KEYWORDS: Mining, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Image processing, Photogrammetry, Forestry, Data processing, Data modeling, Global Positioning System, Data acquisition, Agriculture
Main subject of this paper is to investigate and evaluate methodologies for photogrammetric applications in geosciences, theoretically and practically, mainly focusing on systematic monitoring of surface mining areas. Its objective is to develop a technique adaptable to the particular characteristics of each application in order to efficiently meet the criteria of short time and low cost, but also of the required high frequency of application, as well as those of accuracy of the end products. Several methods for surface monitoring in mines have been developed. In particular, key aspects of the whole process to be studied in detail are, the following: a) Regarding data collection, UAVs with integrated RGB cameras will be used for data capture, b) Careful flight planning and geometric configuration of image acquisition, depending on the morphology of the object of interest and accuracy requirements will be under consideration, c) SfM applications and the bundle adjustment method with self-calibration will be used in order to process the collected data, d) GCPs (ground control points), check points and GPS/IMU information will be used for evaluating the results and e) Volume calculation differences between areas of interest will be practically evaluated. The main need for aerial mapping applications in mines environment besides accuracy standards, cost minimization and speed of work is of course public safety and prevent the loss of life.
The term sustainable development indicates a policy for continued economic and social development without destroying the environment and natural resources, but instead ensures their rational viability. The Treaty on European Union is defined as “respecting the environment development”, i.e. one that “ensures the environmental viability”. Sustainable development of semi mountainous forest regions supports an increase in economic investments in order to profit the residents of region, without however having drastic negative influences on the natural environment. Green Infrastructure (GI) can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high quality natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity. The objective of this study is the specification of strategic directions for an integrated development of semi mountainous forest areas through global measures in relation to zoning policies and proposals regarding specialized production activities, according to a proper typology that characterizes the differentiation of regional problems, needs, and perspectives. The sustainable development of these areas of Greece targets regional and social cohesion in the framework of especial strategic targets. Any development plan addresses the specific development physiognomy of the region for which drawn. Particularly for vulnerable and sensitive semi mountainous forest areas, integrated development is not only necessary but also feasible. The integration capabilities of modern methods and techniques and GIS to establish the necessary infrastructure integrated measurement and qualitative information on such areas can be a very important tool for developing credible land.
The aim of this research is to investigate the potential pollution similarity of the coastal areas using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis method. Furthermore, it is possible to monitor the evolution of tourist facilities in order to identify whether or not potential environmental distortions on the island. So, can be formulated a tourism policy that is in harmony with the island's natural environment. Lefkada is one of the small islands in the Ionian Sea. Geographically the island is situated off the western coast of Greece. Lefkada is often an especially attractive tourist destination with benefits of tourism and ecological costs for two decades. The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism especially the coastal areas. Those areas are transitional areas between the land and sea, and they include fragile ecosystems. At the same time, coasts are under very high local and tourism population pressure due to rapid urbanization processes. Massive influxes of tourists, often to a relatively small area, maybe have a huge impact on the environment. Eleven surveyed coastal areas were processed and grouped using the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. This method is an exploratory technique that evaluates the similarities of potential pollution levels between coastal areas of Lefkada.
Sustainable management of forest resources can only be achieved through a well-organized road network. Road upgrading is a major forest engineering task on an existing road to ensure it is capable of timber harvest or forest fire protection. The purpose of this operation is to bring a currently substandard road up to full standard. Forest road managers considering the technical, economic, and environmental factors that affect forest road not only when they plan forest roads but also when they are going to upgrade them. This paper describes the methodology of decision making when you have limited resources to upgrade the forest road network and you have to prioritize the forest roads that are going to be upgraded. In a Mediterranean island, the timber harvest is not a reason to upgrade a forest road but the fire protection and the growth of tourists that visits a forest ecosystem is. When technical and economic factors are identical the prioritization of forest road upgrade is based on the environmental factors and to the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of each forest road that needs an upgrade. With this work, we suggest that the forest road managers should consider upgrading the forest network based on environmental prioritization in areas with the same characteristics.
Integrated sustainable development of mountainous regions has as objective to increase the economic investments to profit of residents of region, without however it influences drastic the natural environment. Green Infrastructure (GI) can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high quality natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity. More specifically GI, being a spatial structure providing benefits from nature to people, aims to enhance nature’s ability to deliver multiple valuable ecosystem goods and services in perpetuity, such as timber, clean air or water. Above all, GI offers us a smart, integrated way of managing and development the natural capital. Aim of the paper is to indicate manners of integrated sustainable development with direct priority the conservation of natural environment in conjunction with the sustainable rural development. As research area is chosen the public forest complex of Ano Rou Mornou of Fokida Prefecture a typical example of a multifunctional GI one that can combine forestry, farming, housing, as well as tourism and recreational activities in the same space whilst at the same time keeping our freshwater systems clean, our air healthy and our wildlife safe. Advantages of registration in the form of a spatial tool, especially when many types of information participate, are presented and give us a visual potential of how can forest operation and ecosystem services can be create a large multi-functional landscape.
Forest opening-up is one of the most important interventions in a forest ecosystem and is carried out by planning and constructing of a transport network (forest roads, skidding tracks, etc.), satisfying not only the need for skidding and transporting of forest products, but also forest protection and recreation activities. The primary concern of a forest engineer should be the compatibility of such infrastructural projects with the environment. For this reason, the assessment criteria for forest infrastructural works are used to examine and evaluate the impact on the natural environment of such projects, as well as to choose the best (compatible) environmental solution from various alternatives before undertaking the project. In the present effort describes the initial steps of a simple Decision Support System that could be applied for the assessment of the activity’s intensity and the forest ecosystem’s absorbing capacity using multicriteria analysis. The system embodies three multi-criteria analysis methods and can be used for a single-project analysis as well as for the evaluation of multiple/alternative opening-up projects. A combination of digital photogrammetry and GIS technology was used to evaluate the compatibility between the general forest infrastructural works and the natural environment. In order to evaluate the compatibility, practical criteria of the intensity of the human influence, as well as criteria of the environment resilience to such interventions were used (Multi-criteria evaluation analysis).
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