In this work, simulation technique for single electron transistor (SET) based on master equation is presented.
The SET is modeled as a circuit consisting of two tunnel junctions, one non-tunnel junction and two voltage sources of
gate voltage and drain voltage. A tunneling electron is described as a discrete charge due to stochastic nature of a
tunneling event. Simulated source-drain current versus drain voltage characteristics show the staircase behavior, while
source-drain current is a periodic function of the gate voltage. Coulomb diamond region is also found, which means that
the SET operation is based on single electron tunneling. These results reproduce the previous studies of the SET,
indicating that the simulation technique achieves good accuration. Such simulation method is also useful in the
application of single electron turnstile, single electron pump and the other more complex multiple tunnel junction
circuits.
The influence of the Palmitoyl Pentapeptide (PPp) and Ceramide IIIB (Cm III B) as active ingredients on the
droplet size of nano-emulsion was studied using different kinds of oil (avocado oil, sweet almond oil, jojoba oil, mineral
oil and squalene). The formation of nano-emulsions were prepared in water mixed non ionic surfactant/oils system using
the spontaneous emulsification mechanism. The aqueous solution, which consist of water and Tween® 20 as a
hydrophilic surfactant was mixed homogenously. The organic solution, which consist of oil and Span® 80 as a lipophilic
surfactant was mixed homogenously in ethanol. Ethanol was used as a water miscible solvent, which can help the
formation of nano-emulsion. The oil phase (containing the blend of surfactant Span® 80, ethanol, oil and active
ingredient) and the aqueous phase (containing water and Tween® 20) were separately prepared at room temperatures.
The oil phase was slowly added into aqueous phase under continuous mechanical agitation (18000 rpm). All samples
were subsequently homogenized with Ultra-Turrax for 30 minutes. The characterizations of nano-emulsion were carried
out using photo-microscope and particle size analyzer. Addition of active ingredients on the formation of nano-emulsion
gave smallest droplet size compared without active ingredients addition on the formation of nano-emulsion. Squalene oil
with Palmitoyl Pentapeptide (PPm) and Ceramide IIIB (Cm IIIB) gave smallest droplet size (184.0 nm) compared
without Palmitoyl Pentapeptide and Ceramide IIIB (214.9 nm), however the droplets size of the emulsion prepared by
the other oils still in the range of nano-emulsion (below 500 nm). The stability of nano-emulsion was observed using two
methods. In one method, the stability of nano-emulsion was observed for three months at temperature of 5°C and 50°C,
while in the other method, the stability nano-emulsion was observed by centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 30 minutes. Nanoemulsion
with active ingredient was remained stable even when stored until three months. Coalescence process between
the droplets was not occurred significantly and droplet size was still below 500 nm. Over all, the emulsion remained
stable, even it was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 30 minutes.
The development of new products based on the immobilization of nanoparticles on fibers has recently received
a growing interest from both the academic and industrial sectors. A wide range of nanoparticles and nano-structures can
be immobilized on fibers, which brings new properties to the final product. In the present work, silver nanoparticle was
immobilized on nylon fibers by immersed deposition method as an antimicrobial agent. Silver colloid was produced by
chemical reduction of silver salt (silver nitrate) solution, in the presence of sodium citrate. Synthesis of silver colloid was
carried out by using chemical reduction method at temperature of 95 and 100°C. The mixture was heated until color
changed into pale yellow. UV-Vis spectrometry indicated formation of silver nanoparticles. UV-Vis analysis was
reported that the absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles showed a maximum between 420 and 450 nm.
Characterization of silver nanoparticles was conducted using Fourier Transformed Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis
spectroscopy, particle size analyzer (PSA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that silver
nanoparticles forms aggregates on the surface of fiber, during deposition process. The size of aggregates varied from
19.9 ± 4.8 nm to 49.5 ± 12.5 nm. To evaluate the antimicrobial effects against microorganisms, we used representative
microorganisms S. aureus. Silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity reducing bacterial growth.
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