Conventional energy sources are polluting and limited, and so it is essential to use sources that are less aggressive with the environment. This premise is being transversely implemented in the field of lighting but in response to varied and sometimes contradictory interests. The development of lighting devices based on solar radiation, or daylighting, is an indispensable objective, as is the use of artificial lighting sources that respect the environment. We present the main aspects of important technologies studied for the different fields of lighting, such as optical systems, design techniques, and lighting elements—light guides and those encompassed within nonimaging optics, as well as their implementation and application in various areas such as office lighting, libraries, and museums. We show that an efficient energy strategy in the design of a lighting system not only saves energy and is economic but also produces beneficial and important effects in other nonmaterial aspects of human life, such as well-being, productivity, and heritage conservation.
Prismatic film offer advantages such as the possibility of transmit light effectively in lighting applications with the benefit of reducing energy consumption. This paper presents several developments based on their characteristics which allow direct light suitably in several fields as architecture, road and automotive lighting and signaling. A mathematical model is presented to provide a quantitative estimation of the influence of numerous factors that affect the transport of light in order to easily predict light extraction while avoiding heavy software calculations. The deformation produced in a prismatic film induced by changes in the curvature of the cylindrical guide is characterized by image analysis. This method shows the relationship between the curvature of the film, the deformation and the flux of transmitted light.
Evolutionary optimization algorithms have been recently introduced as nonimaging optics design techniques. Unlike optimization of imaging systems, non sequential ray tracing simulations and complex non centred systems design must be considered, adding complexity to the problem. The Merit Function (MF) is a key element in the automatic optimization algorithm, nevertheless the selection of each objective's weight, {wi}, inside merit function needs a previous trial and error process for each optimization. The problem then is to determine appropriate weights value for each objective. In this paper we propose a new Dynamic Merit Function, DMF, with variable weight factors {wi(n)}. The proposed algorithm, automatically adapts weight factors, during the evolution of the optimization process. This dynamic merit function avoids the previous trial and error procedure selecting the right merit function and provides better results than conventional merit functions (CMF). Also we analyse the Multistart optimization algorithm applied in the flowline nonimaging design technique.
The electric lighting is responsible for 15% of the electricity consumption, the efficiency in this sector has a good progress in recent years, it can still improve more. Conventional energy sources are polluting and limited, so it is essential to use less aggressive energies with the environment. In lighting, this premise is being implemented in a cross-cutting manner, but in response to varied and sometimes contradictory interests. The development of lighting devices based on solar radiation is an inalienable objective, as is the use of artificial lighting sources that are clean with the environment. To achieve these two objectives, it is essential to know and study the design techniques of non-image optics. In the present work we present new systems design techniques and lighting elements: ray tracing optimization technique, light vector field technique. As well as its implementation and application in various areas of lighting: lighting in office buildings, libraries museums. We show that renewable energy strategy in the field of lighting not only produce energy save, also produce good effects in other aspects of human life like well-being, productivity and heritage conservation.
Use of new of light sources based on LED technology should allow the develop of systems that combine conservation and exhibition requirements and allow to make these art goods available to the next generations according to sustainability principles. The goal of this work is to develop light systems and sources with an optimized spectral distribution for each specific point of the art piece. This optimization process implies to maximize the color fidelity reproduction and the same time to minimize the photochemical damage. Perceived color under these sources will be similar (metameric) to technical requirements given by the restoration team uncharged of the conservation and exhibition of the goods of art. Depending of the fragility of the exposed art objects (i.e. spectral responsivity of the material) the irradiance must be kept under a critical level. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model that simulates with enough accuracy both the visual effect of the illumination and the photochemical impact of the radiation. Spectral reflectance of a reference painting The mathematical model is based on a merit function that optimized the individual intensity of the LED-light sources taking into account the damage function of the material and color space coordinates. Moreover the algorithm used weights for damage and color fidelity in order to adapt the model to a specific museal application. In this work we show a sample of this technology applied to a picture of Sorolla (1863-1923) an important Spanish painter title “woman walking at the beach”.
Nonimaging optics is focused on the study of methods to design concentrators or illuminators systems. It can be included in the area of photometry and radiometry and it is governed by the laws of geometrical optics. The field vector method, which starts with the definition of the irradiance vector E, is one of the techniques used in nonimaging optics. Called “Geometrical flux vector” it has provide ideal designs. The main property of this model is, its ability to estimate how radiant energy is transferred by the optical system, from the concepts of field line, flux tube and pseudopotential surface, overcoming traditional raytrace methods. Nevertheless this model has been developed only at an academic level, where characteristic optical parameters are ideal not real and the studied geometries are simple. The main objective of the present paper is the application of the vector field method to the analysis and design of real concentration and illumination systems. We propose the development of a calculation tool for optical simulations by vector field, using algorithms based on Fermat`s principle, as an alternative to traditional tools for optical simulations by raytrace, based on reflection and refraction law. This new tool provides, first, traditional simulations results: efficiency, illuminance/irradiance calculations, angular distribution of light- with lower computation time, photometrical information needs about a few tens of field lines, in comparison with million rays needed nowadays. On the other hand the tool will provides new information as vector field maps produced by the system, composed by field lines and quasipotential surfaces. We show our first results with the vector field simulation tool.
The photometry and radiometry measurement is a well-developed field. The necessity of measuring optical systems performance involves the use of several techniques like Gonio-photometry. The Gonio photometers are a precise measurement tool that is used in the lighting area like office, luminaire head car lighting, concentrator /collimator measurement and all the designed and fabricated optical systems that works with light. There is one disadvantage in this kind of measurements that obtain the intensity polar curves and the total flux of the optical system. In the industry, there are good Gonio photometers that are precise and reliable but they are very expensive and the measurement time is long. In industry the cost can be of minor importance but measuring time that is around 30 minutes is of major importance due to trained staff cost. We have designed a system to measure photometry in real time; it consists in a curved screen to get a huge measurement angle and a CCD. The system to be measured projects light onto the screen and the CCD records a video of the screen obtaining an image of the projected profile. A complex calibration permits to trace screen data (x,y,z) to intensity polar curve (I,αγ). This intensity is obtained in candels (cd) with an image + processing time below one second.
In this contribution the line flow method is applied to an optimized secondary optics in a photovoltaic concentration system where the primary optics is already defined and characterized. This method is a particular application of photic field theory. This method uses the parameterization of a given primary optics, including actual tolerances of the manufacturing process. The design of the secondary optics is constrained by the selection of primary optics and maximizes the concentration at a previously specified collection area. The geometry of the secondary element is calculated by using a virtual source, which sends light in a first concentration step. This allows us to calculate the line flow for this specific case. This concept allows designing more compact and efficient secondary optics of photovoltaic systems.
Automatic optimization algorithms have been recently introduced as nonimaging optics design techniques. Unlike optimization of imaging systems, nonsequential ray tracing simulations and complex noncentered systems design must be considered, adding complexity to the problem. The merit function is a key element in the automatic optimization algorithm; nevertheless, the selection of each objective’s weight, {wi}, inside the merit function needs a prior trial and error process for each optimization. The problem then is to determine appropriate weights’ values for each objective. We propose a new dynamic merit function with variable weight factors {wi(n)}. The proposed algorithm automatically adapts weight factors during the evolution of the optimization process. This dynamic merit function avoids the previous trial and error procedure by selecting the right merit function and provides better results than conventional merit functions.
New aeronautical ground lighting techniques are becoming increasingly important to ensure the safety and reduce the maintenance costs of the plane’s tracks. Until recently, tracks had embedded lighting systems whose sources were based on incandescent lamps. But incandescent lamps have several disadvantages: high energy consumption and frequent breakdowns that result in high maintenance costs (lamp average life-time is ∼1500 operating hours) and the lamp’s technology has a lack of new lighting functions, such as signal handling and modification. To solve these problems, the industry has developed systems based on light-emitting diode (LED) technology with improved features: (1) LED lighting consumes one tenth the power, (2) it improves preventive maintenance (an LED’s lifetime range is between 25,000 and 100,000 hours), and (3) LED lighting technology can be controlled remotely according to the needs of the track configuration. LEDs have been in use for more than three decades, but only recently, around 2002, have they begun to be used as visual aids, representing the greatest potential change for airport lighting since their inception in the 1920s. Currently, embedded LED systems are not being broadly used due to the specific constraints of the rules and regulations of airports (beacon dimensions, power system technology, etc.). The fundamental requirements applied to embedded lighting systems are to be hosted on a volume where the dimensions are usually critical and also to integrate all the essential components for operation. An embedded architecture that meets the lighting regulations for airport runways is presented. The present work is divided into three main tasks: development of an optical system to optimize lighting according to International Civil Aviation Organization, manufacturing prototype, and model validation.
There are many master pieces of the cultural heritage which can´t be correctly contemplated if daylight is not part of the
exhibition environment, since they were made with the sun light as essential element of them. The Pórtico de la Gloria
and the Cloister and paintings of Santa María de El Paular monastery are ones of these cases. The Pórtico de la Gloria
(Gate of the Glory) is probably the most relevant masterpiece of the Santiago de Compostela cathedral. It is located at
the narthex of the west gate. It is a masterwork of Romanesque sculpture built between 1168 and 1188 by Master Mateo.
During the XVIII century a new Baroque façade was placed in front of it replacing the middle ages wall. Daylight
entering through the windows of the facade makes possible to see the art work but the sun can generate serious problems
since it heats the stone and evaporates the humidity. Thermal imagers have been used to test the thermal performance of
the antireflection treatment located in the windows in the actual temperature of the stone sculptures. The cloister of the
monastery of Santa María de El Paular, housed until the confiscation of 1835 a collection of 54 paintings of Vincente
Carducho called Carthusian series. When in 2006 the restoration of the 52 still preserved paintings was completed, began
a refurbishment of the cloister to return the paintings to their original place. We conducted a study of the incidence of the
Sun in the cloister and how to avoid direct sunlight on Carducho's paintings.
When artificially lighting a restored painting, it is important to ensure consistency in the visual perception of original and
restored areas. The current paper has worked out how chromatic difference varies between restored and original areas
when modifying the lighting source. In colorimetry, metamerism is the matching of apparent color of objects with
different spectral reflectance. The color of a surface is the value resulting from the product of the spectral reflectance
curve of the material and the spectral emittance curve of the lighting source casting light on it. As a result, the color of
surfaces depends on the lighting source used to illuminate them. This paper describes the work carried out to study the
color difference between original and restored metameric areas of a painting with some chromatic reintegrated areas
under different light sources. Firstly, based on an ultraviolet photograph from the painting, the areas with chromatic
reintegration were identified. Secondly, using a PR-655 SpectraScan spectroradiometer as well as a calibrated lighting
source and measuring geometry 0°/45°, the spectral reflectance was measured at four points of the same apparent color
both next to original painting and in chromatic reintegrated areas. Finally, colorimetric calculations for a 2° CIE pattern
observer were performed by using spectral measurements. The color difference between the original and the restored
areas was estimated under different CIE pattern illuminants by using the CIE L*a*b color space.
Cylindrical prismatic hollow light guides are able to transmit daylight properly into the spaces of a building in which
natural light has a difficult access. Transmission through the guide depends on the optical characteristics of the
material, the shape of the guide and the fidelity of the geometry in prisms structure. It is important to analyse the
micro-structure prism imperfections of the surfaces such as the existence of a curved area on peaks prism which
modify the behaviour of the prism film; these imperfections, change the optical path and therefore the rays are
directed to other directions instead of undergoing total internal reflections. In this paper, several cylindrical guides
made of transparent dielectric material characterized with an absorption factor have been developed. A numerical
analysis has been carried out by software tools to analyse the flux distribution in the light guidance system
comparing its efficiency by optical analysis in different simulations. These simulations include high reproductively
prism related to the light pipe’s material and optical properties including a study of the impact of imperfect
geometry which is necessary to allow rigorous comparisons with the experimental simulations. The simulated results
have been compared with experimental data obtained through real scale analysis. The experimental measurements
have revealed effectiveness of 66.7 % in the aspect ratio of 30.
One of the key challenges in the teaching of Optics is that students need to know not only the math of the optical design, but also, and more important, to grasp and understand the optics in a three-dimensional space. Having a clear image of the problem to solve is the first step in order to begin to solve that problem. Therefore to achieve that the students not only must know the equation of refraction law but they have also to understand how the main parameters of this law are interacting among them. This should be a major goal in the teaching course. Optical graphic methods are a valuable tool in this way since they have the advantage of visual information and the accuracy of a computer calculation.
Fresnel lenses and other faceted or micro-optic devices are increasingly used in multiple applications like solar light
concentrators and illumination devices, just to name some representative. However, it seems to be a certain lack of
adequate techniques for the assessment of the performance of final fabricated devices. As applications are more exigent
this characterization is a must. We provide a technique to characterize the performance of Fresnel lenses, as light
collection devices. The basis for the method is a configuration where a camera images the Fresnel lens aperture. The
entrance pupil of the camera is situated at the focal spot or the conjugate of a simulated solar source. In this manner,
detailed maps of the performance of different Fresnel lenses are obtained for different acceptance angles.
Throughout present study will be discusses the influence of the manufacturing margins, adjustment precision and ray model accuracy of a collimating LED unit in the overall system performance. It will be also analyzed the angular performance and the collimated in relation to the relative position of the LED and the collimator's dimensions. Finally the results will be compared with existing publications in this field.
KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Light sources and illumination, Sensors, Light emitting diodes, LED lighting, Prototyping, Cultural heritage, Signal attenuation, Reflection, Waveguides
Recent advances in LED technology have relegated the use of optical fibre for general lighting, but there are
several applications where it can be used as scanners lighting systems, daylight, cultural heritage lighting,
sensors, explosion risky spaces, etc. Nowadays the use of high intensity LED to inject light in optical fibre
increases the possibility of conjugate fibre + LED for lighting applications. New optical fibres of plastic
materials, high core diameter up to 12.6 mm transmit light with little attenuation in the visible spectrum but there
is no an efficient and controlled way to extract the light during the fibre path. Side extracting fibres extracts all
the light on 2π angle so is not well suited for controlled lighting. In this paper we present an extraction system for
mono-filament optical fibre which provides efficient and controlled light distribution. These lighting parameters
can be controlled with an algorithm that set the position, depth and shape of the optical extraction system. The extraction system works by total internal reflection in the core of the fibre with high efficiency and low cost. A 10 m length prototype is made with 45° sectional cuts in the fibre core as extraction system. The system is tested with a 1W white LED illuminator in one side.
Field method, also called geometrical vector flux field method, is a well established technique to design concentrators
and in general nonimaging optical systems. The method is based on building reflective concentrators with the geometry
of field lines, these concentrators do not disturb the flux field and become ideal. In this paper we study the properties of
surfaces orthogonal to the field vector J. For rotational symmetric systems J is orthogonal to its curl, then exist a family
of surfaces orthogonal to the lines of J, surfaces of constant pseudopotential. From the definition of J, pseudopotential
surfaces can be interpreted as surfaces of maximum flux density and can play an important role in the design of
nonimaging systems. We study refractive concentrators with the geometry of pseudopotential surfaces. Dielectric
material modifies the field lines and then the geometry of the system, including compactness and reflective parts, it also
introduce total internal reflection which must be considered in the design. We apply this concept to study hyperbolic
concentrator modified with pseudopotential refractive optics and we shown that it achieves the theoretical limit of concentration.
The use of high reflectance aluminum lighting guides is most frequently used material for actual natural lighting systems.
Spectral Reflectance over the entire length of a light guide changes the color of the output light at the end of the guide.
When light guides are made of a prismatic film, the influence of the reflectance is minimizing and absortance is not
important when the sheets are thin. Color Rendering index and color temperature will be important parameters in order to
evaluate Lighting quality and therefore in Museums, office buildings and production centers to get the normative
approval. In this paper a theoretical simulation and 3D ray tracing for aluminum and prismatic light guides of different
shapes (rectangular and cylindrical) and lengths over the entire visible spectrum are studied. Output light color
temperature related to several illuminants and CRI are evaluated for the simulated aluminum and prismatic light guides.
Thus, prismatic light guides seem more robust in lighting quality maintenance regardless of conditionals like angle
acceptance for TIR guiding, aluminum guides are efficient and maintain light quality only for short distances.
We describe an analytical and numerical method to design and optimize LED (light-emitting diode) collimators. The optimization process is confirmed by optical simulations and experimental measurements of a scaled prototype. The collimator's definitive geometry and design parameters rely on the LED's emitting characteristics and the employed collimator material. The resulting parabolic-elliptical-based collimator shows an optimum performance and a compact structure with requirement for mirrored surfaces.
KEYWORDS: Light sources and illumination, Lamps, Black bodies, Light, Color vision, Reflectivity, Colorimetry, CIE 1931 color space, Color reproduction, Absorption
This work is intended to deal with the problems which arise when illuminanting Paleolithic cave paintings. We have
carried out the spectral and colorimetric characterization of some paintings located in the Murcielagos (bats) cave
(Zuheros, Córdoba, Spain). From this characterization, the chromatic changes produced under different lighting
conditions are analysed. The damage function is also computed for the different illuminants used. From the results
obtained, it is proposed an illuminant whose spectral distribution diminishes the damage by minimizing the absorption of
radiation and optimises the color perception of the paintings in this cave. The procedure followed in this study can be
applied to optimise the lighting systems used when illuminating any other art work
Many applications involve the use of a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) like, natural lighting, thermal
applications, optics for illuminators, optical fibre coupling and solar energy. The use of a CPC in reverse mode
for natural lighting gives the chance to use it as a lighting skylight in ceilings because light output is controlled
inside the design angle, on the contrary having a low flux transfer ratio because of the reduced area of the
entrance pupil regarding exit pupil. The authors propose an innovative 3D hollow prismatic CPC (HPCPC) made
of a dielectric material, which has a high efficiency comparing it with aluminium CPC. The basic idea is to use a
hollow prismatic light guide with CPC shape. This paper reports 2D, 3D design and numerical analysis by raytracing
software, also experimental results are shown. The system works almost like a true CPC when light enters
through standard entrance pupil and also collect light that enters outside entrance pupil. Performance and
efficiency of the prismatic CPC is in average 300% higher than standard aluminium CPC for collimated light in a
range from 0º to 85º. A prototype has been developed and tested.
KEYWORDS: Compound parabolic concentrators, Solar energy, Light sources and illumination, Systems modeling, Prototyping, Sun, System integration, Data modeling, Diffusers, Solar energy systems
The main objective of ADASY (Active Daylighting System) work is to design a façade static daylighting system
oriented to office applications, mainly. The goal of the project is to save energy by guiding daylight into a building for
lighting purpose. With this approach we can reduce the electrical load for artificial lighting, completing it with
sustainable energy.
The collector of the system is integrated on a vertical façade and its distribution guide is always horizontal inside of the
false ceiling. ADASY is designed with a specific patent pending caption system, a modular light-guide and light
extractor luminaire system. Special care has been put on the final cost of the system and its building integration purpose.
The current ADASY configuration is able to illuminate 40 m2 area with a 300lx-400lx level in the mid time work
hours; furthermore it has a good enough spatial uniformity distribution and a controlled glare. The data presented in this
study are the result of simulation models and have been confirmed by a physical scaled prototype.
ADASY's main advantages over regular illumination systems are:
-Low maintenance; it has not mobile pieces and therefore it lasts for a long time and require little attention once installed.
- No energy consumption; solar light continue working even if there has been a power outage.
- High quality of light: the colour rendering of light is very high
- Psychological benefits: People working with daylight get less stress and more comfort, increasing productivity.
- Health benefits
KEYWORDS: Solar concentrators, Thermodynamics, Compound parabolic concentrators, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Light, Ray tracing, Spherical lenses, Photometry, Chemical elements
We study the analogy between the geometrical vector flux, the light vector introduced by A. Gershun and Pharosage
vector introduced by P. Moon. From this analogy we present a treatment of the design of concentrators in terms of field
theory. We study first the symmetry of concentrators in different coordinate systems. In particular, we study
concentrators in elliptical cylindrical coordinates as asymmetric concentrators linking rotational and translational
concentrators. Following that symmetry we study the light field produced by an elliptical disk, and we show that onesheet
hyperboloids behave as ideal 3D asymmetric concentrators. This result can be generalized to orthogonal surfaces
by using field theory. Finally, we find higher order field lines by the study of the light field produced by a 2-D truncated
wedge, which can be used to define a new higher order concentrator, the Hyperparabolic Concentrator (HPC). This
concentrator has the profile of a hyperbola continuously joined with a tilted parabola. In the limit of infinite focal length
of the hyperbola, the 3D HPC reaches the thermodynamic limit of concentration.
KEYWORDS: Solar energy, Prisms, Fresnel lenses, Solar cells, Lens design, Solar concentrators, Nonimaging optics, Colorimetry, Prototyping, Energy efficiency
The emergence of high efficiency photovoltaic cells is leading the industry into using solar concentrators in order to
reduce costs by decreasing the number of cells used. In this paper Optics department of Universidad Complutense de
Madrid has designed a multifocal Fresnel lens of PMMA and has studied the main parameters that have influence on its
final function. This has been done by taking into account its manufacturing tolerances.
The lens is square shaped with sides measuring 270 mm and it is composed of three different zones based on three
different criteria: The central zone has been designed by using paraxial formulation, the intermediate one has been
designed based on Fresnel classical formula while the marginal zone's purpose is to deflect the light by total internal
reflection on prism faces. All three zones have different focal areas and different optical axis so the energy distribution
will be more uniform whilst avoiding cell damage caused by hot spots. The design stage is feedback through simulations
using a ray tracer software.
In order to characterize the lens operation a measure of optical concentration was first taken on different lens areas using
an integrating sphere. Finally, the lens performance in terms of concentration and in terms of uniformity at the focal spot
was studied by processing the images taken with a CCD camera on a screen placed at the focal plane of the lens.
We developed a hollow light guide (HLG) model which allows to predict the best extractor combination for any given
HLG length and for typical constraints like mean illuminance values and uniformity. The HLG prototype we analysed
has a diameter of 30 cm, a 16 m length, 3M prismatic structures on the inner walls, curved light-reflecting surfaces with
different shapes working as light extractors. It is powered by a projector with a 400W HIT-lamp. Firstly, we
characterised extractors by their flux "consumption" and extraction. Then, we developed an analysis software to allow
real time acquisition of floor illuminance data by means of a cooled, calibrated photometric CCD camera. We thus
modeled the HLG as a lineal system of extractors. To evaluate both output flux and uniformity of the illuminance
distribution of an extensive set of solutions, we wrote a Simulation Software Extractor Position (SISEPO). SISEPO was
tested to optimise the extractor sequence of the initial HLG and a 15% improvement of the mean floor illuminance was
predicted. The corresponding measured values were in good agreement and also the measurements of the luminous
intensity distributions of the whole HLG-luminaire (EULUMDATA), carried out in individual segments of one meter
length, confirmed the improvement of the light extraction efficiency.
Transmission of light through a 90 degrees elbow in a hollow light guide is an important step in the development of
natural lighting applications. In this paper we present a new design that has more than 260% higher efficiency in flux
transfer than a standard bending system for hollow and aluminum light guides. The clue of this new system is to
minimize the light angle at the output of the elbow, in such way that it is possible to guide light at higher distances
because of the fewer reflections in the light guide.
The system works properly for prismatic light guides but is also suitable for aluminum guides where the reduction of
reflections permit the use of cheaper aluminum or the increase in length maintaining flux transfer. Also this reduction of
reflections in aluminum light guide derives in less change of chromatic coordinates.
The flux transfer efficiency of an optical array with spatial integration has been improved by adding a new element at the input surface. The optical characteristics of the input surfaces of the individual units do not affect the spatial integration property. We propose to fill this input surface with a nested optical array designed to transfer as much energy as possible to the plane of the synthetic image of the spatial integrator array. Several designs for the individual units of this array are discussed. The most promising design consists of a cylindrical axicon-diopter element. This element has been simulated, fabricated, and tested, showing the expected improvement in performance.
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