The Australian Defence Science and Technology Group have developed novel single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays using Silicon based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes. The first of these was a simple 32x32 pixel array, followed by higher density arrays developed with our partners. These single photon detector arrays have inherently low dark currents and we have used them in several Flash LADAR systems, including an innovative design where the LADAR is cued by an 8-12 micron infrared imager which shares a common aperture. The use of Flash LADAR (rather than scanning) has the advantage that moving targets can be imaged accurately. We have developed modelling and simulation tools for predicting SPAD LADAR performance and use processing techniques to suppress ‘background’ counts and resolve targets that are obscured by clutter. In this paper we present some of our initial results in discriminating small (<1 m) targets at ranges out to 10 km. Results from our field experiments include extraction of a 0.5m object at 10 km and identification of a small flying UAV.
For several decades, the main thrust in infrared technology developments in Australia has been in two main sensor technologies: uncooled silicon chip printed bolometric sensors pioneered by DSTO's Kevin Liddiard, and precision engineered high quality Cadmium Mercury Telluride developed at DSTO under the guidance of Dr. Richard Hartley. In late 1993 a low cost infrared imaging device was developed at DSTO as a sensor for guided missiles. The combination of these three innovations made up a unique package that enabled Australian industry to break through the barriers of commercializing infrared technology. The privately owned company, R.J. Optronics Pty Ltd undertook the process of re-engineering a selection of these DSTO developments to be applicable to a wide range of infrared products. The first project was a novel infrared imager based on a Palmer scan (translated circle) mechanism. This device applies a spinning wedge and a single detector, it uses a video processor to convert the image into a standard rectangular format. Originally developed as an imaging seeker for a stand-off weapon, it is producing such high quality images at such a low cost that it is now also being adapted for a wide variety of other military and commercial applications. A technique for electronically stabilizing it has been developed which uses the inertial signals from co-mounted sensors to compensate for platform motions. This enables it to meet the requirements of aircraft, marine vessels and masthead sight applications without the use of gimbals. After tests on a three-axis motion table, several system configurations have now been successfully operated on a number of lightweight platforms, including a Cessna 172 and the Australian made Seabird Seeker aircraft.
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