Future mobile and terrestrial communication systems B5G/6G are strongly expected to heterogeneously realize typically diversified performances, i.e. high-data-rate, high-mobility, low-latency, high-capacity, massive-connectivity and low-energy in order to satisfy the highly diversified application requirements. To achieve those goals the operation band of B5G/6G should be primarily in the millimeter-wave (mmW) range. Generation and distribution of mmW with traditional methods is limited by electronic bottleneck and associated complexity. Consequently broad bandwidth, simple, efficient, and cost-effective photonic mmW-over-fiber (mmWoF) transmission systems are solutions for B5G/6G. The spectral purity of mmW carriers is necessary. Numerous approaches have been proposed to generate pure mmW signals. Compared with other technologies, quantum dash or dot (QD) coherent comb lasers (QD CCLs) have great advantages for mmW generation because QD-CCLs with low power consumption and chip-scale integration capacity with silicon can provide multiple highly correlated and low noise optical channels. In this paper we will present our developed InAs/InP QD-CCLs around 1550 nm with the channel spacing from 10 GHz to 1000 GHz and the output power up to 50 mW. By using a C-band QD CCL and based on the single- and dual-optical carrier modulation schemes, an up to 16-Gb/s mmWoF optical heterodyne wireless signal at 28 GHz through a 25-km single mode fiber before the mmW carrier is optically synthesized remotely for detection over a 2-m free space. The data capacity and performance of the proposed mmWoF link can be significantly increased by utilizing a duplex mmWoF link with MIMO and WDM technique, which provides a cost-efficient and promising solution for Terabit/s capacity mmWoF fronthaul systems of B5G/6G networks.
This work has proposed and compared several millimeter wave (mmWave) radio-over-fiber (RoF) frequency multiplexing techniques based on InAs/InP quantum dash (QD) mode locked laser (MLL). QD-MLL is capable of generating tens of highly coherent optical carriers simultaneously with same frequency difference. After heterodyne detection, the RF phase noise of QD-MLL can be as low as 15kHz. In this paper, four different RoF based mmWave frequency multiplexing architecture is proposed and compared in experimentation. The EVM of two 2GBaud/s 16-QAM mmWave signal can be as low as 7.1% after demultiplexing in the experimentation.
A directly modulated quantum dash mode-locked laser is proposed for a 50-GHz millimeter-wave over fiber architecture. This advancement offers enhanced fiber-wireless communication capabilities, facilitating coverage of 15-km SMF and 2-m wireless QPSK transmissions. By utilizing the directly modulated laser (DML), we have successfully achieved an optical heterodyne mmW frequency of 50 GHz with exceptional stability. Notably, the measured RF beat-note 3-dB linewidth of the QDash DML is significantly reduced to 2.4 kHz, without the need for any optical feedback scheme. This DML-based hybrid architecture demonstrates the potential to seamlessly integrate with existing optical and wireless networks for next-generation indoor and short-reach mobile communications.
In this work, we have investigated self-injection locking effects on a full spectral system with selective single-channel injection and full-channel injection in a quantum dot mode-locked comb laser through an optical feedback loop. It has been noticed that self-injection locking can not only improve the performance of a single-channel laser system but also has a strong effect on the whole spectral behavior. In the case of single-channel self-injection, we investigated the effects under a locked regime above the injection-locking threshold PSIL. The locked lines were strongly enhanced with intensities high above the broad spectrum and also intensified even outside of the original spectral bandwidth. The typical feature is a big dip (or hole) appearing on the high-energy side of the lines if it is within the free-running spectral region. We have investigated this asymmetric phenomenon. It is considered that the locked modes are highly intensified at the expense of higher energy carriers excited by currents. The locking process transferred the energy from the lasing mode to the locked mode. For the full channel self-injection, the system was set under a controllable self-injection locking condition. A bandwidth enhancement phenomenon can be observed when injected power reaches the self-injection locking threshold PSIL, and the broadening gets stronger till to the locked regime. Finally, the original spectral bandwidth had been significantly broadened. This bandwidth broadening goes to both sides of the free-running spectrum and the broadening is remarkable.
In this work, we demonstrate the establishment of a self-injection locking threshold in a quantum dot (QD) comb laser with a Fabry-Perot cavity and an external feedback loop. This process involves controlling injection power and polarization to inject a controlled fraction of lasing power back into the QD laser source. The study is focused on the single line self-injection locking effects. The self-injection locking process was characterized by a self-injection locking threshold power (PSIL) and a locked power (Plocked). The self-injection locking process begins from the threshold power PSIL and followed by a magnified enhancement till it reaches the locked power (Plocked). Once in the locked region, the enhancement effect starts to stabilize and is only weakly influenced by injection power. The established threshold provides a distinctive condition for the measurements of the modified optical properties of the coupled cavity system. Additionally, the locked single lines tested at different currents indicated a very broad spectral coverage which are much larger than the original bandwidth of free running QD laser.
In order to achieve ultrahigh data capacity and to overcome the wireless spectrum crunch, 5G is going to adopt millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies (30 GHz – 300 GHz). To generate high-quality mmW signals by lasers, it requires optical sources with ultra-narrow optical linewidth and low relative intensity noise (RIN). In recent years, we have developed InAs/InP quantum dot (QD) multi-wavelength lasers (MWLs) around 1550 nm with the frequency spacing from 10 GHz to 1000 GHz. Those QD MWLs have very low RIN, ultra-narrow optical linewidth, small timing jitters, compact size, low power consumption and the ability for hybrid integration with silicon substrates. In this paper we present a buried heterostructure (BH) C-band InAs/InP 25-GHz QD MWL with phase noise and RIN of less than 500 kHz and -130 dB/Hz for its individual channel, respectively. By using this QD MWL a photonic aided radio-over-fiber (RoF) quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signal wireless delivery at 25 GHz is successfully demonstrated through 25.22 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) with a data capacity of 16 Gbit/s (16QAM x 4GBaud). We have also presented a monolithic BH QD dual-wavelength (DW) DFB laser as an optical beat source for mmW signal generation. The BH QD DW-DFB laser with the optical linewidth of 16 KHz and the RIN of -158 dB/Hz is capable of generating spectrally pure mmW signals between 46 GHz and 48 GHz. By using it, we have demonstrated a real time 24-Gbit/s (64QAM x 4GBaud) data bandwidth wireless communication system operating at 47.2-GHz carrier over 25-km SSMF.
To support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) communication, 5G is going to use new radios (NRs) at frequencies above 24.25 GHz in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands with abundant available bandwidths. The photonic generation, modulation and distribution of such ultra-high speed broadband RF signals in the optical domain is more promising compared to the bandwidth limiting electrical technology, however, it requires low noise coherent optical sources. In this paper, we present a highly coherent low noise InP-based p-n block buried heterostructure (BH) C-band InAs/InP quantum dash (QD) passively mode-locked laser (MLL) for photonic aided broadband wireless communication systems. The device features repetition rates of 25 GHz resulting in an optical coherent frequency comb (CFC) with a 6-dB optical bandwidth of around 9 nm providing over 46 channels. Each individual channel of the CFC exhibits an average phase noise and integrated relative intensity noise (RIN) of less than 500 kHz and -130 dB/Hz in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 20 GHz, respectively. Its timing jitter and RF beat-note linewidth between any two adjacent channels are as low as 5.53 fs and 3 kHz, respectively. By using this QD MLL, a photonic aided radio-over-fiber (RoF) broadband quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signal wireless delivery at around 25 GHz (K-band) is successfully demonstrated over 2-m free space wireless distance through 25.22 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) with a total link capacity of 16Gbit/s and error vector magnitude (EVM) below the standard requirements of 12.5%.
Next generation short and long reach communication networks would be required to provide data rates of multiterabit/ s. Such high line rates are not feasible using a single wavelength channel. However, the multi-terabit/s transmission capacity can be achieved by utilising highly parallel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), with tens or hundreds of channels, in combination with spectrally efficient advanced modulation formats. Quantum dot (QD) coherent comb lasers (CCLs) are promising light sources for Terabit/s dense-WDM optical coherent and data center networks because such monolithic QD-CCLs solve the obvious cost, power consumption and packaging problems by replacing many separate lasers for each channel by only a single semiconductor laser. Other advantages include compact size, simple fabrication, and the ability for hybrid integration with silicon substrates. Recent years we have successfully developed InAs/InP QD CCLs with repetition rates from 10 GHz to 1000 GHz and a total output power up to 50 mW per facet at room temperature. In this paper we have presented the design, growth, fabrication, electronic control and packaging of the QD CCLs. The key technical specifications include L-I-V curves, optical and RF beating spectra, relative intensity noise and optical phase noise of each individual wavelength channel, as well as timing jitter are investigated. Data bandwidth transmission capacity of 5.376 Terabit/s and 10.8 Terabit/s in the PAM-4 and 16-QAM modulation formats are demonstrated by using a single QD CCL chip with a channel spacing of 34.2 GHz after 25 km and 100 km of single-mode fiber transmission lines, respectively.
Photonic generations of millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies (30 GHz – 300 GHz) have been attracted more and more interest for applications in 5G and beyond wireless networks. To generate high-quality mmW signals, it requires optical sources with ultra-narrow optical linewidth and low relative intensity noise (RIN). In recent years, we have demonstrated InAs/InP quantum dot / dash (QD) multi-wavelength lasers (QD MWLs) around 1550 nm with the frequency spacing from 10 GHz to 1000 GHz and output power of up to 50 mW. Those QD MWLs have low RIN, ultra-narrow optical linewidth, small timing jitters, compact size, low power consumption and the ability for hybrid integration with silicon substrates. As examples we present a monolithic dual-wavelength (DW) DFB laser based on synthesized aperiodic gratings on InAs/InP QD gain medium and its application as an optical beat source for mmW signal generation. The QD DW-DFB laser is capable of generating spectrally pure mmW signals between 46 GHz and 48 GHz with the 3-dB RF beating linewidth of less than 16 KHz and the RIN of -158 dB/Hz from 10 MHz to 20 GHz. By using this QD DW-DFB laser, we have experimentally demonstrated a multi-gigabit/s mmW radio-over-fiber (mmW-RoF) communication system operating at 47 GHz with 16QAM, 32QAM and 64QAM modulated signals over single mode fiber (SMF) in terms of clear eye and constellation diagrams. We have achieved an optical-heterodyne mmW-RoF system with broadband 4-meter wireless links through 25.22-km SMF featuring a high bitrate of 24-Gbit/s (64QAM × 4-GBaud) using a QD DW-DFB laser.
High quality, controlled-structure nanowires (NWs), grown on a transparent flexible substrate, have attracted great
interest as a mean of harvesting solar and mechanical energy. Clarifying their optical and piezoelectric properties is
essential for this application. In this paper, vertically aligned lithium (Li) doped p-type ZnO NWs were grown, on a
micro-patterned transparent flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate, by electrochemical deposition at 88 °C.
The substrate was coated with aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) thin layer, which served as a good seed layer and a
transparent conductive oxide layer. Varying the seed layer thickness gave control of the individual NWs’ diameter,
density and alignment. The effect of doping on the optical band-gap, crystalline quality and Schottky barrier were
investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and piezoelectric characterization. The piezoelectric polarization
induced piezo-potential in strained ZnO NWs can drive the flow of electrons without an applied electric bias, thus can be
used to harvest mechanical energy and convert it into electricity. To prove this concept, flexible piezoelectric energy
harvesters based on an array of ZnO NWs were fabricated. Results show that the patterned p-type NW-based energy
harvester produces 26-fold output voltage and 19-fold current compared to the conventional un-doped ZnO NW energy
harvester from the same acceleration input.
KEYWORDS: Particle filters, RGB color model, Detection and tracking algorithms, Particles, Cameras, Optical tracking, CMYK color model, Visual process modeling, Filtering (signal processing), Systems modeling
In this paper, we propose an improved particle filter algorithm for real-time tracking a randomly moving target in
dynamic environment with a moving monocular camera. For making the tracking task robustly and effectively, color
histogram based target model is integrated into particle filter algorithm. Bhattacharyya distance is used to weight
samples by calculating each sample's histogram with a specified target model and it makes the measurement matching
and samples' weight updating more reasonable. In order to reduce sample depletion, the improved algorithm will be able
to take the latest observation into account. The experimental results confirm that the method is effective even when the
monocular camera is moving and the target object is partially occluded in a clutter background.
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