Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been implemented widely to study brain connectivity. In the context of fMRI, independent component analysis (ICA) is a powerful tool, which extracts patterns from the data without requiring prior knowledge. Recently, time-varying connectivity analysis has emerged as an important measure to uncover essential knowledge within the network. In this study, we propose a new framework that combines group ICA (GICA) with time varying graphical LASSO (TVGL) to improve the power of analyzing functional network connectivity (FNC) changes. To investigate the performance of our proposed approach, we apply it to capture dynamic FNC using the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) datasets. Our results indicate that females and males of young adults do not show large FNC differences though some slight variations have been found. For instance, females exhibited stronger interdomain FNC and greater correlation in occipital-frontal components for some specific states in comparison to males. In addition, the TVGL-GICA model indicated that females had a higher probability to stay in a stable state. Males had a higher tendency to remain in a globally disconnected mode. Our proposed framework provides a feasible method to investigate brain dynamics accurately and has the potential to become a useful tool in neuroimaging studies.
KEYWORDS: Brain, Simulation of CCA and DLA aggregates, Neuroimaging, Canonical correlation analysis, Genetics, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Brain imaging, Visualization, Alzheimer's disease, Neurons
Distance correlation is a measure that can detect both linear and nonlinear associations. However, applying distance correlation to imaging genetic studies often needs multiple testing correction due to the large number of multiple inferences. As a result, the sensitivity of its detection may be low. We propose a new model, distance canonical correlation analysis (DCCA), which overcomes this problem by searching a combination of features with the highest distance correlation. This is achieved by constructing a distance kernel function followed by solving a subsequent optimization problem. The ability to detect both linear and nonlinear associations makes DCCA suitable for analyzing complex multimodal and imaging-genetic associations. When applied to a brain imaging-genetic study from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC), DCCA detected several mental disorder-related gene pathways and brain networks. Experiments on brain connectivity found that the default mode network had strong nonlinear connections with other brain networks. When applied to the study of age effects, DCCA revealed that the connections of brain networks were relatively weak in younger groups but became stronger at older age stages. It indicates that adolescence is a vital stage for brain development. DCCA thus reveals a number of interesting findings and demonstrates a powerful new approach for analyzing multimodal brain imaging data.
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