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II.INTRODUCTIONFree-space optical communication systems have been subject of numerous studies for applications ranging from imaging to high-speed communications. FSO systems are required to achieve high data rates in the presence of atmospheric effects and other impairments unique to optical systems. Once major hurdle that one has to overcome is the requirement to establish precise pointing before a communications link can be established. The other challenge is to explore techniques to achieve high capacity communications. To address the latter problem, in recent years, researchers have considered spatial multiplexing using Hermite-Gaussian modes, for instance, see [1] and pp. 238 in [2]. Spatial pointing error, largely due to platform vibrations and atmospheric induced beam wander [3], pp. 146, is yet another challenge for FSO communications. As noted above, this problem must be addressed prior to establishing a communications link. The direct impact of pointing error is the degradation of the received signal level, which in turn reduces the ability of the link to establish high data rates, for example, see [4]-[12]. In recent years, the concept of HARQ for FSO has gained some attention. This concept was first introduced for FSO applications in [13]. In particular, the use of chase-combining (CC) in HARQ was shown to result in several orders of magnitude improvement in performance when compared with the standard FSO systems. This paper addresses the problem of HARQ in HG FSO systems subject to spatial error. The impact of spatial error is of particular importance to the HG systems which rely on almost perfect spatial acquisition in order to maintain orthogonality among the HG modes, thereby increasing capacity. In a recent study, the impact of residual pointing error on the behavior of HG optical beam was studied [14]. In particular, it was shown that the presence of spatial error significantly distorts the HG modes, resulting in the cross-talk among the orthogonal HG modes and the loss of useful energy for a given HG channel. Such losses will ultimately limit the potential capacity of HG-FSO systems. In the present study, we focus on providing the performance improvement one could expect in HG FSO systems subject to pointing error when HARQ techniques is brought to bear. Finally, it is important to note that the spatial error assumes a Gaussian statistics. It is noteworthy that for efficient estimators, such as maximum-likelihood (ML) estimators, the estimates of the spatial error are either efficient or asymptotically-efficient [15]. Hence, the assumption of a spatial error with Gaussian statistics is a reasonable assumption. III.HG BEAM PROFILEWe assume a Hermite-Gaussian beam profile, which is a generalized eigenfunction of the optical field equation. Specifically, the optical field intensity1 can be expressed as [2], pp. 238, where (x, y) denotes the Cartesian coordinates of a point in the transversal receiver plane, Ilxly (x, y) is the intensity at (x, y), I0 is the field intensity at x = y = 0, and Hlx (x) is the Hermite polynomial of order lx. Furthermore, W denotes the beam waist at the receiver plane2. Note that, for lx = ly = 0, the above reduces to the standard Gaussian beam profile often used in FSO systems. The above formulation allows for the separation of x and y coordinate components. That is, Ilxly (x, y) = Ilx (x) Ily (y). In this paper, it is assumed that lx = ly = N where N is the number of modes in HG system. This implies that N2 simultaneous spatial channels can be accommodated in this formulation. IV.HG-HARQIn [13], the performance of a HARQ PPM system was studied. For the sake of completeness, excerpts of the previous result is outlined below. If where where fηm (y) denotes the pdf of ηm. Since it is assumed that each packet is utilizing a forward-error-correction (FEC) algorithm, which can correct up to t errors, and that HARQ is applied in each step of the M retransmissions (i.e., the metric is recomputed in each retransmission), then the probability of incorrectly recovering a packet after M retransmissions using HARQ is In the event that HARQ is not performed (namely, ARQ is employed to determine if a packet has been received correctly), the probability that a packet is incorrectly recovered after M retransmissions is where V.IMPACT OF SPATIAL ERRORThe analytical results presented above can be applied to each spatial channel of an HG system in the absence of spatial tracking error. Since HG spatial modes are orthogonal, the above result can be directly extended to multiple spatial channel type system. However, if one encounters non-negligible spatial tracking error, there will be cross-talk between the spatial channels [14]. The cross-talk appears as a loss in the useful signal power while there will be an interference component to the noise power. We consider N = 3 and, without the loss of generality, assess the performance of HG channel lx = ly = 1. Let xe,nz and ye,nz denote the normalized (normalized by W) residual spatial errors in the x and y directions, respectively, in the detector plane. The normalized cross-talk per dimension can be evaluated using Furthermore, the signal level degradation per dimension is given by Hence, we need to replace psj with psj (xe,nz, ye,nz), which is now the actual signal power that is captured by the receiver in the presence of spatial error for the jth retransmission. In [14], the impact of spatial error for each dimension is shown to be Furthermore, the impact of cross-talk (we assume only 3 HG layers for this analysis) can be assessed for each dimension using (see [14]) The above (see [14]) implies that psj (xe,nz, ye,nz) for the case of lx = ly = 1 is given by Further, mpba for layer lx = ly = 1 in eq. (2) is replace as follows: where In this formulation, it is assumed that the pointing error remains constant for m consecutive retransmissions. Since we are considering Gbps data rates, and the pointing error has a correlation time of tens of msec, this assumption is quite accurate. This results point to the direct impact of cross-talk on the performance of an HG system. In arriving at this results, it is assumed that the interfering signal is a PPM signal. In this formulation, it is assumed that the power in the jth retransmission is the same across all layers. The above result is due to the fact that the presence of modulated cross-talk from multiple layers may be modeled (this approximation becomes less valid when there are small number of channels) as a Gaussian random variable with zero-mean and a variance of In. Hence, the contribution of cross-layer interference is an increase in the Gaussian background noise power by In. The worst case scenario is when spatial errors in each dimension reaches its maximum allowable range. We consider several scenarios here. Since the approximations states to arrive at the results above must be taken into account, we consider 0.05 ≤; xe,nz=ye,nz ≤ 0.35 as the range of the spatial error [14]. VI.NUMERICAL RESULTSSimilar to the study in [13], we assume M=2 and 3. Further, we assume that t = 1 (single error correcting FEC), L = 128, bit rate of 1 Gbps, RL = 50 Ω, G = 200, R = 0.62, pba=-70 dBm, Fig. 1.The performances of HARQ and standard receivers for a 9 layer system. Performance is depicted for layer l×l. Spatial error is assumed to be xe,nz = ye,nz = 0.05. ![]() Fig. 2.The performances of HARQ and standard receivers for a 9 layer system. Performance is depicted for layer 1×1. Spatial error is assumed to be xe,nz = ye,nz = 0.15. ![]() VII.CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, the performance of HG FSO systems subject to severe pointing error was studied. It was shown that the use of HARQ can enhance the performance of HG FSO systems by several orders of magnitude. More importantly, in the presence of substantial pointing error, HARQ was shown to yield significant improvement in performance using as little as 3 retransmissions. In fact, one is able to achieve near error free communications if the delay associated with the small number of retransmissions can be tolerated. 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