developed a NSOM which has a metallic probe tip and a highly focused evanescent light field spot. Evanescent illumination effectively rejects the background light, e.g. the stray light from the shaft of the probe. By suppressing the stray light and utilizing the field enhancement generated by the metallic probe, a sudden increment of the fluorescence was observed in the near-field region. We have used this for near-field Raman scattering detection of molecules vibrations with the aid of surface enhanced Raman scattering. One specific stokes-Raman-shifted lines was observed by near-field excitation together with several other lines that were excited by the far-field light.
The photoisomers of diarylethene and spiropyran photochromic chromophores are oriented in films of poly-methyl-methacrylate when photoisomerized by polarized light irradiation. Photo- orientation occurs in both the forth and back photoisomerization reactions. The apparent optical orientation is inverted, e.g. changes sign, for the ultra-violet versus the visible photochemical transitions of both of the chromophores studied.
We review our recent research in the field of photochromic polymeric structures for optical data storage and nonlinear optics. We unify some of the sub-themes of azopolymer structures in the light of photo-induced movement of azobenzene molecules. In particular, we discuss photo-induced effects in supramolecular assemblies containing azobenzene molecules (e.g. Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn structures and ultrathin silane layers). Reorientation of azobenzenes in these structures will be compared to that observed in spin-cast films. Photoisomerization and photo-induced orientation of azobenzene molecules is also studied at the molecular level by means of azosilane molecules chemisorbed on Silicon Oxide substrates. We establish a correlation between polymer architecture and sub-glass transition temperature (Tg) light-induced molecular movement in high Tg nonlinear optical azo-polyimide polymers. We show that the isomerization reaction itself depends on the polymer molecular structure, and we present evidence of light-induced molecular movement 325 °C below Tg of a rigid NLO azopolyimide polymer containing no flexible connector or tether.
This paper describes recent advances in the field of photochromic polymeric structures for optical data storage. In particular, we discuss photo-induced effects in supramolecular assemblies containing azobenzene molecules (e.g. Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn structures and ultrathin silane layers). Reorientation of azobenzenes in these structures is compared to that observed in spin-cast films. Photoisomerization and photo-induced orientation of azobenzene molecules is studied at the molecular level by means of azosilane molecules chemisorbed on silicon oxide substrates. The study of the thermal back isomerization reaction of the azobenzene molecules in these layers reveals steric hindrance at the molecular level. These ultra-thin photochromic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) exhibit persistent dichroism upon linearly polarized light irradiation. This dichroism could be both written and erased by irradiation with light of an appropriate wavelength. In addition, the sign of this dichroism can be inverted by choosing the appropriate polarization of the irradiating light, thus showing a 'smart communication' between the light polarization and the ultra-thin photochromic layers. Photoisomerization also induces reversible changes in the optical thickness of these molecularly thin SAMs. Langmuir- Blodgett-Kuhn (LBK) multilayer assemblies of 'hairy-rod' polyglutamates with stiff main chains and flexible side chains containing photochromic azo units exhibit a highly optically anisotropic structure when the azo molecules are in the trans form, and a nearly optically isotropic structure when the azo molecules are in the cis form. The trans $ARLR cis photoisomerization of the azo molecules switches them between a highly oriented trans configuration and a bend cis configuration, thus turning the anisotropy 'on' and 'off.' In contrast to spin-cast polymer films containing azobenzene units, photoselection under polarized light irradiation does not occur in these LBK structures. The study of the electronic density distribution of these films show that a remarkable variation in the LBK structures' stability comes with a seemingly small change in the side-chain structure. All the structures described here, form thin films that can be very sensitively characterized, by using surface plasmons and guided optical waves as electromagnetic modes bound to an interface.
Dye molecules are widely used as optical active dopants in polymer (or sol-gel) films designed for integrated optics. A large effort is made to control the orientation of dye molecules, in order to produce macroscopic anisotropy (permanent and reversible for optical memories or transient for polarization holography) or to pole the film for electro-optic applications or for harmonic generation. In this paper, optical methods for inducing orientational order in photoisomerizable molecules are discussed. Three mechanisms are analyzed, the Angular Hole Burning (AHB), the orientational redistribution and the orientational relaxation and the dynamics of their competition is studied. Experimental illustrations are given using azobenzene derivatives (like DR1) in PMMA or in sol-gels. These experiments provide an efficient method for the characterization of the angular mobility of molecules in different host materials and of the long term stability of anisotropy and of (Chi) (2) properties. Preliminary results of a general mathematical model are given: they look very promising for the understanding of orientation mechanisms in a broad variety of materials.
The reversible photoisomerization of azobenzene derivatives is known for its anisotropic properties. We study the dichroism and the anisotropy induced by a linearly polarized pump in DR1 doped PMMA films and in a copolymer of PMMA and DR1. We demonstrate the competition of three processes, the angular hole burning (AHB), the orientational redistribution, and the orientational relaxation. The three processes are included in a theoretical model which can be simplified by using symmetry properties (isotropic polymer matrix): the time behavior of anisotropy is well explained by this theory. In the last part, we demonstrate a novel method for poling azodye-containing films, at room temperature, by optical pumping in the presence of a dc electric field: large (chi) (2) are obtained. In the guest-host system, when the pump is switched off, the greatest part of the photoinduced anisotropy and of the orientation is destroyed by the orientational relaxation (non exponential relaxation with a rate from seconds to hours). On the contrary, in the copolymer, there is almost no relaxation and it is possible to write and erase information in the form of molecular alignment. Similarly photoassisted poling produces a quasi permanent (chi) (2), in the copolymer (a r33 of 5.7 pm/V have been measured, 2 days after poling).
Attenuated total reflection (ATR) is commonly used for measuring small variations of the index of refraction of thin polymeric films. We show that a careful analysis of reflectivity dips, due to the excitation of guided modes in the film, allows a precise measurement of very small variations of the anisotropic index of refraction and of the thickness of the film. This is very useful for studying a wide variety of physical phenomena such as electro-optic effects, piezoelectricity, electrostriction, mechanical and thermal strains inducing elasto-optic effects (i.e., photoelasticity), and photochromism. In this paper we particularly emphasize the measurement of some components of the photoelastic tensor and of the index variations associated with cis-trans photoisomerization of azo dyes which have been clearly demonstrated in doped polymeric films. Kinetics of cis-trans optical pumping and of relaxation in darkness have been studied. It is noticeable that the layered configuration of samples and the guided waves excited by ATR are quite similar to the structure and to the propagation conditions of integrated optics devices.
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