There has been little headway against Alzheimer’s disease despite decades of research into causes, conditions, and cures. Much of this effort has focused on the amyloid beta protein; however, it remains unclear whether it plays a causative or correlative role. Amyloid beta is notoriously difficult to study, and many of the current tools to monitor oligomerization and fibril formation are inadequate and are incapable of measuring the subtle details of plaque formation and deformation. Our preliminary data suggests that multispectral nanoparticle analysis can monitor the sigmoidal self-assembly (R2 = 0.94) of physiologically relevant populations of amyloid beta aggregates in real-time with single fibril resolution.
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging medical imaging modality which provides the resolution of ultra- sound imaging and contrast of optical imaging. Usually, in conventional PAI systems, high energy Nd:YAG lasers are used for illumination, but they are bulky and expensive. To address these problems, pulse laser diodes and light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used in PAI imaging systems. LEDs have a lower energy, compared to Nd:YAG lasers. As a result, a lower signal-to-noise (SNR) is achieved. To address this problem, photoacoustic signal averaging is used necessitating a high number of LEDs illuminations. This method is not suitable for applications which the imaging sample is not motionless. In this paper, we propose to use an advanced image reconstruction method, known as double-stage delay multiply and sum (DS-DMAS), to address the low SNR of the data collected from an LED-based scanner. DS-DMAS addresses the low SNR inherent to the LED-based excitation. The results show that this algorithm compensates the low SNR of LED-based systems and provides a lateral resolution of about 60 %, 25 %, higher contrast ratio of about 97 %, 34 %, and better full-width-half- maximum of about 60 %, 25 %, in comparison with the delay-and-sum and delay-multiply-and-sum, respectively. Additionally, only 2 % of all the frames are used in DS-DMAS, which indicates that DS-DMAS uses a smaller number of frames to provide a high image quality.
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