We present a new functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRs) technique based on dual-comb optical interrogation applied to dispersive media (DC-fNIRS) that can retrieve the frequency response of a living tissue (such as the brain) by parallel sampling of its frequency response in amplitude and phase at specific frequencies. With this information, we can retrieve the impulse response (diffuse-time-of-flight measurements, DTOF) of the medium and extract the absolute optical properties of the tissue and the spatial localization of perturbations for functional analysis with millisecond temporal resolution and noiseless optical gain, increasing the penetration. We have tested these predictions studying a biomimetic phantom with the same optical characteristics as brain tissue confirming the capacities of the DC-fNIRs technique for diffuse media. The system is patent pending PCT/ES2022/070176.
A new instrumentation system for FBG interrogation is proposed. It combines the use of a VCSEL as a tunable laser and an optical frequency comb generator as a selective broadband source. Features such as auto-calibration and wave-length tracking are provided with this interrogation system. First a fast sweep searches for the FBG spectral position, its reflection profile and finds the best set of operating points for the optical comb. Then, the VCSEL is tuned with the FBG through a feedback loop to withstand large-range slow changes (strain and temperature) and, at the same time, the faster phenomena (vibrations and ultrasounds) are measured by the optical frequency comb generator. In practice, a dual comb is proposed to interrogate actively the FBG reflection in order to obtain radio frequency signals that contain the FBG dynamic-strain due to applied vibrations.
The performance of a 1540 nm pigtailed VCSEL has been characterized in terms of output power, frequency range and rate of wavelength sweeping for its application in fibre Bragg grating interrogation. Results are presented for the laser operating under optimized control when used to illuminate a single FBG mounted under tension between a fixed plane and a loud speaker cone subject to a range of frequencies at arbitrary amplitudes and transients. The ultimate objective is to extend the set-up to a parallel fibre topology supporting 8 FBGs with equal wavelengths.
A setup simulating High Voltage DC (HVDC) transformers barriers was developed to demonstrate the effectiveness of an optical fiber (OF) sensor in detecting partial discharges (PD) under these peculiar conditions. Different PD detection techniques were compared: electrical methods, and acoustic methods. Standard piezoelectric sensors (R15i-AST) and the above mentioned OF sensors were used for acoustic detection. The OF sensor was able to detect PD acoustically with a sensitivity better than the other detection methods. The multichannel instrumentation system was tested in real HVDC conditions with the aim of analyzing the behavior of the insulation (mineral oil/pressboard).
A multichannel interferometric system is proposed for the ultrasonic detection of partial discharges using intrinsic fiber
optic sensors that may be immersed in oil. It is based on a heterodyne scheme which drives at least four sensor heads in
order to localize the source of the acoustic emissions. The optoelectronic implementation and the experimental tests are
presented to optimize the resolution (4 channels - 4 mrad). In addition, the results of ultrasound measurements at 150-
kHz with an optical fiber sensor immersed in water in an acoustic test bench are shown, in which a resolution better than
10 Pa was obtained.
An all-fiber interferometric acoustic emission (AE) sensor was designed for partial discharges (PD) and characterized
against typical PZT sensors (R15i). The device is based on a multi-layer fiber-optic probe and it is able to detect PD
ultrasound emission at 150 kHz. It may be placed next to the discharge source immersed in oil - or as an ultrasonic
hydrophone -, thus overcoming the difficulties of acoustic attenuation which are characteristic of the external detection
on the walls. The device provides suitable narrowband acoustic detection of the PD activity, like the PZT transducers
mounted on the exterior of the transformer tank. The results show similar sensitivity, but wider directivity of the fiberoptic
sensor in order to inspect large zones within the tank. It represents a simple and cheap alternative for detecting AE
and it is the base of a multi-channel heterodyne interferometer which will drive at least four sensors to provide
information for locating the source.
An acoustic emission sensor was designed for partial discharges (PD), constructed, calibrated, and tested. The device is
based on an interferometric fiber-optic probe and is able to detect PD ultrasound emission at 150 kHz. It may be placed
next to the discharge source, thus overcoming the difficulties of acoustic attenuation. The device works in the
appropriate bandwidth for narrowband acoustic detection of PD activity, like the PZT transducers mounted on the
exterior of the transformer tank. It represents a simple and cheap alternative for detecting acoustic emission, susceptible
of being used in a multi-channel optical configuration and able to provide information for locating the source.
The sensor is an optical fiber coil exposed to the ultrasonic waves that is interrogated with an all-fiber Mach-Zehnder
interferometer. We report first the calibration at the natural frequency of the coil (20 kHz) and at the main frequency of
the application (150 kHz), and compared with the response of PZT transducers. The sensitivity decays with the
frequency, but it is comparable with the PZT sensitivity by placing the sensor next to the source, which is possible with
the immersed approach (or embedded). A certain range of compensation is obtained at low frequencies with a feed-back
loop. A second feed-back loop with electronic resonance around 150 kHz is used in order to improve the sensitivity.
Thus, the conditioning circuit provides directly the amplified optical phase signal. Results of acoustic emission with both
frequencies simultaneously are presented.
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